PyPika 0.0.25

A SQL query builder API for Python

PyPika - Python Query Builder
=============================

.. _intro_start:

|BuildStatus| |CoverageStatus| |Codacy| |Docs| |PyPi| |License|

Abstract
--------

What is |Brand|?

|Brand| is a Python API for building SQL queries. The motivation behind |Brand| is to provide a simple interface for
building SQL queries without limiting the flexibility of handwritten SQL. Designed with data analysis in mind, |Brand|
leverages the builder design pattern to construct queries to avoid messy string formatting and concatenation. It is also
easily extended to take full advantage of specific features of SQL database vendors.

.. _intro_end:

Read the docs: http://pypika.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

Installation
------------

.. _installation_start:

|Brand| supports python ``2.7`` and ``3.3+``. It may also work on pypy, cython, and jython, but is not being tested for these versions.

To install |Brand| run the following command:

.. code-block:: bash

pip install pypika


.. _installation_end:


Tutorial
--------

.. _tutorial_start:

The main classes in pypika are :class:`pypika.Query`, :class:`pypika.Table`, and :class:`pypika.Field`.

.. code-block:: python

from pypika import Query, Table, Field


Selecting Data
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The entry point for building queries is :class:`pypika.Query`. In order to select columns from a table, the table must
first be added to the query. For simple queries with only one table, tables and and columns can be references using
strings. For more sophisticated queries a :class:`pypika.Table` must be used.

.. code-block:: python

q = Query.from_('customers').select('id', 'fname', 'lname', 'phone')

To convert the query into raw SQL, it can be cast to a string.

.. code-block:: python

str(q)

Using :class:`pypika.Table`

.. code-block:: python

customers = Table('customers')
q = Query.from_(customers).select(customers.id, customers.fname, customers.lname, customers.phone)

Both of the above examples result in the following SQL:

.. code-block:: sql

SELECT id,fname,lname,phone FROM customers


Arithmetic
""""""""""

Arithmetic expressions can also be constructed using pypika. Operators such as `+`, `-`, `*`, and `/` are implemented
by :class:`pypika.Field` which can be used simply with a :class:`pypika.Table` or directly.

.. code-block:: python

from pypika import Field

q = Query.from_('account').select(
Field('revenue') - Field('cost')
)

.. code-block:: sql

SELECT revenue-cost FROM accounts

Using :class:`pypika.Table`

.. code-block:: python

accounts = Table('accounts')
q = Query.from_(accounts).select(
accounts.revenue - accounts.cost
)

.. code-block:: sql

SELECT revenue-cost FROM accounts

An alias can also be used for fields and expressions.

.. code-block:: sql

q = Query.from_(accounts).select(
(accounts.revenue - accounts.cost).as_('profit')
)

.. code-block:: sql

SELECT revenue-cost profit FROM accounts

More arithmetic examples

.. code-block:: python

table = Table('table')
q = Query.from_(table).select(
table.foo + table.bar,
table.foo - table.bar,
table.foo * table.bar,
table.foo / table.bar,
(table.foo+table.bar) / table.fiz,
)

.. code-block:: sql

SELECT foo+bar,foo-bar,foo*bar,foo/bar,(foo+bar)/fiz FROM table


Filtering
"""""""""

Queries can be filtered with :class:`pypika.Criterion` by using equality or inequality operators

.. code-block:: python

customers = Table('customers')
q = Query.from_(customers).select(
customers.id, customers.fname, customers.lname, customers.phone
).where(
customers.lname == 'Mustermann'
)

.. code-block:: sql

SELECT id,fname,lname,phone FROM customers WHERE lname='Mustermann'

Query methods such as select, where, groupby, and orderby can be called multiple times. Multiple calls to the where
method will add additional conditions as

.. code-block:: python

customers = Table('customers')
q = Query.from_(customers).select(
customers.id, customers.fname, customers.lname, customers.phone
).where(
customers.fname == 'Max'
).where(
customers.lname == 'Mustermann'
)

.. code-block:: sql

SELECT id,fname,lname,phone FROM customers WHERE fname='Max' AND lname='Mustermann'

Filters such as IN and BETWEEN are also supported

.. code-block:: python

customers = Table('customers')
q = Query.from_(customers).select(
customers.id,customers.fname
).where(
customers.age[18:65] & customers.status.isin(['new', 'active'])
)

.. code-block:: sql

SELECT id,fname FROM customers WHERE age BETWEEN 18 AND 65 AND status IN ('new','active')

Filtering with complex criteria can be created using boolean symbols ``&``, ``|``, and ``^``.

AND

.. code-block:: python

customers = Table('customers')
q = Query.from_(customers).select(
customers.id, customers.fname, customers.lname, customers.phone
).where(
(customers.age >= 18) & (customers.lname == 'Mustermann')
)

.. code-block:: sql

SELECT id,fname,lname,phone FROM customers WHERE age>=18 AND lname='Mustermann'

OR

.. code-block:: python

customers = Table('customers')
q = Query.from_(customers).select(
customers.id, customers.fname, customers.lname, customers.phone
).where(
(customers.age >= 18) | (customers.lname == 'Mustermann')
)

.. code-block:: sql

SELECT id,fname,lname,phone FROM customers WHERE age>=18 OR lname='Mustermann'

XOR

.. code-block:: python

customers = Table('customers')
q = Query.from_(customers).select(
customers.id, customers.fname, customers.lname, customers.phone
).where(
(customers.age >= 18) ^ customers.is_registered
)

.. code-block:: sql

SELECT id,fname,lname,phone FROM customers WHERE age>=18 XOR is_registered


Grouping and Aggregating
""""""""""""""""""""""""

Grouping allows for aggregated results and works similar to ``SELECT`` clauses.

.. code-block:: python

from pypika import functions as fn

customers = Table('customers')
q = Query.from_(customers).where(
customers.age >= 18
).groupby(
customers.id
).select(
customers.id, fn.Sum(customers.revenue)
)

.. code-block:: sql

SELECT id,SUM(revenue) FROM customers WHERE age>=18 GROUP BY id ORDER BY id ASC

After adding a ``GROUP BY`` clause to a query, the ``HAVING`` clause becomes available. The method
:class:`Query.having()` takes a :class:`Criterion` parameter similar to the method :class:`Query.where()`.

.. code-block:: python

from pypika import functions as fn

payments = Table('payments')
q = Query.from_(payments).where(
payments.transacted[date(2015, 1, 1):date(2016, 1, 1)]
).groupby(
payments.customer_id
).having(
fn.Sum(payments.total) >= 1000
).select(
payments.customer_id, fn.Sum(payments.total)
)

.. code-block:: sql

SELECT customer_id,SUM(total) FROM payments
WHERE transacted BETWEEN '2015-01-01' AND '2016-01-01'
GROUP BY customer_id HAVING SUM(total)>=1000


Joining Tables and Subqueries
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

Tables and subqueries can be joined to any query using the :class:`Query.join()` method. When joining tables and
subqueries, a criterion must provided containing an equality between a field from the primary table or joined tables and
a field from the joining table. When calling :class:`Query.join()` with a table, a :class:`TablerJoiner` will be
returned with only the :class:`Joiner.on()` function available which takes a :class:`Criterion` parameter. After
calling :class:`Joiner.on()` the original query builder is returned and additional methods may be chained.

.. code-block:: python

history, customers = Tables('history', 'customers')
q = Query.from_(history).join(
customers
).on(
history.customer_id == customers.id
).select(
history.star
).where(
customers.id == 5
)

.. code-block:: sql

SELECT t0.* FROM history t0 JOIN customers t1 ON t0.customer_id=t1.id WHERE t1.id=5

Unions
""""""

Both ``UNION`` and ``UNION ALL`` are supported. ``UNION DISTINCT`` is synonomous with "UNION`` so and |Brand| does not
provide a separate function for it. Unions require that queries have the same number of ``SELECT`` clauses so
trying to cast a unioned query to string with through a :class:`UnionException` if the column sizes are mismatched.

To create a union query, use either the :class:`Query.union()` method or `+` operator with two query instances. For a
union all, use :class:`Query.union_all()` or the `*` operator.

.. code-block:: python

provider_a, provider_b = Tables('provider_a', 'provider_b')
q = Query.from_(provider_a).select(
provider_a.created_time, provider_a.foo, provider_a.bar
) + Query.from_(provider_b).select(
provider_b.created_time, provider_b.fiz, provider_b.buz
)

.. code-block:: sql

SELECT created_time,foo,bar FROM provider_a UNION SELECT created_time,fiz,buz FROM provider_b


Date, Time, and Intervals
"""""""""""""""""""""""""

Using :class:`pypika.Interval`, queries can be constructed with date arithmetic. Any combination of intervals can be
used except for weeks and quarters, which must be used separately and will ignore any other values if selected.

.. code-block:: python

from pypika import functions as fn

fruits = Tables('fruits')
q = Query.from_(fruits).select(
fruits.id,
fruits.name,
).where(
fruits.harvest_date + Interval(months=1) < fn.Now()
)

.. code-block:: sql

SELECT id,name FROM fruits WHERE harvest_date+INTERVAL 1 MONTH<NOW()


Strings Functions
"""""""""""""""""

There are several string operations and function wrappers included in |Brand|. Function wrappers can be found in the
:class:`pypika.functions` package. In addition, `LIKE` and `REGEX` queries are supported as well.

.. code-block:: python

from pypika import functions as fn

customers = Tables('customers')
q = Query.from_(customers).select(
customers.id,
customers.fname,
customers.lname,
).where(
customers.lname.like('Mc%')
)

.. code-block:: sql

SELECT id,fname,lname FROM customers WHERE lname LIKE 'Mc%'

.. code-block:: python

from pypika import functions as fn

customers = Tables('customers')
q = Query.from_(customers).select(
customers.id,
customers.fname,
customers.lname,
).where(
customers.lname.regex(r'^[abc][a-zA-Z]+&')
)

.. code-block:: sql

SELECT id,fname,lname FROM customers WHERE lname REGEX '^[abc][a-zA-Z]+&';


.. code-block:: python

from pypika import functions as fn

customers = Tables('customers')
q = Query.from_(customers).select(
customers.id,
fn.Concat(customers.fname, ' ', customers.lname).as_('full_name'),
)

.. code-block:: sql

SELECT id,CONCAT(fname, ' ', lname) full_name FROM customers


Inserting Data
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Data can be inserted into tables either by providing the values in the query or by selecting them through another query.

By default, data can be inserted by providing values for all columns in the order that they are defined in the table.

Insert with values
""""""""""""""""""

.. code-block:: python

customers = Table('customers')

q = Query.into(customers).insert(1, 'Jane', 'Doe', '[e-mail]')

.. code-block:: sql

INSERT INTO customers VALUES (1,'Jane','Doe','[e-mail]')

Multiple rows of data can be inserted either by chaining the ``insert`` function or passing multiple tuples as args.

.. code-block:: python

customers = Table('customers')

q = Query.into(customers).insert(1, 'Jane', 'Doe', '[e-mail]').insert(2, 'John', 'Doe', '[e-mail]')

.. code-block:: python

customers = Table('customers')

q = Query.into(customers).insert((1, 'Jane', 'Doe', '[e-mail]'),
(2, 'John', 'Doe', '[e-mail]'))

Insert with a SELECT Query
""""""""""""""""""""""""""

.. code-block:: sql

INSERT INTO customers VALUES (1,'Jane','Doe','[e-mail]'),(2,'John','Doe','[e-mail]')


To specify the columns and the order, use the ``columns`` function.

.. code-block:: python

customers = Table('customers')

q = Query.into(customers).columns('id', 'fname', 'lname').insert(1, 'Jane', 'Doe')

.. code-block:: sql

INSERT INTO customers (id,fname,lname) VALUES (1,'Jane','Doe','[e-mail]')


Inserting data with a query works the same as querying data with the additional call to the ``into`` method in the
builder chain.

.. code-block:: python

customers, customers_backup = Tables('customers', 'customers_backup')

q = Query.into(customers_backup).from_(customers).select('*')

.. code-block:: sql

INSERT INTO customers_backup SELECT * FROM customers

.. _tutorial_end:


.. _license_start:


License
-------

Copyright 2016 KAYAK Germany, GmbH

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.

.. _license_end:


.. _appendix_start:

.. |Brand| replace:: *PyPika*

.. _appendix_end:

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