annogen 3.391

Annotator Generator, an examples-driven generator of fast text annotators for language learning aids etc

Annotator Generator

Annotator Generator is an examples-driven generator of fast text annotators. “Annotate” in this context means to add pronunciation or other information to each word, and/or to split text into words in a language that does not use spaces.

• You supply a corpus of pre-annotated texts for Annotator Generator to work out the rules and exceptions

• Annotator Generator creates table-driven code in C, Java, Javascript, Dart or Python with 2 and 3 compatibility

• The resulting program should be able to annotate any text that contains words or phrases similar to those found in the examples

• It can output the annotations alone or it can combine them with the original text using HTML Ruby markup or simple braces

• If anything is unclear (didn’t happen in the examples, or there’s not enough context to figure out which example should be applied) then the program will leave it unannotated so you can pass it to a backup annotation program if you have one.

• If you have no backup annotator then try setting the -y option, which makes Annotator Generator try harder to find context-independent rules with context-dependent exceptions, so as to annotate as much text as possible.

• Generated annotators can act as filters for Web Adjuster; options are also provided for generating Android apps, browser extensions, and clipboard annotators for Windows and Windows Mobile, or you could format the annotations on a Unix terminal

Legal considerations

Annotator code will contain individual words and some phrases from the original corpus (and these can be read even by people who do not have the unannotated version); with regards to copyright law, I expect the annotator code will count as an “index” to the collection, the copyright of which exists separately to that of the original collection, but laws do vary by country and I am not a solicitor so please act judiciously.

Legally obtaining that original annotated corpus is up to you. If you are in the UK the government says non-commercial text mining is allowed (terms of use prohibiting non-commercial mining are unenforceable), provided you:

1. respect network stability (i.e. wait a long time between each download),

2. connect directly to the publisher (this law bypasses the publisher’s terms of use, not those of third-party search engines like Google),

3. use the result only for mining, not for republishing the original text (so you can’t publish your unprocessed crawl dumps either),

4. and still respect any prohibitions against sharing whatever mining tools you made for the site (as this law is only about text mining, not about the sharing of tools).

Laws outside the UK are different (and I’m not a lawyer) so check carefully. But if the website’s terms don’t actually prohibit writing an unpublished scraper for non-commercial mining purposes, perhaps you won’t need a legal exception—but you should still respect their bandwidth and do it slowly, both for moral reasons (it’s the right thing to do) and pragmatic ones (you won’t want their sysadmins and service providers taking action against you).

Citation

If you need to cite a peer-reviewed paper:

Silas S. Brown. Web Annotation with Modified-Yarowsky and Other Algorithms. Overload 112 (December 2012) pp.4-7.

Options for Annotator Generator v3.391

-h, --help : show this help message and exit

--infile= : Filename of a text file (or a compressed .gz, .bz2 or .xz file or URL) to read the input examples from. If this is not specified, standard input is used.

--incode= : Character encoding of the input file (default utf-8)

--mstart= : The string that starts a piece of text with annotation markup in the input examples; default <ruby><rb>

--mmid= : The string that occurs in the middle of a piece of markup in the input examples, with the word on its left and the added markup on its right (or the other way around if mreverse is set); default </rb><rt>

--mend= : The string that ends a piece of annotation markup in the input examples; default </rt></ruby>

-r, --mreverse : Specifies that the annotation markup is reversed, so the text before mmid is the annotation and the text after it is the base text

--no-mreverse : Cancels any earlier --mreverse option in Makefile variables etc

--end-pri= : Treat words that occur in the examples before this delimeter as having "high priority" for Yarowsky-like seed collocations (if these are in use). Normally the Yarowsky-like logic tries to identify a "default" annotation based on what is most common in the examples, with the exceptions indicated by collocations. If however a word is found in a high-priority section at the start, then the first annotation found there will be taken as the ideal "default" even if it's in a minority in the examples; everything else will be taken as an exception.

-s, --spaces : Set this if you are working with a language that uses whitespace in its non-markedup version (not fully tested). The default is to assume that there will not be any whitespace in the language, which is correct for Chinese and Japanese.

--no-spaces : Cancels any earlier --spaces option in Makefile variables etc

-c, --capitalisation : Don't try to normalise capitalisation in the input. Normally, to simplify the rules, the analyser will try to remove start-of-sentence capitals in annotations, so that the only remaining words with capital letters are the ones that are always capitalised such as names. (That's not perfect: some words might always be capitalised just because they never occur mid-sentence in the examples.) If this option is used, the analyser will instead try to "learn" how to predict the capitalisation of all words (including start of sentence words) from their contexts.

--no-capitalisation : Cancels any earlier --capitalisation option in Makefile variables etc

-w, --annot-whitespace : Don't try to normalise the use of whitespace and hyphenation in the example annotations. Normally the analyser will try to do this, to reduce the risk of missing possible rules due to minor typographical variations.

--no-annot-whitespace : Cancels any earlier --annot-whitespace option in Makefile variables etc

--keep-whitespace= : Comma-separated list of words (without annotation markup) for which whitespace and hyphenation should always be kept even without the --annot-whitespace option. Use when you know the variation is legitimate. This option expects words to be encoded using the system locale (UTF-8 if it cannot be detected).

--suffix= : Comma-separated list of annotations that can be considered optional suffixes for normalisation

--suffix-minlen= : Minimum length of word (in Unicode characters) to apply suffix normalisation

--post-normalise= : Filename of an optional Python module defining a dictionary called 'table' mapping integers to integers for arbitrary single-character normalisation on the Unicode BMP. This can reduce the size of the annotator. It is applied in post-processing (does not affect rules generation itself). For example this can be used to merge the recognition of Full, Simplified and Variant forms of the same Chinese character in cases where this can be done without ambiguity, if it is acceptable for the generated annotator to recognise mixed-script words should they occur. If any word in the examples has a different annotation when normalised than not, the normalised version takes precedence.

--glossfile= : Filename of an optional text file (or compressed .gz, .bz2 or .xz file or URL) to read auxiliary "gloss" information. Each line of this should be of the form: word (tab) annotation (tab) gloss. Extra tabs in the gloss will be converted to newlines (useful if you want to quote multiple dictionaries). When the compiled annotator generates ruby markup, it will add the gloss string as a popup title whenever that word is used with that annotation (before any reannotator option is applied). The annotation field may be left blank to indicate that the gloss will appear for all other annotations of that word. The entries in glossfile do not affect the annotation process itself, so it's not necessary to completely debug glossfile's word segmentation etc.

-C, --gloss-closure= : If any Chinese, Japanese or Korean word is missing from glossfile, search its closure of variant characters also, using the Unihan variants file specified by this option

--no-gloss-closure : Cancels any earlier --gloss-closure option in Makefile variables etc

-M, --glossmiss-omit : Omit rules containing any word not mentioned in glossfile. Might be useful if you want to train on a text that uses proprietary terms and don't want to accidentally 'leak' those terms (assuming they're not accidentally included in glossfile also). Words may also be listed in glossfile with an empty gloss field to indicate that no gloss is available but rules using this word needn't be omitted.

--no-glossmiss-omit : Cancels any earlier --glossmiss-omit option in Makefile variables etc

--words-omit= : File (or compressed .gz, .bz2 or .xz file or URL) containing words (one per line, without markup) to omit from the annotator. Use this to make an annotator smaller if for example if you're working from a rules file that contains long lists of place names you don't need this particular annotator to recognise but you still want to keep them as rules for other annotators, but be careful because any word on such a list gets omitted even if it also has other meanings (some place names are also normal words).

--manualrules= : Filename of an optional text file (or compressed .gz, .bz2 or .xz file or URL) to read extra, manually-written rules. Each line of this should be a marked-up phrase (in the input format) which is to be unconditionally added as a rule. Use this sparingly, because these rules are not taken into account when generating the others and they will be applied regardless of context (although a manual rule might fail to activate if the annotator is part-way through processing a different rule); try checking messages from --diagnose-manual.

--c-filename= : Where to write the C, C#, Python, Javascript, Go or Dart program. Defaults to standard output, or annotator.c in the system temporary directory if standard output seems to be the terminal (the program might be large, especially if Yarowsky-like indicators are not used, so it's best not to use a server home directory where you might have limited quota).

--c-compiler= : The C compiler to run if generating C and standard output is not connected to a pipe. The default is to use the "cc" command which usually redirects to your "normal" compiler. You can add options (remembering to enclose this whole parameter in quotes if it contains spaces), but if the C program is large then adding optimisation options may make the compile take a long time. If standard output is connected to a pipe, then this option is ignored because the C code will simply be written to the pipe. You can also set this option to an empty string to skip compilation. Default: cc -o annotator

--outcode= : Character encoding to use in the generated parser (default utf-8, must be ASCII-compatible i.e. not utf-16)

--rulesFile= : Filename of a JSON file to hold the accumulated rules. Adding .gz, .bz2 or .xz for compression is acceptable. If this is set then either --write-rules or --read-rules must be specified.

--write-rules : Write rulesFile instead of generating a parser. You will then need to rerun with --read-rules later.

--no-write-rules : Cancels any earlier --write-rules option in Makefile variables etc

--read-rules : Read rulesFile from a previous run, and apply the output options to it. You should still specify the input formatting options (which should not change), and any glossfile or manualrules options (which may change), but no input is required.

--no-read-rules : Cancels any earlier --read-rules option in Makefile variables etc

-E, --newlines-reset : Have the annotator reset its state on every newline byte. By default newlines do not affect state such as whether a space is required before the next word, so that if the annotator is used with Web Adjuster's htmlText option (which defaults to using newline separators) the spacing should be handled sensibly when there is HTML markup in mid-sentence.

--no-newlines-reset : Cancels any earlier --newlines-reset option in Makefile variables etc

-z, --compress : Compress annotation strings in the C code. This compression is designed for fast on-the-fly decoding, so it saves only a limited amount of space (typically 10-20%) but might help if RAM is short.

--no-compress : Cancels any earlier --compress option in Makefile variables etc

-Z, --zlib : Compress the embedded data table using zlib (or pyzopfli if available), and include code to call zlib to decompress it on load. Useful if the runtime machine has the zlib library and you need to save disk space but not RAM (the decompressed table is stored separately in RAM, unlike --compress which, although giving less compression, at least works 'in place'). Once --zlib is in use, specifying --compress too will typically give an additional disk space saving of less than 1% (and a runtime RAM saving that's greater but more than offset by zlib's extraction RAM). If generating a Javascript annotator with zlib, the decompression code is inlined so there's no runtime zlib dependency, but startup can be ~50% slower so this option is not recommended in situations where the annotator is frequently reloaded from source (unless you're running on Node.js in which case loading is faster due to the use of Node's "Buffer" class).

--no-zlib : Cancels any earlier --zlib option in Makefile variables etc

-l, --library : Instead of generating C code that reads and writes standard input/output, generate a C library suitable for loading into Python via ctypes. This can be used for example to preload a filter into Web Adjuster to cut process-startup delays.

--no-library : Cancels any earlier --library option in Makefile variables etc

-W, --windows-clipboard : Include C code to read the clipboard on Windows or Windows Mobile and to write an annotated HTML file and launch a browser, instead of using the default cross-platform command-line C wrapper. See the start of the generated C file for instructions on how to compile for Windows or Windows Mobile.

--no-windows-clipboard : Cancels any earlier --windows-clipboard option in Makefile variables etc

--java= : Instead of generating C code, generate Java, and place the *.java files in the directory specified by this option. The last part of the directory should be made up of the package name; a double slash (//) should separate the rest of the path from the package name, e.g. --java=/path/to/wherever//org/example/annotator and the main class will be called Annotator.

--android= : URL for an Android app to browse (--java must be set). If this is set, code is generated for an Android app which starts a browser with that URL as the start page, and annotates the text on every page it loads. Use file:///android_asset/index.html for local HTML files in the assets directory; a clipboard viewer is placed in clipboard.html, and the app will also be able to handle shared text. If certain environment variables are set, this option can also compile and sign the app using Android SDK command-line tools (otherwise it puts a message on stderr explaining what needs to be set)

--android-template= : File to use as a template for Android start HTML. This option implies --android=file:///android_asset/index.html and generates that index.html from the file specified (or from a built-in default if the special filename 'blank' is used). The template file may include URL_BOX_GOES_HERE to show a URL entry box and related items (offline-clipboard link etc) in the page, in which case you can optionally define a Javascript function 'annotUrlTrans' to pre-convert some URLs from shortcuts etc; also enables better zoom controls on Android 4+, a mode selector if you use --annotation-names, a selection scope control on recent-enough WebKit, and a visible version stamp (which, if the device is in 'developer mode', you may double-tap on to show missing glosses). VERSION_GOES_HERE may also be included if you want to put it somewhere other than at the bottom of the page. If you do include URL_BOX_GOES_HERE you'll have an annotating Web browser app that allows the user to navigate to arbitrary URLs: as of 2020, this is acceptable on Google Play and Huawei AppGallery (non-China only from 2022), but not Amazon AppStore as they don't want 'competition' to their Silk browser.

--gloss-simplify= : A regular expression matching parts of glosses to remove when generating a '3-line' format in apps, but not for hover titles or popups. Default removes parenthesised expressions if not solitary, anything after the first slash or semicolon, and the leading word 'to'. Can be set to empty string to omit simplification.

-L, --pleco-hanping : In the Android app, make popup definitions link to Pleco or Hanping if installed

--no-pleco-hanping : Cancels any earlier --pleco-hanping option in Makefile variables etc

--bookmarks= : Android bookmarks: comma-separated list of package names that share our bookmarks. If this is not specified, the browser will not be given a bookmarks function. If it is set to the same value as the package specified in --java, bookmarks are kept in just this Android app. If it is set to a comma-separated list of packages that have also been generated by annogen (presumably with different annotation types), and if each one has the same android:sharedUserId attribute in AndroidManifest.xml's 'manifest' tag (you'll need to add this manually), and if the same certificate is used to sign all of them, then bookmarks can be shared across the set of browser apps. But beware the following two issues: (1) adding an android:sharedUserId attribute to an app that has already been released without one causes some devices to refuse the update with a 'cannot install' message (details via adb logcat; affected users would need to uninstall and reinstall instead of update, and some of them may not notice the instruction to do so); (2) this has not been tested with Google's new "App Bundle" arrangement, and may be broken if the Bundle results in APKs being signed by a different key. In June 2019 Play Console started issuing warnings if you release an APK instead of a Bundle, even though the "size savings" they mention are under 1% for annogen-generated apps.

-e, --epub : When generating an Android browser, make it also respond to requests to open EPUB files. This results in an app that requests the 'read external storage' permission on Android versions below 6, so if you have already released a version without EPUB support then devices running Android 5.x or below will not auto-update past this change until the user notices the update notification and approves the extra permission.

--no-epub : Cancels any earlier --epub option in Makefile variables etc

--android-print : When generating an Android browser, include code to provide a Print option (usually print to PDF) and a simple highlight-selection option. The Print option will require Android 4.4, but the app should still run without it on earlier versions of Android.

--no-android-print : Cancels any earlier --android-print option in Makefile variables etc

--known-characters= : When generating an Android browser, include an option to leave the most frequent characters unannotated as 'known'. This option should be set to the filename of a UTF-8 file of characters separated by newlines, assumed to be most frequent first, with characters on the same line being variants of each other (see --freq-count for one way to generate it). Words consisting entirely of characters found in the first N lines of this file (where N is settable by the user) will be unannotated until tapped on.

--freq-count= : Name of a file to write that is suitable for the known-characters option, taken from the input examples (which should be representative of typical use). Any post-normalise table provided will be used to determine which characters are equivalent.

--android-audio= : When generating an Android browser, include an option to convert the selection to audio using this URL as a prefix, e.g. https://example.org/speak.cgi?text= (use for languages not likely to be supported by the device itself). Optionally follow the URL with a space (quote carefully) and a maximum number of words to read in each user request. Setting a limit is recommended, or somebody somewhere will likely try 'Select All' on a whole book or something and create load problems. You should set a limit server-side too of course.

--extra-js= : Extra Javascript to inject into sites to fix things in the Android browser app. The snippet will be run before each scan for new text to annotate. You may also specify a file to read: --extra-js=@file.js or --extra-js=@file1.js,file2.js (do not use // comments in these files, only /* ... */ because newlines will be replaced), and you can create variants of the files by adding search-replace strings: --extra-js=@file1.js:search:replace,file2.js

--tts-js : Make Android 5+ multilingual Text-To-Speech functions available to extra-js scripts (see TTSInfo code for details)

--no-tts-js : Cancels any earlier --tts-js option in Makefile variables etc

--existing-ruby-js-fixes= : Extra Javascript to run in the Android browser app or browser extension whenever existing RUBY elements are encountered; the DOM node above these elements will be in the variable n, which your code can manipulate or replace to fix known problems with sites' existing ruby (such as common two-syllable words being split when they shouldn't be). Use with caution. You may also specify a file to read: --existing-ruby-js-fixes=@file.js

--existing-ruby-lang-regex= : Set the Android app or browser extension to remove existing ruby elements unless the document language matches this regular expression. If --sharp-multi is in use, you can separate multiple regexes with comma and any unset will always delete existing ruby. If this option is not set at all then existing ruby is always kept.

--existing-ruby-shortcut-yarowsky : Set the Android browser app to 'shortcut' Yarowsky-like collocation decisions when adding glosses to existing ruby over 2 or more characters, so that words normally requiring context to be found are more likely to be found without context (this may be needed because adding glosses to existing ruby is done without regard to context)

--extra-css= : Extra CSS to inject into sites to fix things in the Android browser app. You may also specify a file to read --extra-css=@file.css

--app-name= : User-visible name of the Android app

--compile-only : Assume the code has already been generated by a previous run, and just run the compiler

--no-compile-only : Cancels any earlier --compile-only option in Makefile variables etc

-j, --javascript : Instead of generating C code, generate JavaScript. This might be useful if you want to run an annotator on a device that has a JS interpreter but doesn't let you run your own binaries. The JS will be table-driven to make it load faster. See comments at the start for usage.

--no-javascript : Cancels any earlier --javascript option in Makefile variables etc

-6, --js-6bit : When generating a Javascript annotator, use a 6-bit format for many addresses to reduce escape codes in the data string by making more of it ASCII

--no-js-6bit : Cancels any earlier --js-6bit option in Makefile variables etc

-8, --js-octal : When generating a Javascript annotator, use octal instead of hexadecimal codes in the data string when doing so would save space. This does not comply with ECMAScript 5 and may give errors in its strict mode.

--no-js-octal : Cancels any earlier --js-octal option in Makefile variables etc

-9, --ignore-ie8 : When generating a Javascript annotator, do not make it backward-compatible with Microsoft Internet Explorer 8 and below. This may save a few bytes.

--no-ignore-ie8 : Cancels any earlier --ignore-ie8 option in Makefile variables etc

-u, --js-utf8 : When generating a Javascript annotator, assume the script can use UTF-8 encoding directly and not via escape sequences. In some browsers this might work only on UTF-8 websites, and/or if your annotation can be expressed without the use of Unicode combining characters.

--no-js-utf8 : Cancels any earlier --js-utf8 option in Makefile variables etc

--browser-extension= : Name of a Chrome or Firefox browser extension to generate. The extension will be placed in a directory of the same name (without spaces), which may optionally already exist and contain icons like 32.png and 48.png to be used.

--browser-extension-description= : Description field to use when generating browser extensions

--manifest-v3 : Use Manifest v3 instead of Manifest v2 when generating browser extensions (tested on Chrome only, and requires Chrome 88 or higher). This is now required for all Chrome Web Store uploads.

--gecko-id= : a Gecko (Firefox) ID to embed in the browser extension

--dart : Instead of generating C code, generate Dart. This might be useful if you want to run an annotator in a Flutter application.

--no-dart : Cancels any earlier --dart option in Makefile variables etc

--dart-datafile= : When generating Dart code, put annotator data into a separate file and open it using this pathname. Not compatible with Dart's "Web app" option, but might save space in a Flutter app (especially along with --zlib)

-Y, --python : Instead of generating C code, generate a Python module. Similar to the Javascript option, this is for when you can't run your own binaries, and it is table-driven for fast loading.

--no-python : Cancels any earlier --python option in Makefile variables etc

--reannotator= : Shell command through which to pipe each word of the original text to obtain new annotation for that word. This might be useful as a quick way of generating a new annotator (e.g. for a different topolect) while keeping the information about word separation and/or glosses from the previous annotator, but it is limited to commands that don't need to look beyond the boundaries of each word. If the command is prefixed by a # character, it will be given the word's existing annotation instead of its original text, and if prefixed by ## it will be given text#annotation. The command should treat each line of its input independently, and both its input and its output should be in the encoding specified by --outcode.

-A, --reannotate-caps : When using --reannotator, make sure to capitalise any word it returns that began with a capital on input

--no-reannotate-caps : Cancels any earlier --reannotate-caps option in Makefile variables etc

--sharp-multi : Assume annotation (or reannotator output) contains multiple alternatives separated by # (e.g. pinyin#Yale) and include code to select one by number at runtime (starting from 0). This is to save on total space when shipping multiple annotators that share the same word grouping and gloss data, differing only in the transcription of each word.

--no-sharp-multi : Cancels any earlier --sharp-multi option in Makefile variables etc

--annotation-names= : Comma-separated list of annotation types supplied to sharp-multi (e.g. Pinyin,Yale), if you want the Android app etc to be able to name them. You can also set just one annotation names here if you are not using sharp-multi.

--annotation-map= : Comma-separated list of annotation-number overrides for sharp-multi, e.g. 7=3 to take the 3rd item if a 7th is selected

--annotation-postprocess= : Extra code for post-processing specific annotNo selections after retrieving from a sharp-multi list (@file is allowed)

-o, --allow-overlaps : Normally, the analyser avoids generating rules that could overlap with each other in a way that would leave the program not knowing which one to apply. If a short rule would cause overlaps, the analyser will prefer to generate a longer rule that uses more context, and if even the entire phrase cannot be made into a rule without causing overlaps then the analyser will give up on trying to cover that phrase. This option allows the analyser to generate rules that could overlap, as long as none of the overlaps would cause actual problems in the example phrases. Thus more of the examples can be covered, at the expense of a higher risk of ambiguity problems when applying the rules to other texts. See also the -y option.

--no-allow-overlaps : Cancels any earlier --allow-overlaps option in Makefile variables etc

-y, --ybytes= : Look for candidate Yarowsky seed-collocations within this number of bytes of the end of a word. If this is set then overlaps and rule conflicts will be allowed when seed collocations can be used to distinguish between them, and the analysis is likely to be faster. Markup examples that are completely separate (e.g. sentences from different sources) must have at least this number of (non-whitespace) bytes between them.

--ybytes-max= : Extend the Yarowsky seed-collocation search to check over larger ranges up to this maximum. If this is set then several ranges will be checked in an attempt to determine the best one for each word, but see also ymax-threshold and ymax-limitwords.

--ymax-threshold= : Limits the length of word that receives the narrower-range Yarowsky search when ybytes-max is in use. For words longer than this, the search will go directly to ybytes-max. This is for languages where the likelihood of a word's annotation being influenced by its immediate neighbours more than its distant collocations increases for shorter words, and less is to be gained by comparing different ranges when processing longer words. Setting this to 0 means no limit, i.e. the full range will be explored on all Yarowsky checks.

--ymax-limitwords= : Comma-separated list of words (without annotation markup) for which the ybytes expansion loop should run at most two iterations. This may be useful to reduce compile times for very common ambiguous words that depend only on their immediate neighbours. Annogen may suggest words for this option if it finds they take inordinate time to process.

--ybytes-step= : The increment value for the loop between ybytes and ybytes-max

-k, --warn-yarowsky : Warn when absolutely no distinguishing Yarowsky seed collocations can be found for a word in the examples

--no-warn-yarowsky : Cancels any earlier --warn-yarowsky option in Makefile variables etc

-K, --yarowsky-all : Accept Yarowsky seed collocations even from input characters that never occur in annotated words (this might include punctuation and example-separation markup)

--no-yarowsky-all : Cancels any earlier --yarowsky-all option in Makefile variables etc

--yarowsky-multiword : Check potential multiword rules for Yarowsky seed collocations also. Without this option (default), only single-word rules are checked.

--no-yarowsky-multiword : Cancels any earlier --yarowsky-multiword option in Makefile variables etc

--yarowsky-thorough : Recheck Yarowsky seed collocations when checking if any multiword rule would be needed to reproduce the examples. This could risk 'overfitting' the example set.

--no-yarowsky-thorough : Cancels any earlier --yarowsky-thorough option in Makefile variables etc

--yarowsky-half-thorough : Like --yarowsky-thorough but check only what collocations occur within the proposed new rule (not around it), less likely to overfit

--no-yarowsky-half-thorough : Cancels any earlier --yarowsky-half-thorough option in Makefile variables etc

--yarowsky-debug= : Report the details of seed-collocation false positives if there are a large number of matches and at most this number of false positives (default 1). Occasionally these might be due to typos in the corpus, so it might be worth a check.

--normalise-debug= : When --capitalisation is not in effect. report words that are usually capitalised but that have at most this number of lower-case exceptions (default 1) for investigation of possible typos in the corpus

--normalise-cache= : Optional file to use to cache the result of normalisation. Adding .gz, .bz2 or .xz for compression is acceptable.

-1, --single-words : Do not generate any rule longer than 1 word, although it can still have Yarowsky seed collocations if -y is set. This speeds up the search, but at the expense of thoroughness. You might want to use this in conjuction with -y to make a parser quickly.

--no-single-words : Cancels any earlier --single-words option in Makefile variables etc

--max-words= : Limits the number of words in a rule. 0 means no limit. --single-words is equivalent to --max-words=1. If you need to limit the search time, and are using -y, it should suffice to use --single-words for a quick annotator or --max-words=5 for a more thorough one (or try 3 if --yarowsky-half-thorough is in use).

--multiword-end-avoid= : Comma-separated list of words (without annotation markup) that should be avoided at the end of a multiword rule (e.g. sandhi likely to depend on the following word)

-d, --diagnose= : Output some diagnostics for the specified word. Use this option to help answer "why doesn't it have a rule for...?" issues. This option expects the word without markup and uses the system locale (UTF-8 if it cannot be detected).

--diagnose-limit= : Maximum number of phrases to print diagnostics for (0 means unlimited). Default: 10

-m, --diagnose-manual : Check and diagnose potential failures of --manualrules

--no-diagnose-manual : Cancels any earlier --diagnose-manual option in Makefile variables etc

-q, --diagnose-quick : Ignore all phrases that do not contain the word specified by the --diagnose option, for getting a faster (but possibly less accurate) diagnostic. The generated annotator is not likely to be useful when this option is present.

--no-diagnose-quick : Cancels any earlier --diagnose-quick option in Makefile variables etc

--priority-list= : Instead of generating an annotator, use the input examples to generate a list of (non-annotated) words with priority numbers, a higher number meaning the word should have greater preferential treatment in ambiguities, and write it to this file (or compressed .gz, .bz2 or .xz file). If the file provided already exists, it will be updated, thus you can amend an existing usage-frequency list or similar (although the final numbers are priorities and might no longer match usage-frequency exactly). The purpose of this option is to help if you have an existing word-priority-based text segmenter and wish to update its data from the examples; this approach might not be as good as the Yarowsky-like one (especially when the same word has multiple readings to choose from), but when there are integration issues with existing code you might at least be able to improve its word-priority data.

-t, --time-estimate : Estimate time to completion. The code to do this is unreliable and is prone to underestimate. If you turn it on, its estimate is displayed at the end of the status line as days, hours or minutes.

--no-time-estimate : Cancels any earlier --time-estimate option in Makefile variables etc

-0, --single-core : Use only one CPU core even when others are available on Unix

--no-single-core : Cancels any earlier --single-core option in Makefile variables etc

--cores-command= : Command to run when changing the number of CPU cores in use (with new number as a parameter); this can run a script to pause/resume any lower-priority load

-p, --status-prefix= : Label to add at the start of the status line, for use if you batch-run annogen in multiple configurations and want to know which one is currently running