anys provides matchers for pytest-style assertions. What’s a “matcher,” you say? Well, say you’re writing a unit test and you want to assert that a given object contains the correct values. Normally, you’d just write:
assert foo == {
"widgets": 42,
"name": "Alice",
"subfoo": {
"created_at": "2021-06-24T18:41:59Z",
"name": "Bob",
"widgets": 23,
}
}But wait! What if the value of foo["subfoo"]["created_at"] can’t be determined in advance, but you still need to check that it’s a valid timestamp? You’d have to compare everything in foo other than that one field to the expected values and then separately check the timestamp field for validity. This is where matchers come in: they’re magic objects that compare equal to any & all values that meet given criteria. For the case above, anys allows you to just write:
from anys import ANY_DATETIME_STR
assert foo == {
"widgets": 42,
"name": "Alice",
"subfoo": {
"created_at": ANY_DATETIME_STR,
"name": "Bob",
"widgets": 23,
}
}and the assertion will do what you mean.
Installation
anys requires Python 3.6 or higher. Just use pip for Python 3 (You have pip, right?) to install it:
python3 -m pip install anys
API
anys provides the following functions & constants for matching against values meeting certain criteria. Matching is performed by comparing a value against an anys matcher with ==, either directly or as a result of comparing two larger structures with ==.
If a comparison raises a TypeError or ValueError (say, because you evaluated 42 == any_match(r'\d+'), which tries to match a regex against an integer), the exception is suppressed, and the comparison evaluates to False; all other exceptions are propagated out.
anys matchers can be combined using the & operator to produce new matchers that require both operands to succeed; for example, any_gt(23) & any_lt(42) will match any number between 23 and 42, exclusive, and nothing else.
anys matchers can be combined using the | operator to produce new matchers that require at least one of the operands to succeed; for example, ANY_INT | ANY_STR will match any value that is an int or a str.
Functions
Note that, unless stated otherwise, anys functions cannot take anys matchers as arguments.
any_contains(key: Any)Returns a matcher that matches any value for which key in value is true. If key is an anys matcher, value == any_contains(key) will instead be evaluated by iterating through the elements of value and checking whether any match key.
any_fullmatch(pattern: Union[AnyStr, re.Pattern[AnyStr]])Returns a matcher that matches any string s for which re.fullmatch(pattern, s) succeeds
any_func(func: Callable)Returns a matcher that matches any value x for which func(x) is true. If func(x) raises a TypeError or ValueError, it will be suppressed, and x == any_func(func) will evaluate to False. All other exceptions are propagated out.
any_ge(bound: Any)Returns a matcher that matches any value greater than or equal to bound
any_gt(bound: Any)Returns a matcher that matches any value greater than bound
any_in(iterable: Iterable)Returns a matcher that matches any value that equals or matches an element of iterable (which may contain anys matchers). Note that, if iterable is a string, only individual characters in the string will match; to match substrings, use any_substr() instead.
any_instance(classinfo)Returns a matcher that matches any value that is an instance of classinfo. classinfo can be either a type or a tuple of types (or, starting in Python 3.10, a Union of types).
A number of pre-composed any_instance() values are provided as constants for your convenience; see “Constants” below.
any_le(bound: Any)Returns a matcher that matches any value less than or equal to bound
any_lt(bound: Any)Returns a matcher that matches any value less than bound
any_match(pattern: Union[AnyStr, re.Pattern[AnyStr]])Returns a matcher that matches any string s for which re.match(pattern, s) succeeds
any_search(pattern: Union[AnyStr, re.Pattern[AnyStr]])Returns a matcher that matches any string s for which re.search(pattern, s) succeeds
any_substr(s: AnyStr)Returns a matcher that matches any substring of s
any_with_attrs(mapping: Mapping)Returns a matcher that matches any object obj such that getattr(obj, k) == v for all k,v in mapping.items().
The values (but not the keys) of mapping can be anys matchers.
any_with_entries(mapping: Mapping)Returns a matcher that matches any object obj such that obj[k] == v for all k,v in mapping.items().
The values (but not the keys) of mapping can be anys matchers.
maybe(arg: Any)Returns a matcher that matches None and any value that equals or matches arg (which can be an anys matcher)
not_(arg: Any)Returns a matcher that matches anything that does not equal or match arg (which can be an anys matcher)
Constants
The following constants match values of the given type:
ANY_BOOL
ANY_BYTES
ANY_COMPLEX
ANY_DATE — Matches date instances. You may not be aware, but datetime is a subclass of date, and so this also matches datetimes. If you only want to match actual dates, use ANY_STRICT_DATE.
ANY_DATETIME
ANY_DICT
ANY_FLOAT
ANY_INT
ANY_ITERABLE
ANY_ITERATOR
ANY_LIST
ANY_MAPPING
ANY_NUMBER
ANY_SEQUENCE
ANY_SET
ANY_STR
ANY_STRICT_DATE — Matches any instance of date that is not an instance of datetime
ANY_TUPLE
The following constants match aware or naïve datetime or time values:
ANY_AWARE_DATETIME
ANY_AWARE_TIME
ANY_NAIVE_DATETIME
ANY_NAIVE_TIME
The following constants match ISO 8601-style date, time, & datetime strings. “Aware” matchers require timezone information, while “naïve” matchers forbid it.
ANY_AWARE_DATETIME_STR
ANY_AWARE_TIME_STR
ANY_DATETIME_STR
ANY_DATE_STR
ANY_NAIVE_DATETIME_STR
ANY_NAIVE_TIME_STR
ANY_TIME_STR
Other constants:
ANY_FALSY — Matches anything considered false
ANY_TRUTHY — Matches anything considered true
Caveat: Custom Classes
When a well-behaved class defines an __eq__ method, it will only test against values of the same class, returning NotImplemented for other types, [1] which signals Python to evaluate x == y by instead calling y’s __eq__ method. Thus, when comparing an anys matcher against an instance of a well-behaved class, the matcher can be on either the left or the right of the ==. All of the classes in the Python standard library are well-behaved, as are classes that don’t define __eq__ methods, but some custom classes in third-party code are not well-behaved. In order to successfully compare an anys matcher against an ill-behaved class, the matcher must be on the left side of the == operator; if it is on the right, only the custom class’s __eq__ method will be consulted, which usually means that the comparison will always evaluate to false.
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