Empirical estimation of time complexity from execution time
Project description
big_O is a Python module to estimate the time complexity of Python code from its execution time. It can be used to analyze how functions scale with inputs of increasing size.
big_O executes a Python function for input of increasing size N, and measures its execution time. From the measurements, big_O fits a set of time complexity classes and returns the best fitting class. This is an empirical way to compute the asymptotic class of a function in “Big-O”. notation. (Strictly speaking, we’re empirically computing the Big Theta class.)
Usage
For concreteness, let’s say we would like to compute the asymptotic behavior of a simple function that finds the maximum element in a list of positive integers:
>>> def find_max(x): ... """Find the maximum element in a list of positive integers.""" ... max_ = 0 ... for el in x: ... if el > max_: ... max_ = el ... return max_ ...
To do this, we call big_o.big_o passing as argument the function and a data generator that provides lists of random integers of length N:
>>> import big_o >>> positive_int_generator = lambda n: big_o.datagen.integers(n, 0, 10000) >>> best, others = big_o.big_o(find_max, positive_int_generator, n_repeats=100) >>> print(best) Linear: time = -0.0021 + 4E-06*n
big_o inferred that the asymptotic behavior of the find_max fuction is linear, and returns an object containing the fitted coefficients for the complexity class. The second return argument, others, contains a dictionary of all fitted classes with the residuals from the fit as keys:
>>> for class_, residuals in others.items(): ... print('{:<60s} (res: {:.2G})'.format(class_, residuals)) ... Logarithmic: time = -0.3 + 0.05*log(n) (res: 0.072) Cubic: time = 0.1 + 3.6E-16*n^3 (res: 0.028) Quadratic: time = 0.068 + 3.8E-11*n^2 (res: 0.011) Constant: time = 0.2 (res: 0.17) Exponential: time = -4.2 * 4.1E-05^n (res: 9.6) Linearithmic: time = 0.0077 + 3.5E-07*n*log(n) (res: 0.00055) Polynomial: time = -11 * x^0.84 (res: 0.12) Linear: time = -0.0021 + 4E-06*n (res: 0.00054)
Submodules
big_o.datagen: this sub-module contains common data generators, including an identity generator that simply returns N (datagen.n_), and a data generator that returns a list of random integers of length N (datagen.integers).
big_o.complexities: this sub-module defines the complexity classes to be fit to the execution times. Unless you want to define new classes, you don’t need to worry about it.
Standard library examples
Sorting a list in Python is O(n*log(n)) (a.k.a. ‘linearithmic’):
>>> big_o.big_o(sorted, lambda n: big_o.datagen.integers(n, -100, 100)) (<big_o.complexities.Linearithmic object at 0x031DA9D0>, ...)
Inserting elements at the beginning of a list is O(n):
>>> def insert_0(lst): ... lst.insert(0, 0) ... >>> print big_o.big_o(insert_0, big_o.datagen.range_n, n_repeats=100)[0] Linear: time = 0.00035 + 7.5E-08*n
Inserting elements at the beginning of a queue is O(1):
>>> from collections import deque >>> def insert_0_queue(queue): ... lst.insert(0, 0) ... >>> def queue_generator(n): ... return deque(xrange(n)) ... >>> print big_o.big_o(insert_0_queue, queue_generator, n_repeats=100)[0] Constant: time = 0.00012
numpy examples
Creating an array:
numpy.zeros is O(n), since it needs to initialize every element to 0:
>>> import numpy as np >>> big_o.big_o(np.zeros, big_o.datagen.n_, max_n=100000, n_repeats=100) (<class 'big_o.big_o.Linear'>, ...)
numpy.empty instead just allocates the memory, and is thus O(1):
>>> big_o.big_o(np.empty, big_o.datagen.n_, max_n=100000, n_repeats=100) (<class 'big_o.big_o.Constant'> ...)
License
big_O is released under the GPL v3. See LICENSE.txt .
Copyright (c) 2011, Pietro Berkes. All rights reserved.
Project details
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