antispoofing.motion 2.0.3

Motion counter-measures for the REPLAY-ATTACK database

This package implements a motion-based counter-measure to spoofing attacks to face recognition systems as described at the paper Counter-Measures to Photo Attacks in Face Recognition: a public database and a baseline, by Anjos and Marcel, International Joint Conference on Biometrics, 2011.

If you use this package and/or its results, please cite the following publications:

1. The original paper with the counter-measure explained in details:

   @inproceedings{Anjos_IJCB_2011,
     author = {Anjos, Andr{\'{e}} and Marcel, S{\'{e}}bastien},
     keywords = {Attack, Counter-Measures, Counter-Spoofing, Disguise, Dishonest Acts, Face Recognition, Face Verification, Forgery, Liveness Detection, Replay, Spoofing, Trick},
     month = oct,
     title = {Counter-Measures to Photo Attacks in Face Recognition: a public database and a baseline},
     booktitle = {International Joint Conference on Biometrics 2011},
     year = {2011},
     url = {http://publications.idiap.ch/downloads/papers/2011/Anjos_IJCB_2011.pdf}
   }

2. Bob as the core framework used to run the experiments:

   @inproceedings{Anjos_ACMMM_2012,
     author = {A. Anjos and L. El Shafey and R. Wallace and M. G\"unther and C. McCool and S. Marcel},
     title = {Bob: a free signal processing and machine learning toolbox for researchers},
     year = {2012},
     month = oct,
     booktitle = {20th ACM Conference on Multimedia Systems (ACMMM), Nara, Japan},
     publisher = {ACM Press},
     url = {http://publications.idiap.ch/downloads/papers/2012/Anjos_Bob_ACMMM12.pdf},
   }

3. If you decide to use the REPLAY-ATTACK database, you should also mention the following paper, where it is introduced:

   @inproceedings{Chingovska_BIOSIG_2012,
     author = {Chingovska, Ivana and Anjos, Andr{\'{e}} and Marcel, S{\'{e}}bastien},
     keywords = {Attack, Counter-Measures, Counter-Spoofing, Face Recognition, Liveness Detection, Replay, Spoofing},
     month = sep,
     title = {On the Effectiveness of Local Binary Patterns in Face Anti-spoofing},
     booktitle = {IEEE Biometrics Special Interest Group},
     year = {2012},
     url = {http://publications.idiap.ch/downloads/papers/2012/Chingovska_IEEEBIOSIG2012_2012.pdf},
   }

If you wish to report problems or improvements concerning this code, please contact the authors of the above mentioned papers.

Raw data

This method was originally conceived to work with the the PRINT-ATTACK database, but has since evolved to work with the whole of the the REPLAY-ATTACK database, which is a super-set of the PRINT-ATTACK database. You are allowed to select protocols in each of the applications described in this manual. To generate the results for the paper, just select print as protocol option where necessary. Detailed comments about specific results or tables are given where required.

The data used in the paper is publicly available and should be downloaded and installed prior to try using the programs described in this package. The root directory of the database installation is used by the first program in the Antispoofing-Motion toolchain.

Installation

Note

If you are reading this page through our GitHub portal and not through PyPI, note the development tip of the package may not be stable or become unstable in a matter of moments.

Go to http://pypi.python.org/pypi/antispoofing.motion to download the latest stable version of this package. Then, extract the .zip file to a folder of your choice.

The antispoofing.motion package is a satellite package of the free signal processing and machine learning library Bob. This dependency has to be downloaded manually. This version of the package depends on Bob version 2 or greater. To install packages of Bob, please read the Installation Instructions. For Bob to be able to work properly, some dependent Bob packages are required to be installed. Please make sure that you have read the Dependencies for your operating system.

The most simple solution is to download and extract antispoofing.motion package, then to go to the console and write:

$ cd antispoofing.motion
$ python bootstrap-buildout.py
$ bin/buildout

This will download all required dependent Bob and other packages and install them locally.

User Guide

It is assumed you have followed the installation instructions for the package and got this package installed and the REPLAY-ATTACK (or PRINT-ATTACK) database downloaded and uncompressed in a directory to which you have read access. Through this manual, we will call this directory /root/of/database. That would be the directory that contains the sub-directories train, test, devel and face-locations.

Note for Grid Users

At Idiap, we use the powerful Sun Grid Engine (SGE) to parallelize our job submissions as much as we can. At the Biometrics group, we have developed a little toolbox <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/gridtk> that can submit and manage jobs at the Idiap computing grid through SGE. If you are at Idiap, you can download and install this toolset by adding gridtk at the eggs section of your buildout.cfg file, if it is not already there. If you are not, you still may look inside for tips on automated parallelization of scripts.

The following sections will explain how to reproduce the paper results in single (non-gridified) jobs. A note will be given where relevant explaining how to parallalize the job submission using gridtk.

Calculate Frame Differences

The first stage of the process is to calculate the normalized frame differences using video sequences. The program that will do that should be sitting in bin/motion_framediff.py. It can calculate normalize frame differences in distinct parts of the scene (given you provide face locations for each of the frames in all video sequences to be analyzed).

To execute the frame difference process to all videos in the REPLAY-ATTACK database, just execute:

$ ./bin/motion_framediff.py /root/of/database results/framediff replay

There are more options for the motion_framediff.py script you can use (such as the sub-protocol selection for the Replay Attack database). Note that, by default, all applications are tunned to work with the whole of the database. Just type --help after the keyword replay at the command line for instructions.

Note

To parallelize this job, do the following:

$ ./bin/jman submit --array=1200 ./bin/motion_framediff.py /root/of/database results/framediff replay

The magic number of 1200 entries can be found by executing:

$ ./bin/motion_framediff.py --grid-count replay

Which just prints the number of jobs it requires for the grid execution.

Calculate the 5 Quantities

The second step in calculating the frame differences is to compute the set of 5 quantities that are required for the detection process. To reproduce the results in the paper, we accumulate the results in windows of 20 frames, without overlap:

$ ./bin/motion_diffcluster.py results/framediff results/quantities replay

There are more options for the motion_diffcluster.py script you can use (such as the sub-protocol selection). Just type –help at the command line for instructions.

Note

This job is very fast and normally does not require parallelization. You can still do it with:

$ ./bin/jman submit --array=1200 ./bin/motion_diffcluster.py results/framediff results/quantities replay

Training with Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)

Training a linear machine to perform LDA should go like this:

$ ./bin/motion_ldatrain.py --verbose results/quantities results/lda replay

This will create a new linear machine train it using the training data. Evaluation based on the EER on the development set will be performed by the end of the training:

Performance evaluation:
 -> EER @ devel set threshold: 8.11125e-02
 -> Devel set results:
     * FAR : 16.204% (175/1080)
     * FRR : 16.174% (558/3450)
     * HTER: 16.189%
 -> Test set results:
     * FAR: 16.389% (236/1440)
     * FRR: 18.641% (856/4592)
     * HTER: 17.515%

The resulting linear machine will be saved in the output directory called results/lda.

Training an MLP

Training MLPs to perform discrimination should go like this:

$ ./bin/motion_rproptrain.py --verbose --epoch=10000 --batch-size=500 --no-improvements=1000000 --maximum-iterations=10000000 results/quantities results/mlp replay

This will create a new MLP and train it using the data produced by the “clustering” step. The training can take anywhere from 20 to 30 minutes (or even more), depending on your machine speed. You should see some debugging output with the partial results as the training go along:

...
iteration: RMSE:real/RMSE:attack (EER:%) ( train | devel )
0: 9.1601e-01/1.0962e+00 (60.34%) | 9.1466e-01/1.0972e+00 (58.71%)
0: Saving best network so far with average devel. RMSE = 1.0059e+00
0: New valley stop threshold set to 1.2574e+00
10000: 5.6706e-01/4.2730e-01 (8.29%) | 7.6343e-01/4.3836e-01 (11.90%)
10000: Saving best network so far with average devel. RMSE = 6.0089e-01
10000: New valley stop threshold set to 7.5112e-01
20000: 5.6752e-01/4.2222e-01 (8.21%) | 7.6444e-01/4.3515e-01 (12.07%)
20000: Saving best network so far with average devel. RMSE = 5.9979e-01
20000: New valley stop threshold set to 7.4974e-01

The resulting MLP will be saved in the output directory called results/mlp. The resulting directory will also contain performance analysis plots. The results derived after this step are equivalent to the results shown at Table 2 and Figure 3 at the paper.

To get results for specific supports as shown at the first two lines of Table 2, just select the support using the --support=hand or --support=fixed as a flag to motion_rproptrain.py. Place this flags after the keyword replay at the command line. At this point, it is adviseable to use different output directories using the --output-dir flag as well. If you need to modify or regenerate Figure 3 at the paper, just look at antispoofing/motion/ml/perf.py, which contains all plotting and analysis routines.

Note

If you think that the training is taking too long, you can interrupt it by pressing CTRL-C. This will cause the script to quit gracefully and still evaluate the best MLP network performance to that point.

Note

To execute this script in the grid environment, just set the output directory to depend on the SGE_TASK_ID environment variable:

$ ./bin/jman submit --array=10 ./bin/motion_rproptrain.py --verbose --epoch=10000 --batch-size=500 --no-improvements=1000000 --maximum-iterations=10000000 results/quantities 'results/mlp.%(SGE_TASK_ID)s' replay

Dumping Machine (MLP or LDA) Scores

You should now dump the scores for every input file in the results/quantities directory using the motion_make_scores.py script, for example, to dump scores produced with by an MLP:

$ ./bin/motion_make_scores.py --verbose results/quantities results/mlp/mlp.hdf5 results/mlp-scores replay

This should give you the detailed output of the machine for every input file in the training, development and test sets. You can use these score files in your own score analysis routines, for example.

Note

The score file format is an HDF5 file with a single array, which contains the scores for every frame in the input video. Values which are marked as NaN should be ignored by your procedure. The reason varies: it may mean no valid face was detected on such a frame or that the motion-detection procedure decided to skip (on user configuration) the analysis of that frame.

Running the Time Analysis

The time analysis is the end of the processing chain, it fuses the scores of instantaneous outputs to give out a better estimation of attacks and real-accesses for a set of frames. You can used with the scores output by MLPs or linear machines (LDA training). To use it, write something like:

$ ./bin/motion_time_analysis.py --verbose results/mlp-scores results/mlp-time replay

The 3 curves on Figure 4 at the paper relate to the different support types. Just repeat the procedure for every system trained with data for a particular support (equivalent for then entries in Table 2). To set the support use --help after the keyword replay on the command-line above to find out how to specify the support to this program. The output for this script is dumped in PDF (plot) and text (.rst file) on the specified directory.

Merging Scores

If you wish to create a single 5-column format file by combining this counter-measure scores for every video into a single file that can be fed to external analysis utilities such as our antispoofing.evaluation <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/antispoofing.evaluation> package, you should use the script motion_merge_scores.py. You will have to specify how many of the scores in every video you will want to average and the input directory containing the scores files that will be merged.

The output of the program consists of three 5-column formatted files with the client identities and scores for every video in the input directory. A line in the output file corresponds to a video from the database.

You run this program on the output of motion_make_scores.py. So, it should look like this if you followed the previous example:

$ ./bin/motion_merge_scores.py results/mlp-scores results/mlp-merged replay

The above commandline examples will generate 3 files containing the training, development and test scores, accumulated over each video in the respective subsets, for input scores in the given input directory.

Problems

In case of problems, please contact any of the authors of the paper.