dama 0.4.8

Look at data in different ways

dama - Data Manipulator

The dama python library guides you through your data and translates between different representations. Its aim is to offer a consistant and pythonic way to handle different datasaets and translations between them. A dataset can for instance be simple colum/row data, or it can be data on a grid.

One of the key features of dama is the seamless translation from one data represenation into any other. Convenience pyplot plotting functions are also available, in order to produce standard plots without any hassle.

Installation

• pip install dama

Getting Started

import numpy as np
import dama as dm

Grid Data

GridData is a collection of individual GridArrays. Both have a defined grid, here we initialize the grid in the constructor through simple keyword arguments resulting in a 2d grid with axes x and y

g = dm.GridData(x = np.linspace(0,3*np.pi, 30),
                y = np.linspace(0,2*np.pi, 20),
               )

Filling one array with some sinusoidal functions, called a here

g['a'] = np.sin(g['x']) * np.cos(g['y'])

As a shorthand, we can also use attributes instead of items:

g.a = np.sin(g.x) * np.cos(g.y)

in 1-d and 2-d they render as html in jupyter notebooks

It can be plotted easily in case of 1-d and 2-d grids

g.plot(cbar=True);

Let's interpolate the values to 200 points along each axis and plot

g.interp(x=200, y=200).plot(cbar=True);

Executions of (most) translation methods is lazy. That means that the computation only happens if a specific variable is used. This can have some side effects, that when you maipulate the original data before the translation is evaluated. just something to be aware of.

Masking, and item assignement also is supported

g.a[g.a > 0.3]

y \ x	0	0.325	0.65	...	8.77	9.1	9.42
0	--	0.319	0.605	...	0.605	0.319	--
0.331	--	0.302	0.572	...	0.572	0.302	--
0.661	--	--	0.478	...	0.478	--	--
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
5.62	--	--	0.478	...	0.478	--	--
5.95	--	0.302	0.572	...	0.572	0.302	--
6.28	--	0.319	0.605	...	0.605	0.319	--

The objects are also numpy compatible and indexable by index (integers) or value (floats). Numpy functions with axis keywords accept either the name(s) of the axis, e.g. here x and therefore is independent of axis ordering, or the usual integer indices.

g[10::-1, :np.pi:2]

y \ x	3.25	2.92	2.6	...	0.65	0.325	0
0	a = -0.108	a = 0.215	a = 0.516	...	a = 0.605	a = 0.319	a = 0
0.661	a = -0.0853	a = 0.17	a = 0.407	...	a = 0.478	a = 0.252	a = 0
1.32	a = -0.0265	a = 0.0528	a = 0.127	...	a = 0.149	a = 0.0784	a = 0
1.98	a = 0.0434	a = -0.0864	a = -0.207	...	a = -0.243	a = -0.128	a = -0
2.65	a = 0.0951	a = -0.189	a = -0.453	...	a = -0.532	a = -0.281	a = -0

np.sum(g[10::-1, :np.pi:2].T, axis='x')

y	0	0.661	1.32	1.98	2.65
a	6.03	4.76	1.48	-2.42	-5.3

Comparison

As comparison to point out the convenience, an alternative way without using dama to achieve the above would look something like the follwoing for creating and plotting the array:

x = np.linspace(0,3*np.pi, 30)
y = np.linspace(0,2*np.pi, 20) 

xx, yy = np.meshgrid(x, y)
a = np.sin(xx) * np.cos(yy)

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x_widths = np.diff(x)
x_pixel_boundaries = np.concatenate([[x[0] - 0.5*x_widths[0]], x[:-1] + 0.5*x_widths, [x[-1] + 0.5*x_widths[-1]]])
y_widths = np.diff(y)
y_pixel_boundaries = np.concatenate([[y[0] - 0.5*y_widths[0]], y[:-1] + 0.5*y_widths, [y[-1] + 0.5*y_widths[-1]]])

pc = plt.pcolormesh(x_pixel_boundaries, y_pixel_boundaries, a)
plt.gca().set_xlabel('x')
plt.gca().set_ylabel('y')
cb = plt.colorbar(pc)
cb.set_label('a')

and for doing the interpolation:

from scipy.interpolate import griddata

interp_x = np.linspace(0,3*np.pi, 200)
interp_y = np.linspace(0,2*np.pi, 200) 

grid_x, grid_y = np.meshgrid(interp_x, interp_y)

points = np.vstack([xx.flatten(), yy.flatten()]).T
values = a.flatten()

interp_a = griddata(points, values, (grid_x, grid_y), method='cubic')

PointData

Another representation of data is PointData, which is not any different of a dictionary holding same-length nd-arrays or a pandas DataFrame (And can actually be instantiated with those).

p = dm.PointData()
p.x = np.random.randn(100_000)
p.a = np.random.rand(p.size) * p.x**2

p

x	0.0341	0.212	0.517	...	1.27	0.827	1.57
a	0.00106	0.035	0.18	...	1.59	0.246	0.201

p.plot()

Maybe a correlation plot would be more insightful:

p.plot('x', 'a', '.');

This can now seamlessly be translated into Griddata, for example taking the data binwise in x in 20 bins, and in each bin summing up points:

p.binwise(x=20).sum()

x	[-4.392 -3.962]	[-3.962 -3.532]	[-3.532 -3.102]	...	[2.916 3.346]	[3.346 3.776]	[3.776 4.206]
a	29	131	456	...	631	163	77.7

p.binwise(x=20).sum().plot();

This is equivalent of making a weighted histogram, while the latter is faster.

p.histogram(x=20).a

x	[-4.392 -3.962]	[-3.962 -3.532]	[-3.532 -3.102]	...	[2.916 3.346]	[3.346 3.776]	[3.776 4.206]
	29	131	456	...	631	163	77.7

np.allclose(p.histogram(x=10).a, p.binwise(x=10).sum().a)

True

There is also KDE in n-dimensions available, for example:

p.kde(x=1000).a.plot();

GridArrays can also hold multi-dimensional values, like RGB images or here 5 values from the percentile function. Let's plot those as bands:

p.binwise(x=20).quantile(q=[0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9]).plot_bands()

When we specify x with an array, we e gives a list of points to binwise. So the resulting plot will consist of points, not bins.

p.binwise(x=np.linspace(-3,3,10)).quantile(q=[0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9]).plot_bands(lines=True, filled=True, linestyles=[':', '--', '-'], lw=1)

This is not the same as using edges as in the example below, hence also the plots look different.

p.binwise(x=dm.Edges(np.linspace(-3,3,10))).quantile(q=[0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9]).plot_bands(lines=True, filled=True, linestyles=[':', '--', '-'], lw=1)

Saving and loading

Dama supports the pickle protocol, and objects can be stored like:

dm.save("filename.pkl", obj)

And read back like:

obj = dm.read("filename.pkl")

Example gallery

This is just to illustrate some different, seemingly random applications, resulting in various plots. All starting from some random data points

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

p = dm.PointData()
p.x = np.random.rand(10_000)
p.y = np.random.randn(p.size) * np.sin(p.x*3*np.pi) * p.x
p.a = p.y/p.x

fig, ax = plt.subplots(4,4,figsize=(20,20))
ax = ax.flatten()

# First row
p.y.plot(ax=ax[0])
p.plot('x', 'y', '.', ax=ax[1])
p.plot_scatter('x', 'y', c='a', s=1, cmap=dm.cm.spectrum, ax=ax[2])
p.interp(x=100, y=100, method="nearest").a.plot(ax=ax[3])

# Second row
np.log(1 + p.histogram(x=100, y=100).counts).plot(ax=ax[4])
p.kde(x=100, y=100, bw=(0.02, 0.05)).density.plot(cmap=dm.cm.afterburner_r, ax=ax[5])
p.histogram(x=10, y=10).interp(x=100,y=100).a.plot(cmap="RdBu", ax=ax[6])
p.histogram(x=100, y=100).counts.median_filter(10).plot(ax=ax[7])

# Third row
p.binwise(x=100).quantile(q=[0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9]).y.plot_bands(ax=ax[8])
p.binwise(x=100).quantile(q=[0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9]).y.gaussian_filter((2.5,0)).interp(x=500).plot_bands(filled=False, lines=True, linestyles=[':', '--', '-'],ax=ax[9])
p.binwise(a=100).mean().y.plot(ax=ax[10])
p.binwise(a=100).std().y.plot(ax=ax[10])
p.histogram(x=100, y=100).counts.std(axis='x').plot(ax=ax[11])

# Fourth row
np.log(p.histogram(x=100, y=100).counts + 1).gaussian_filter(0.5).plot_contour(cmap=dm.cm.passion_r, ax=ax[12])
p.histogram(x=30, y=30).gaussian_filter(1).lookup(p).plot_scatter('x', 'y', 'a', 1, cmap='Spectral', ax=ax[13])
h = p.histogram(y=100, x=np.logspace(-1,0,100)).a.T
h[h>0].plot(ax=ax[14])
h[1/3:2/3].plot(ax=ax[15])

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