courlan 0.4.2

Clean, filter, normalize, and sample URLs

Features

Separate the wheat from the chaff and optimize crawls by focusing on non-spam HTML pages containing primarily text.

• URL validation and (basic) normalization

• Filters targeting spam and unsuitable content-types

• Sampling by domain name

• Command-line interface (CLI) and Python tool

Let the coURLan fish out juicy bits for you!

Here is a courlan (source: Limpkin at Harn’s Marsh by Russ, CC BY 2.0).

Installation

This Python package is tested on Linux, macOS and Windows systems, it is compatible with Python 3.5 upwards. It is available on the package repository PyPI and can notably be installed with the Python package managers pip and pipenv:

$ pip install courlan # pip3 install on systems where both Python 2 and 3 are installed
$ pip install --upgrade courlan # to make sure you have the latest version
$ pip install git+https://github.com/adbar/courlan.git # latest available code (see build status above)

Usage

courlan is designed to work best on English, German and most frequent European languages.

The current logic of detailed/strict URL filtering is focused on English and German, for more see settings.py. This can be overriden by cloning the repository and recompiling the package locally.

Python

All operations chained:

>>> from courlan import check_url
# returns url and domain name
>>> check_url('https://github.com/adbar/courlan')
('https://github.com/adbar/courlan', 'github.com')
# noisy query parameters can be removed
>>> check_url('https://httpbin.org/redirect-to?url=http%3A%2F%2Fexample.org', strict=True)
('https://httpbin.org/redirect-to', 'httpbin.org')
# Check for redirects (HEAD request)
>>> url, domain_name = check_url(my_url, with_redirects=True)
# optional argument targeting webpages in English or German
>>> url, domain_name = check_url(my_url, with_redirects=True, language='en')
>>> url, domain_name = check_url(my_url, with_redirects=True, language='de')

Helper function, scrub and normalize:

>>> from courlan import clean_url
>>> clean_url('HTTPS://WWW.DWDS.DE:80/')
'https://www.dwds.de'

Basic scrubbing only:

>>> from courlan import scrub_url

Basic normalization only:

>>> from urllib.parse import urlparse
>>> from courlan import normalize_url
>>> my_url = normalize_url(urlparse(my_url))
# passing URL strings directly also works
>>> my_url = normalize_url(my_url)
# remove unnecessary components and re-order query elements
>>> normalize_url('http://test.net/foo.html?utm_source=twitter&post=abc&page=2#fragment', strict=True)
'http://test.net/foo.html?page=2&post=abc'

Basic URL validation only:

>>> from courlan import validate_url
>>> validate_url('http://1234')
(False, None)
>>> validate_url('http://www.example.org/')
(True, ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.example.org', path='/', params='', query='', fragment=''))

Sampling by domain name:

>>> from courlan import sample_urls
>>> my_sample = sample_urls(my_urls, 100)
# optional: exclude_min=None, exclude_max=None, strict=False, verbose=False

Determine if a link leads to another host:

>>> from courlan import is_external
>>> is_external('https://github.com/', 'https://www.microsoft.com/')
True
# default
>>> is_external('https://google.com/', 'https://www.google.co.uk/', ignore_suffix=True)
False
# taking suffixes into account
>>> is_external('https://google.com/', 'https://www.google.co.uk/', ignore_suffix=False)
True

Other useful functions:

• fix_relative_urls(): prepend necessary information to relative links

• get_base_url(): strip the URL of some of its parts

• get_host_and_path(): decompose URLs in two parts: protocol + host/domain and path

• get_hostinfo(): extract domain and host info (protocol + host/domain)

Other filters:

• is_not_crawlable(url): check for deep web or pages generally not usable in a crawling context

• is_navigation_page(url): check for navigation and overview pages

• lang_filter(url, language): heuristics concerning internationalization in URLs

Command-line

The main fonctions are also available through a command-line utility.

$ courlan --inputfile url-list.txt --outputfile cleaned-urls.txt
$ courlan --help

usage: courlan [-h] -i INPUTFILE -o OUTPUTFILE [-d DISCARDEDFILE] [-v]

[–strict] [-l {de,en}] [-r] [–sample] [–samplesize SAMPLESIZE] [–exclude-max EXCLUDE_MAX] [–exclude-min EXCLUDE_MIN]

optional arguments:

-h, --help

show this help message and exit

I/O:

Manage input and output

-i INPUTFILE, --inputfile INPUTFILE

name of input file (required)

-o OUTPUTFILE, --outputfile OUTPUTFILE

name of output file (required)

-d DISCARDEDFILE, --discardedfile DISCARDEDFILE

name of file to store discarded URLs (optional)

-v, --verbose

increase output verbosity

Filtering:

Configure URL filters

--strict

perform more restrictive tests

-l, --language

use language filter {de,en}

-r, --redirects

check redirects

Sampling:

Use sampling by host, configure sample size

--sample

use sampling

--samplesize SAMPLESIZE

size of sample per domain

--exclude-max EXCLUDE_MAX

exclude domains with more than n URLs

--exclude-min EXCLUDE_MIN

exclude domains with less than n URLs

Additional scripts

Scripts designed to handle URL lists are found under helpers.

License

coURLan is distributed under the GNU General Public License v3.0. If you wish to redistribute this library but feel bounded by the license conditions please try interacting at arms length, multi-licensing with compatible licenses, or contacting me.

See also GPL and free software licensing: What’s in it for business?

Contributing

Contributions are welcome!

Feel free to file issues on the dedicated page.

Author

This effort is part of methods to derive information from web documents in order to build text databases for research (chiefly linguistic analysis and natural language processing). A significant challenge resides in the ability to extract and pre-process web texts to meet scientific expectations: Web corpus construction involves numerous design decisions, and this software package can help facilitate collection and enhance corpus quality.

• Barbaresi, A. “Generic Web Content Extraction with Open-Source Software”, Proceedings of KONVENS 2019, Kaleidoscope Abstracts, 2019.

• Barbaresi, A. “Efficient construction of metadata-enhanced web corpora”, Proceedings of the 10th Web as Corpus Workshop (WAC-X), 2016.

Contact: see homepage or GitHub.

Similar work

These Python libraries perform similar normalization tasks but don’t entail language or content filters. They also don’t necessarily focus on crawl optimization:

• ural

• urlnorm

• yarl