quadpy

Your one-stop shop for numerical integration in Python.

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More than 1500 numerical integration schemes for line segments, circles, disks, triangles, quadrilaterals, spheres, balls, tetrahedra, hexahedra, wedges, pyramids, n-spheres, n-balls, n-cubes, n-simplices, the 1D half-space with weight functions exp(-r), the 2D space with weight functions exp(-r), the 3D space with weight functions exp(-r), the nD space with weight functions exp(-r), the 1D space with weight functions exp(-r2), the 2D space with weight functions exp(-r2), the 3D space with weight functions exp(-r2), and the nD space with weight functions exp(-r2), for fast integration of real-, complex-, and vector-valued functions.

For example, to numerically integrate any function over any given interval, install quadpy from the Python Package Index with

pip install quadpy

and do

import numpy as np
import quadpy


def f(x):
    return np.sin(x) - x


val, err = quadpy.quad(f, 0.0, 6.0)

This is like scipy with the addition that quadpy handles complex-, vector-, matrix-valued integrands, and "intervals" in spaces of arbitrary dimension.

To integrate over a triangle, do

import numpy as np
import quadpy


def f(x):
    return np.sin(x[0]) * np.sin(x[1])


triangle = np.array([[0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 0.0], [0.7, 0.5]])

# get a "good" scheme of degree 10
scheme = quadpy.t2.get_good_scheme(10)
val = scheme.integrate(f, triangle)

Most domains have get_good_scheme(degree). If you would like to use a particular scheme, you can pick one from the dictionary quadpy.t2.schemes.

All schemes have

scheme.points
scheme.weights
scheme.degree
scheme.source
scheme.test_tolerance

scheme.show()
scheme.integrate(
    # ...
)

and many have

scheme.points_symbolic
scheme.weights_symbolic

quadpy is fully vectorized, so if you like to compute the integral of a function on many domains at once, you can provide them all in one integrate() call, e.g.,

# shape (3, 5, 2), i.e., (corners, num_triangles, xy_coords)
triangles = np.stack(
    [
        [[0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 0.0], [0.0, 1.0]],
        [[1.2, 0.6], [1.3, 0.7], [1.4, 0.8]],
        [[26.0, 31.0], [24.0, 27.0], [33.0, 28]],
        [[0.1, 0.3], [0.4, 0.4], [0.7, 0.1]],
        [[8.6, 6.0], [9.4, 5.6], [7.5, 7.4]],
    ],
    axis=-2,
)

The same goes for functions with vectorized output, e.g.,

def f(x):
    return [np.sin(x[0]), np.sin(x[1])]

More examples under test/examples_test.py.

Read more about the dimensionality of the input/output arrays in the wiki.

Advanced topics:

Schemes

Line segment (C1)

See here for how to generate Gauss formulas for your own weight functions.

Example:

import numpy as np
import quadpy

scheme = quadpy.c1.gauss_patterson(5)
scheme.show()
val = scheme.integrate(lambda x: np.exp(x), [0.0, 1.0])

1D half-space with weight function exp(-r) (E1r)

Example:

import quadpy

scheme = quadpy.e1r.gauss_laguerre(5, alpha=0)
scheme.show()
val = scheme.integrate(lambda x: x ** 2)

1D space with weight function exp(-r2) (E1r2)

Example:

import quadpy

scheme = quadpy.e1r2.gauss_hermite(5)
scheme.show()
val = scheme.integrate(lambda x: x ** 2)

Circle (U2)

  • Krylov (1959, arbitrary degree)

Example:

import numpy as np
import quadpy

scheme = quadpy.u2.get_good_scheme(7)
scheme.show()
val = scheme.integrate(lambda x: np.exp(x[0]), [0.0, 0.0], 1.0)

Triangle (T2)

Apart from the classical centroid, vertex, and seven-point schemes we have

Example:

import numpy as np
import quadpy

scheme = quadpy.t2.get_good_scheme(12)
scheme.show()
val = scheme.integrate(lambda x: np.exp(x[0]), [[0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 0.0], [0.5, 0.7]])

Disk (S2)

Example:

import numpy as np
import quadpy

scheme = quadpy.s2.get_good_scheme(6)
scheme.show()
val = scheme.integrate(lambda x: np.exp(x[0]), [0.0, 0.0], 1.0)

Quadrilateral (C2)

Example:

import numpy as np
import quadpy

scheme = quadpy.c2.get_good_scheme(7)

val = scheme.integrate_box(lambda x: np.exp(x[0]), (0.0, 1.0), (0.0, 1.0))

This is if the integration limits in x and y can be given separately.

If you're dealing with a general quadrilateral, the points are specified in an array of shape (2, 2, ...) such that arr[0][0] is the lower left corner, arr[1][1] the upper right.

val = scheme.integrate(
    lambda x: np.exp(x[0]),
    [[[0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 0.0]], [[0.0, 1.0], [1.0, 1.0]]],
)

2D space with weight function exp(-r) (E2r)

Example:

import quadpy

scheme = quadpy.e2r.get_good_scheme(5)
scheme.show()
val = scheme.integrate(lambda x: x[0] ** 2)

2D space with weight function exp(-r2) (E2r2)

Example:

import quadpy

scheme = quadpy.e2r2.get_good_scheme(3)
scheme.show()
val = scheme.integrate(lambda x: x[0] ** 2)

Sphere (U3)

Example:

import numpy as np
import quadpy

scheme = quadpy.u3.get_good_scheme(19)
# scheme.show()
val = scheme.integrate(lambda x: np.exp(x[0]), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0], 1.0)

Integration on the sphere can also be done for functions defined in spherical coordinates:

import numpy as np
import quadpy


def f(theta_phi):
    theta, phi = theta_phi
    return np.sin(phi) ** 2 * np.sin(theta)


scheme = quadpy.u3.get_good_scheme(19)
val = scheme.integrate_spherical(f)

Ball (S3)

Example:

import numpy as np
import quadpy

scheme = quadpy.s3.get_good_scheme(4)
# scheme.show()
val = scheme.integrate(lambda x: np.exp(x[0]), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0], 1.0)

Tetrahedron (T3)

Example:

import numpy as np
import quadpy

scheme = quadpy.t3.get_good_scheme(5)
# scheme.show()
val = scheme.integrate(
    lambda x: np.exp(x[0]),
    [[0.0, 0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 0.0, 0.0], [0.5, 0.7, 0.0], [0.3, 0.9, 1.0]],
)

Hexahedron (C3)

Example:

import numpy as np
import quadpy

scheme = quadpy.c3.product(quadpy.c1.newton_cotes_closed(3))
# scheme.show()
val = scheme.integrate_box(lambda x: np.exp(x[0]), (0.0, 1.0), (-0.3, 0.4), (1.0, 2.1))

Pyramid (P3)

  • Felippa (2004, 9 schemes up to degree 5)

Example:

import numpy as np
import quadpy

scheme = quadpy.p3.felippa_5()

val = scheme.integrate(
    lambda x: np.exp(x[0]),
    [
        [0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
        [1.0, 0.0, 0.0],
        [0.5, 0.7, 0.0],
        [0.3, 0.9, 0.0],
        [0.0, 0.1, 1.0],
    ],
)

Wedge (W3)

Example:

import numpy as np
import quadpy

scheme = quadpy.w3.felippa_3()
val = scheme.integrate(
    lambda x: np.exp(x[0]),
    [
        [[0.0, 0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 0.0, 0.0], [0.5, 0.7, 0.0]],
        [[0.0, 0.0, 1.0], [1.0, 0.0, 1.0], [0.5, 0.7, 1.0]],
    ],
)

3D space with weight function exp(-r) (E3r)

Example:

import quadpy

scheme = quadpy.e3r.get_good_scheme(5)
# scheme.show()
val = scheme.integrate(lambda x: x[0] ** 2)

3D space with weight function exp(-r2) (E3r2)

Example:

import quadpy

scheme = quadpy.e3r2.get_good_scheme(6)
# scheme.show()
val = scheme.integrate(lambda x: x[0] ** 2)

n-Simplex (Tn)

Example:

import numpy as np
import quadpy

dim = 4
scheme = quadpy.tn.grundmann_moeller(dim, 3)
val = scheme.integrate(
    lambda x: np.exp(x[0]),
    np.array(
        [
            [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
            [1.0, 2.0, 0.0, 0.0],
            [0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0],
            [0.0, 3.0, 1.0, 0.0],
            [0.0, 0.0, 4.0, 1.0],
        ]
    ),
)

n-Sphere (Un)

Example:

import numpy as np
import quadpy

dim = 4
scheme = quadpy.un.dobrodeev_1978(dim)
val = scheme.integrate(lambda x: np.exp(x[0]), np.zeros(dim), 1.0)

n-Ball (Sn)

Example:

import numpy as np
import quadpy

dim = 4
scheme = quadpy.sn.dobrodeev_1970(dim)
val = scheme.integrate(lambda x: np.exp(x[0]), np.zeros(dim), 1.0)

n-Cube (Cn)

Example:

import numpy as np
import quadpy

scheme = quadpy.cn.stroud_cn_3_3(n=4)
val = scheme.integrate_box(
    lambda x: np.exp(x[0]), (0.0, 1.0), (0.1, 0.9), (-1.0, 1.0), (-1.0, -0.5)
)

nD space with weight function exp(-r) (Enr)

Example:

import quadpy

dim = 4
scheme = quadpy.enr.stroud_enr_5_4(dim)
val = scheme.integrate(lambda x: x[0] ** 2)

nD space with weight function exp(-r2) (Enr2)

Example:

import quadpy

dim = 4
scheme = quadpy.enr2.stroud_enr2_5_2(dim)
val = scheme.integrate(lambda x: x[0] ** 2)

Installation

quadpy is available from the Python Package Index, so with

pip install quadpy

you can install.

Testing

To run the tests, check out this repository and type

MPLBACKEND=Agg pytest

License

This software is published under the GPLv3 license.

Project links

Key dates

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  • Released:
Latest release

1 maintainer

PyPI data
Data sourced directly from PyPI's database.
Avatar for bhawkins from gravatar.com bhawkins

Credits

Author: Brishen Hawkins

License

GNU General Public License v3 or later (GPLv3+) (GPL-3.0-or-later)

Requires

Python >=3.7

Tags

mathematics physics engineering quadrature cubature integration numerical integration

Classifiers

Metadata

Project links

Key dates

PyPI data
Data sourced directly from PyPI's database.
  • Released:
Latest release

1 maintainer

PyPI data
Data sourced directly from PyPI's database.
Avatar for bhawkins from gravatar.com bhawkins

Credits

Author: Brishen Hawkins

License

GNU General Public License v3 or later (GPLv3+) (GPL-3.0-or-later)

Requires

Python >=3.7

Tags

mathematics physics engineering quadrature cubature integration numerical integration

Classifiers

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