argnorm 0.2.0

Normalize antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) abundance tables (e.g., from metagenomics) by using the ARO ontology (developed by CARD).

argNorm

What is argNorm?

argNorm is a tool to normalize antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) by mapping them to the antibiotic resistance ontology (ARO) by CARD. It also provides drug categorization of drugs that antibiotic resistance genes confer resistance to.

Why argNorm?

Right now, many tools exist for annotating ARGs in genomes and metagenomes. However, each tool will have distinct output formats.

The hAMRonization package can normalize file formats, but each tool will use different names/identifiers (e.g., TetA or TETA or tet(A) or tet-A are all different ways to spell the same gene name).

For a small number of isolate genomes, a human user can still quickly evaluate the outputs. However, for metagenomics, especially for large-scale projects, this becomes infeasible. Thus, argNorm normalizes the output vocabulary of these tools by mapping all tools to the same ontology (ARO).

Note:

This is a beta-quality implementation (subject to changes and some bugs may remain), but you're welcomed to try it and provide feedback.

We welcome your feedback on the Issues Page.

Tutorial Video

Installation

argNorm can be installed using pip as shown.

pip install argnorm

Supported tools

Note that CARD RGI already uses ARO, thus there is no need to use argNorm.

• DeepARG (v1.0.2)
• ARGs-OAP (v3)
• ABRicate (v1.0.1) with NCBI (v3.6), ResFinder (v4.1.11), MEGARes (v2.0), ARG-ANNOT (v5), ResFinderFG (v2)
• ResFinder (v4.0)
• AMRFinderPlus (v3.10.30)

Basic usage

The only positional argument required is tool which can be:

• deeparg
• argsoap
• abricate
• resfinder
• amrfinderplus

The available options are:

• -h or --help: shows available options and exits.
• --db: database used to perform ARG annotation. Supported databases are:
  • SARG (sarg)
  • NCBI (ncbi)
  • ResFinder (resfinder)
  • DeepARG (deeparg)
  • MEGARes (megares)
  • ARG-ANNOT (argannot)
• --hamronized: use this if the input is hamronized by hAMRonization
• -i or --input: path to the annotation result
• -o or --output: the file to save normalization results

Use argnorm -h or argnorm --help to see available options.

>argnorm -h
usage: argnorm [-h] [--db {sarg,ncbi,resfinder,deeparg,megares,argannot}] [--hamronized] [-i INPUT] [-o OUTPUT] {argsoap,abricate,deeparg,resfinder,amrfinderplus}

argNorm normalizes ARG annotation results from different tools and databases to the same ontology, namely ARO (Antibiotic Resistance Ontology).

positional arguments:
  {argsoap,abricate,deeparg,resfinder,amrfinderplus}
                        The tool you used to do ARG annotation.

options:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  --db {sarg,ncbi,resfinder,deeparg,megares,argannot}
                        The database you used to do ARG annotation.
  --hamronized          Use this if the input is hamronized (processed using the hAMRonization tool)
  -i INPUT, --input INPUT
                        The annotation result you have
  -o OUTPUT, --output OUTPUT
                        The file to save normalization results

Here is a basic outline of a command using argNorm.

argnorm [tool] -i [original_annotation.tsv] -o [annotation_result_with_aro.tsv]

Examples

ARGs-OAP

argnorm argsoap -i examples/raw/args-oap.sarg.reads.tsv -o outputs/raw/args-oap.sarg.reads.tsv

argnorm argsoap -i examples/hamronized/args-oap.sarg.reads.tsv -o outputs/hamronized/args-oap.sarg.reads.tsv --hamronized

DeepARG

argnorm deeparg -i examples/raw/deeparg.deeparg.orfs.tsv -o outputs/raw/deeparg.deeparg.orfs.tsv

argnorm deeparg -i examples/hamronized/deeparg.deeparg.orfs.tsv -o outputs/hamronized/deeparg.deeparg.orfs.tsv --hamronized

ABRicate

Hamronized

argnorm abricate --db ncbi -i examples/hamronized/abricate.ncbi.tsv -o outputs/hamronized/abricate.ncbi.tsv --hamronized
argnorm abricate --db megares -i examples/hamronized/abricate.megares.tsv -o outputs/hamronized/abricate.megares.tsv --hamronized
argnorm abricate --db argannot -i examples/hamronized/abricate.argannot.tsv -o outputs/hamronized/abricate.argannot.tsv --hamronized
argnorm abricate --db resfinder -i examples/hamronized/abricate.resfinder.tsv -o outputs/hamronized/abricate.resfinder.tsv --hamronized

Raw

argnorm abricate --db ncbi -i examples/raw/abricate.ncbi.tsv -o outputs/raw/abricate.ncbi.tsv
argnorm abricate --db megares -i examples/raw/abricate.megares.tsv -o outputs/raw/abricate.megarest.tsv
argnorm abricate --db argannot -i examples/raw/abricate.argannot.tsv -o outputs/raw/abricate.argannot.tsv

ResFinder

Hamronized

argnorm resfinder -i examples/hamronized/resfinder.resfinder.orfs.tsv -o outputs/hamronized/resfinder.resfinder.orfs.tsv --hamronized
argnorm resfinder -i examples/hamronized/resfinder.resfinder.reads.tsv -o outputs/hamronized/resfinder.resfinder.reads.tsv --hamronized

Raw

argnorm resfinder -i examples/raw/resfinder.resfinder.orfs.tsv -o outputs/raw/resfinder.resfinder.orfs.tsv
argnorm resfinder -i examples/raw/resfinder.resfinder.reads.tsv -o outputs/raw/resfinder.resfinder.reads.tsv

AMRFinderPlus

argnorm amrfinderplus -i examples/raw/amrfinderplus.ncbi.orfs.tsv -o outputs/raw/amrfinderplus.ncbi.orfs.tsv

argnorm amrfinderplus -i examples/hamronized/amrfinderplus.ncbi.orfs.tsv -o outputs/hamronized/amrfinderplus.ncbi.orfs.tsv

Drug Categorization

Besides performing normalization, argNorm also provides drug categorization of drugs that antibiotic resistance genes confer resistance to.

For example, the PBP2b (ARO:3003042) gene confers resistance to the drug class amoxicillin. amoxicillin is then categorized into a broader category of beta lactam antibiotic.

argNorm provides support for this, and adds the confers_resistance_to and resistance_to_drug_classes columns to ARG annotations.

The confers_resistance_to column will contain ARO numbers of all the drug classes that a gene provides resistance to (ARO:0000064 for amoxicillin in the previous example).

The resistance_to_drug_classes column will contain ARO numbers of the broader categories of the drug classes in the confers_resistance_to column (ARO:3000007 for beta lactam antibiotic in the previous example).

Authors

• Vedanth Ramji [e-mail]*
• Hui Chong [e-mail]
• Svetlana Ugarcina Perovic [e-mail]
• Finlay Maguire [e-mail]
• Luis Pedro Coelho [e-mail]

*: current maintainer