Python gRPC Client for EventStoreDB
Project description
Python gRPC Client for EventStoreDB
This package provides a Python gRPC client for EventStoreDB.
This client is implemented as the Python class ESDBClient.
This client has been developed in collaboration with the EventStoreDB team. It has been tested to work with EventStoreDB LTS versions 21.10, without and without SSL/TLS, and with Python versions 3.7 to 3.11. There is 100% test coverage including branches.
All the Python code in this package has typing annotations. The static typing annotations are checked relatively strictly with mypy. The code is formatted with black and isort, and also checked with flake8. Poetry is used for package management during development, and for building and publishing distributions to PyPI.
Not all the features of the EventStoreDB API are presented by this client in its current form, however many of the most useful aspects are presented in an easy-to-use interface (see below).
Probably the three most useful methods are append_events(), read_stream_events()
and subscribe_all_events().
-
The
append_events()method can be used to record atomically all the new events that are generated when executing a command in an application. -
The
read_stream_events()method can be used to retrieve all the recorded events for an aggregate before executing a command in an application. -
The
subscribe_all_events()method can be used by a downstream component to process recorded events with exactly-once semantics.
For an example of usage, see the eventsourcing-eventstoredb package.
Table of contents
- Install package
- Server container
- Client class
- Streams
- Catch-up subscriptions
- Persistent subscriptions
- Notes
- Contributors
Install package
It is recommended to install Python packages into a Python virtual environment.
From PyPI
You can use pip to install this package directly from the Python Package Index.
$ pip install esdbclient
With Poetry
You can use Poetry to add this package to your pyproject.toml and install it.
$ poetry add esdbclient
Server container
The EventStoreDB server can be run locally using the official Docker container image.
Run container
Use Docker to run EventStoreDB using the official Docker container image on DockerHub.
For development, you can start a "secure" server locally on port 2113.
$ docker run -d --name my-eventstoredb -it -p 2113:2113 --env "HOME=/tmp" eventstore/eventstore:22.10.0-buster-slim --dev
Alternatively, you can start an "insecure" server locally on port 2113.
$ docker run -d --name my-eventstoredb -it -p 2113:2113 eventstore/eventstore:22.10.0-buster-slim --insecure
To connect to the "insecure" local server using the client in this package, you just need to know the local hostname and the port number. To connect to the "secure" local development server, you will also need to know that the username is "admin" and the password is "changeit". You will also need to get the SSL/TLS certificate from the server. You can get the server certificate with the following command.
$ python -c "import ssl; print(get_server_certificate(addr=('localhost', 2113)))"
Stop container
To stop and remove the my-eventstoredb container created above, use the following Docker commands.
$ docker stop my-eventstoredb
$ docker rm my-eventstoredb
Client class
This client is implemented as the Python class ESDBClient.
Import class from package
The ESDBClient class can be imported from the esdbclient package.
from esdbclient import ESDBClient
Construct client class
The ESDBClient class can be constructed with a required uri argument, and an
optional root_certificates (by default the client will attempt to create a "secure"
connection to the server, and in this case the root_certificates value is required).
The uri argument is required, and is expected to conform with the standard
EventStoreDB "esdb" or "esdb+discover" URI schemes. You can generate EventStoreDB
connection strings using the online tool.
For example, the URI below specifies that the client should attempt to connect to "localhost" on port 2113, using call credentials "username" and "password".
esdb://username:password@localhost:2113
By using the query string syntax, the
uri connection string can specify connection options. See the Notes section below
for details of these options.
For example, the URI below uses the "Tls" options to specify that the client should create an "insecure" gRPC connection to a "follower" node. By default, the client will attempt to create a "secure" connection to a "leader".
esdb://username:password@localhost:2113?Tls=false&NodePreference=follower
Unless the uri argument specifies Tls=false, the root_certificates client
constructor argument is also required. It is expected to be a Python str containing
PEM encoded SSL/TLS root certificates used for server authentication. This value is
passed directly to grpc.ssl_channel_credentials(). It is commonly the certificate
of the certificate authority that was responsible for generating the SSL/TLS certificate
used by the EventStoreDB server.
In the example below, the constructor argument values are taken from the operating system environment (the examples in this document are tested with both a "secure" and an "insecure" server).
import os
client = ESDBClient(
uri=os.getenv("ESDB_URI"),
root_certificates=os.getenv("ESDB_ROOT_CERTIFICATES"),
)
Streams
In EventStoreDB, a "stream" is a sequence of recorded events that all have the same "stream name". Each recorded event has a "stream position" in its stream, and a "commit position" in the database. The stream positions of the recorded events in a stream is a gapless sequence starting from zero. The commit positions of the recorded events in the database form a sequence that is not gapless.
The methods append_events(), read_stream_events() and read_all_events() can
be used to record and read events in the database.
Append events
The append_events() method can be used to write a sequence of new events atomically
to a "stream". Writing new events either creates a stream, or appends events to the end
of a stream. This method is idempotent (see below).
This method can be used to record atomically all the new events that are generated when executing a command in an application.
Three arguments are required, stream_name, expected_position
and events.
The stream_name argument is required, and is expected to be a Python
str object that uniquely identifies the stream in the database.
The expected_position argument is required, is expected to be: None
if events are being written to a new stream, and otherwise an Python int
equal to the position in the stream of the last recorded event in the stream.
The events argument is required, and is expected to be a sequence of new
event objects to be appended to the named stream. The NewEvent class should
be used to construct new event objects (see below).
This method takes an optional timeout argument, which is a Python float that sets
a deadline for the completion of the gRPC operation.
Streams are created by writing events. The correct value of the expected_position
argument when writing the first event of a new stream is None. Please note, it is
not possible to somehow create an "empty" stream in EventStoreDB.
The stream positions of recorded events in a stream start from zero, and form a gapless
sequence of integers. The stream position of the first recorded event in a stream is
0. And so when appending the second new event to a stream that has one recorded event,
the correct value of the expected_position argument is 0. Similarly, the stream
position of the second recorded event in a stream is 1, and so when appending the
third new event to a stream that has two recorded events, the correct value of the
expected_position argument is 1. And so on... (There is a theoretical maximum
number of recorded events that any stream can have, but I'm not sure what it is;
maybe 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 because it is implemented as a long in C#?)
If there is a mismatch between the given value of the expected_position argument
and the position of the last recorded event in a stream, then an ExpectedPositionError
exception will be raised. This effectively accomplishes optimistic concurrency control.
If you wish to disable optimistic concurrency control when appending new events, you
can set the expected_position to a negative integer.
If you need to discover the current position of the last recorded event in a stream,
you can use the get_stream_position() method (see below).
Please note, the append events operation is atomic, so that either all or none of the given new events will be recorded. By design, it is only possible with EventStoreDB to atomically record new events in one stream.
In the example below, a new event is appended to a new stream.
from uuid import UUID, uuid4
from esdbclient import NewEvent
# Construct new event object.
event1 = NewEvent(type='OrderCreated', data=b'data1')
# Define stream name.
stream_name1 = str(uuid4())
# Append list of events to new stream.
commit_position1 = client.append_events(
stream_name=stream_name1,
expected_position=None,
events=[event1],
)
In the example below, two subsequent events are appended to an existing stream.
event2 = NewEvent(type='OrderUpdated', data=b'data2')
event3 = NewEvent(type='OrderDeleted', data=b'data3')
commit_position2 = client.append_events(
stream_name=stream_name1,
expected_position=0,
events=[event2, event3],
)
If the operation is successful, this method returns an integer representing the overall "commit position" as it was when the operation was completed. Otherwise, an exception will be raised.
A "commit position" is a monotonically increasing integer representing the position of the recorded event in a "total order" of all recorded events in the database across all streams. It is the actual position of the event record on disk, and there are usually large differences between successive commits. In consequence, the sequence of commit positions is not gapless. Indeed, there are usually large differences between the commit positions of successive recorded events.
The "commit position" returned by append_events() is that of the last
recorded event in the given batch of new events.
The "commit position" returned in this way can therefore be used to wait for a downstream component to have processed all the events that were recorded.
For example, consider a user interface command that results in the recording of new events, and a query into an eventually consistent materialized view in a downstream component that is updated from these events. If the new events have not yet been processed, the view would be stale. The "commit position" can be used by the user interface to poll the downstream component until it has processed those new events, after which time the view will not be stale.
Append event
The append_event() method can be used to write a single new event to a stream.
Three arguments are required, stream_name, expected_position and event.
This method works in the same way as append_events(), however event is expected
to be a single NewEvent.
This method takes an optional timeout argument, which is a Python float that sets
a deadline for the completion of the gRPC operation.
Since the handling of a command in your application may result in one or many
new events, and the results of handling a command should be recorded atomically,
and the writing of new events generated by a command handler is usually a concern
that is factored out and used everywhere in a project, it is quite usual in a project
to only use append_events() to record new events. For this reason, an example is
not provided here.
Idempotent append operations
Sometimes it may happen that a new event is successfully recorded and then somehow the connection to the database gets interrupted before the successful call can return successfully to the client. In case of an error when appending an event, it may be desirable to retry appending the same event at the same position. If the event was in fact successfully recorded, it is convenient for the retry to return successfully without raising an error due to optimistic concurrency control (as described above).
The example below shows the append_events() method being called again with
event3 and expected_position=2. We can see that repeating the call to
append_events() returns successfully.
# Retry appending event3.
commit_position_retry = client.append_events(
stream_name=stream_name1,
expected_position=0,
events=[event2, event3],
)
We can see that the same commit position is returned as above.
assert commit_position_retry == commit_position2
We can also see the stream has been unchanged despite calling the append_events()
twice with the same arguments, by calling read_stream_events(). That is, there
are still only three events in the stream.
response = client.read_stream_events(
stream_name=stream_name1
)
events = list(response)
assert len(events) == 3
This idempotent behaviour is activated because the NewEvent class has an id
attribute that, by default, is assigned a new and unique version-4 UUID when an
instance of NewEvent is constructed. If events with the same id are appended
at the same expected_position, the stream will be unchanged, the operation will
complete successfully, and the same commit position will be returned to the caller.
assert isinstance(event1.id, UUID)
assert isinstance(event2.id, UUID)
assert isinstance(event3.id, UUID)
assert event1.id != event2.id
assert event2.id != event3.id
assert events[0].id == event1.id
assert events[1].id == event2.id
assert events[2].id == event3.id
It is possible to set the id constructor argument of NewEvent when instantiating
the NewEvent class, but in the examples above we have been using the default
behaviour, which is that the id value is generated when the NewEvent class is
instantiated.
Read stream events
The read_stream_events() method can be used to read the recorded events of a stream.
This method can be used to retrieve all the recorded events for an aggregate before executing a command in an application.
This method has one required argument, stream_name, which is the name of
the stream from which to read events. By default, the recorded events in the
stream are returned in the order they were recorded.
The method read_stream_events() also supports four optional arguments,
stream_position, backwards, limit, and timeout.
The optional stream_position argument is an optional integer that can be used to
indicate the position in the stream from which to start reading. This argument is
None by default, which means the stream will be read either from the start of the
stream (the default behaviour), or from the end of the stream if backwards is
True (see below). When reading a stream from a specific position in the stream, the
recorded event at that position WILL be included, both when reading forwards
from that position, and when reading backwards from that position.
The optional argument backwards is a boolean, by default False, which means the
stream will be read forwards by default, so that events are returned in the
order they were appended, If backwards is True, the stream will be read
backwards, so that events are returned in reverse order.
The optional argument limit is an integer which limits the number of events that will
be returned. The default value is sys.maxint.
The optional argument timeout is a Python float which sets a deadline for the completion of
the gRPC operation.
This method returns a Python iterable object that yields RecordedEvent objects.
These recorded event objects are instances of the RecordedEvent class (see below)
The example below shows how to read the recorded events of a stream
forwards from the start of the stream to the end of the stream. The
name of a stream is given when calling the method. In this example,
the iterable response object is converted into a Python list, which
contains all the recorded event objects that were read from the stream.
response = client.read_stream_events(
stream_name=stream_name1
)
events = list(response)
Now that we have a list of event objects, we can check we got the three events that were appended to the stream, and that they are ordered exactly as they were appended.
assert len(events) == 3
assert events[0].stream_name == stream_name1
assert events[0].stream_position == 0
assert events[0].type == event1.type
assert events[0].data == event1.data
assert events[1].stream_name == stream_name1
assert events[1].stream_position == 1
assert events[1].type == event2.type
assert events[1].data == event2.data
assert events[2].stream_name == stream_name1
assert events[2].stream_position == 2
assert events[2].type == event3.type
assert events[2].data == event3.data
The example below shows how to read recorded events in a stream forwards from a specific stream position to the end of the stream.
events = list(
client.read_stream_events(
stream_name=stream_name1,
stream_position=1,
)
)
assert len(events) == 2
assert events[0].stream_name == stream_name1
assert events[0].stream_position == 1
assert events[0].type == event2.type
assert events[0].data == event2.data
assert events[1].stream_name == stream_name1
assert events[1].stream_position == 2
assert events[1].type == event3.type
assert events[1].data == event3.data
The example below shows how to read the recorded events in a stream backwards from the end of the stream to the start of the stream.
events = list(
client.read_stream_events(
stream_name=stream_name1,
backwards=True,
)
)
assert len(events) == 3
assert events[0].stream_name == stream_name1
assert events[0].stream_position == 2
assert events[0].type == event3.type
assert events[0].data == event3.data
assert events[1].stream_name == stream_name1
assert events[1].stream_position == 1
assert events[1].type == event2.type
assert events[1].data == event2.data
The example below shows how to read a limited number (two) of the recorded events in a stream forwards from the start of the stream.
events = list(
client.read_stream_events(
stream_name=stream_name1,
limit=2,
)
)
assert len(events) == 2
assert events[0].stream_name == stream_name1
assert events[0].stream_position == 0
assert events[0].type == event1.type
assert events[0].data == event1.data
assert events[1].stream_name == stream_name1
assert events[1].stream_position == 1
assert events[1].type == event2.type
assert events[1].data == event2.data
The example below shows how to read a limited number (one) of the recorded events in a stream backwards from a given stream position.
events = list(
client.read_stream_events(
stream_name=stream_name1,
stream_position=2,
backwards=True,
limit=1,
)
)
assert len(events) == 1
assert events[0].stream_name == stream_name1
assert events[0].stream_position == 2
assert events[0].type == event3.type
assert events[0].data == event3.data
Read all events
The method read_all_events() can be used to read all recorded events
in the database in the order they were recorded. An iterable object of
recorded events is returned. This iterable object will stop when it has
yielded the last recorded event.
This method supports six optional arguments, commit_position, backwards,
filter_exclude, filter_include, limit, and timeout.
The optional argument commit_position is an optional integer that can be used to
specify the commit position from which to start reading. This argument is None by
default, meaning that all the events will be read either from the start, or
from the end if backwards is True (see below). Please note, if specified,
the specified position must be an actually existing commit position, because
any other number will result in a server error (at least in EventStoreDB v21.10).
The optional argument backwards is a boolean which is by default False meaning the
events will be read forwards by default, so that events are returned in the
order they were committed, If backwards is True, the events will be read
backwards, so that events are returned in reverse order.
The optional argument filter_exclude is a sequence of regular expressions that
match the type strings of recorded events that should not be included. By default,
this argument will match "system events", so that they will not be included.
This argument is ignored if filter_include is set to a non-empty sequence.
The optional argument filter_include is a sequence of regular expressions
that match the type strings of recorded events that should be included. By
default, this argument is an empty tuple. If this argument is set to a
non-empty sequence, the filter_exclude argument is ignored.
The optional argument limit is an integer which limits the number of events that will
be returned. The default value is sys.maxint.
The optional argument timeout is a Python float which sets a deadline for the completion of
the gRPC operation.
The filtering of events is done on the EventStoreDB server. The
limit argument is applied on the server after filtering. See below for
more information about filter regular expressions.
When reading forwards from a specific commit position, the event at the specified position WILL be included. However, when reading backwards, the event at the specified position will NOT be included. (This non-inclusive behaviour, of excluding the specified commit position when reading all streams backwards, differs from the behaviour when reading a stream backwards from a specific stream position, I'm not sure why.)
The example below shows how to read all events in the database in the order they were recorded.
events = list(client.read_all_events())
assert len(events) >= 3
The example below shows how to read all recorded events from a specific commit position.
events = list(
client.read_all_events(
commit_position=commit_position1
)
)
assert len(events) == 3
assert events[0].stream_name == stream_name1
assert events[0].stream_position == 0
assert events[0].type == event1.type
assert events[0].data == event1.data
assert events[1].stream_name == stream_name1
assert events[1].stream_position == 1
assert events[1].type == event2.type
assert events[1].data == event2.data
assert events[2].stream_name == stream_name1
assert events[2].stream_position == 2
assert events[2].type == event3.type
assert events[2].data == event3.data
The example below shows how to read all recorded events in reverse order.
events = list(
client.read_all_events(
backwards=True
)
)
assert len(events) >= 3
assert events[0].stream_name == stream_name1
assert events[0].stream_position == 2
assert events[0].type == event3.type
assert events[0].data == event3.data
assert events[1].stream_name == stream_name1
assert events[1].stream_position == 1
assert events[1].type == event2.type
assert events[1].data == event2.data
assert events[2].stream_name == stream_name1
assert events[2].stream_position == 0
assert events[2].type == event1.type
assert events[2].data == event1.data
The example below shows how to read a limited number (one) of the recorded events in the database forwards from a specific commit position. Please note, when reading all events forwards from a specific commit position, the event at the specified position WILL be included.
events = list(
client.read_all_events(
commit_position=commit_position1,
limit=1,
)
)
assert len(events) == 1
assert events[0].stream_name == stream_name1
assert events[0].stream_position == 0
assert events[0].type == event1.type
assert events[0].data == event1.data
assert events[0].commit_position == commit_position1
The example below shows how to read a limited number (one) of the recorded events in the database backwards from the end. This gives the last recorded event.
events = list(
client.read_all_events(
backwards=True,
limit=1,
)
)
assert len(events) == 1
assert events[0].stream_name == stream_name1
assert events[0].stream_position == 2
assert events[0].type == event3.type
assert events[0].data == event3.data
The example below shows how to read a limited number (one) of the recorded events in the database backwards from a specific commit position. Please note, when reading all events backwards from a specific commit position, the event at the specified position WILL NOT be included.
events = list(
client.read_all_events(
commit_position=commit_position2,
backwards=True,
limit=1,
)
)
assert len(events) == 1
assert events[0].commit_position < commit_position2
Get current stream position
The get_stream_position() method can be used to
get the "stream position" of the last recorded event in a stream.
This method has a stream_name argument, which is required.
This method also takes an optional timeout argument, that
is expected to be a Python float, which sets a deadline
for the completion of the gRPC operation.
The sequence of positions in a stream is gapless. It is zero-based,
so that a stream with one recorded event has a current stream
position of 0. The current stream position is 1 when a stream has
two events, and it is 2 when there are events, and so on.
In the example below, the current stream position is obtained of the
stream to which events were appended in the examples above.
Because the sequence of stream positions is zero-based, and because
three events were appended, so the current stream position is 2.
stream_position = client.get_stream_position(
stream_name=stream_name1
)
assert stream_position == 2
If a stream does not exist, the returned stream position value is None,
which matches the required expected position when appending the first event
of a new stream (see above).
stream_position = client.get_stream_position(
stream_name=str(uuid4())
)
assert stream_position == None
This method takes an optional argument timeout which is a Python float that sets
a deadline for the completion of the gRPC operation.
Get current commit position
The method get_commit_position() can be used to get the current
commit position of the database.
commit_position = client.get_commit_position()
This method takes an optional argument timeout which is a Python float that sets
a deadline for the completion of the gRPC operation.
This method can be useful to measure progress of a downstream component that is processing all recorded events, by comparing the current commit position with the recorded commit position of the last successfully processed event in a downstream component.
The value of the commit_position argument when reading events either by using
the read_all_events() method or by using a catch-up subscription would usually
be determined by the recorded commit position of the last successfully processed
event in a downstream component.
Get stream metadata
The method get_stream_metadata() gets the metadata for a stream, along
with the version of the stream metadata.
metadata, metadata_version = client.get_stream_metadata(stream_name=stream_name1)
The returned metadata value is a Python dict. The returned metadata_version
value is either an int, or None if the stream does not exist. These values can
be passed into set_stream_metadata().
Set stream metadata
The method set_stream_metadata() sets the metadata for a stream, along
with the version of the stream metadata.
metadata["foo"] = "bar"
client.set_stream_metadata(
stream_name=stream_name1,
metadata=metadata,
expected_position=metadata_version,
)
The expected_position argument should be the current version of the stream metadata.
Please refer to the EventStoreDB documentation for more information about stream metadata.
Delete stream
The method delete_stream() can be used to "delete" a stream.
commit_position = client.delete_stream(stream_name=stream_name1, expected_position=2)
After deleting a stream, it's still possible to append new events. Reading from a deleted stream will return only events that have been appended after it was deleted.
Tombstone stream
The method tombstone_stream() can be used to "tombstone" a stream.
commit_position = client.tombstone_stream(stream_name=stream_name1, expected_position=2)
After tombstoning a stream, it's not possible to append new events.
Catch-up subscriptions
A "catch-up subscription" can be used to receive already recorded events, but it will also return events that are recorded after the subscription was started.
The method subscribe_all_events() starts a catch-up subscription to receive all
events in the database. The method subscribe_stream_events() starts a catch-up
subscription to receive events from a specific stream.
Catch-up subscriptions are simply a streaming gRPC call which is kept open by the server, with newly recorded events sent to the client as the client iterates over the subscription.
Many catch-up subscriptions can be created, concurrently or successively, and all will receive all the recorded events they have been requested to receive.
Received recorded events are instances of the RecordedEvent class (see below).
Recorded event objects have a commit position, amonst other attributes.
How to implement exactly-once event processing
The commit positions of recorded events that are received and processed by a downstream component are usefully recorded by the downstream component so that the commit position of last processed event can be determined.
The last recorded commit position can be used to specify the commit position from which to subscribe when processing is resumed. Since this commit position will represent the position of the last successfully processed event in a downstream component, so it will be usual to want the next event after this position, because that is the next event that has not yet been processed. For this reason, when subscribing for events from a specific commit position using a catch-up subscription in EventStoreDB, the recorded event at the specified commit position will NOT be included in the sequence of recorded events that are received.
To accomplish "exactly-once" processing of recorded events in a downstream component when using a catch-up subscription, the commit position of a recorded event should be recorded atomically and uniquely along with the result of processing recorded events, for example in the same database as materialised views when implementing eventually-consistent CQRS, or in the same database as a downstream analytics or reporting or archiving application. By recording the commit position of recorded events atomically with the new state that results from processing recorded events, "dual writing" in the consumption of recorded events can be avoided. By also recording the commit position uniquely, the new state cannot be recorded twice, and hence the recorded state of the downstream component will be updated only once for any recorded event. By using the greatest recorded commit position to resume a catch-up subscription, all recorded events will eventually be processed. The combination of the "at-most-once" condition and the "at-least-once" condition gives the "exactly-once" condition.
The danger with "dual writing" in the consumption of recorded events is that if a recorded event is successfully processed and new state recorded atomically in one transaction with the commit position recorded in a separate transaction, one may happen and not the other. If the new state is recorded but the position is lost, and then the processing is stopped and resumed, the recorded event may be processed twice. On the other hand, if the commit position is recorded but the new state is lost, the recorded event may effectively not be processed at all. By either processing an event more than once, or by failing to process an event, the recorded state of the downstream component might be inaccurate, or possibly inconsistent, and perhaps catastrophically so. Such consequences may or may not matter in your situation. But sometimes inconsistencies may halt processing until the issue is resolved. You can avoid "dual writing" in the consumption of events by atomically recording the commit position of a recorded event along with the new state that results from processing that event in the same atomic transaction. By making the recording of the commit positions unique, so that transactions will be rolled back when there is a conflict, you will prevent the results of any duplicate processing of a recorded event being committed.
Recorded events received from a catch-up subscription cannot be acknowledged back to the EventStoreDB server. Acknowledging events, however, is an aspect of "persistent subscriptions" (see below). Hoping to rely on acknowledging events to an upstream component is an example of dual writing.
Subscribe all events
Thesubscribe_all_events() method can be used to start a "catch-up" subscription
that can return all events in the database.
This method can be used by a downstream component to process recorded events with exactly-once semantics.
This method takes an optional commit_position argument, which can be
used to specify a commit position from which to subscribe for
recorded events. The default value is None, which means
the subscription will operate from the first recorded event
in the database. If a commit position is given, it must match
an actually existing commit position in the database. The events
that are obtained will not include the event recorded at that commit
position.
This method also takes three other optional arguments, filter_exclude,
filter_include, and timeout.
The argument filter_exclude is a sequence of regular expressions matching
the type strings of recorded events that should be excluded. By default,
this argument will match "system events", so that they will not be included.
This argument is ignored if filter_include is set to a non-empty sequence.
The argument filter_include is a sequence of regular expressions
matching the type strings of recorded events that should be included. By
default, this argument is an empty tuple. If this argument is set to a
non-empty sequence, the filter_exclude argument is ignored.
Please note, the filtering happens on the EventStoreDB server, and the
limit argument is applied on the server after filtering. See below for
more information about filter regular expressions.
The argument timeout is a Python float which sets a deadline for the completion of
the gRPC operation. This probably isn't very useful, but is included for
completeness and consistency with the other methods.
This method returns a Python iterator that yields recorded events, including events that are recorded after the subscription was created. Iterating over this object will therefore not stop, unless the connection to the database is lost. The connection will be closed when the iterator object is deleted from memory, which will happen when the iterator object goes out of scope or is explicitly deleted (see below). The connection may also be closed by the server.
The subscription object can be used directly, but it might be used within a threaded loop dedicated to receiving events that can be stopped in a controlled way, with recorded events put on a queue for processing in a different thread. This package doesn't provide such a threaded or queuing object class. Just make sure to reconstruct the subscription (and the queue) using the last recorded commit position when resuming the subscription after an error, to be sure all events are processed once.
The example below shows how to subscribe to receive all recorded events from the start, and then resuming from a specific commit position. Three already-recorded events are received, and then three new events are recorded, which are then received via the subscription.
# Append an event to a new stream.
stream_name2 = str(uuid4())
event4 = NewEvent(type='OrderCreated', data=b'data4')
client.append_events(
stream_name=stream_name2,
expected_position=None,
events=[event4],
)
# Subscribe from the first recorded event in the database.
subscription = client.subscribe_all_events()
received_events = []
# Process events received from the catch-up subscription.
for event in subscription:
last_commit_position = event.commit_position
received_events.append(event)
if event.id == event4.id:
break
assert received_events[-4].id == event1.id
assert received_events[-3].id == event2.id
assert received_events[-2].id == event3.id
assert received_events[-1].id == event4.id
# Append subsequent events to the stream.
event5 = NewEvent(type='OrderUpdated', data=b'data5')
client.append_events(
stream_name=stream_name2,
expected_position=0,
events=[event5],
)
# Receive subsequent events from the subscription.
for event in subscription:
last_commit_position = event.commit_position
received_events.append(event)
if event.id == event5.id:
break
assert received_events[-5].id == event1.id
assert received_events[-4].id == event2.id
assert received_events[-3].id == event3.id
assert received_events[-2].id == event4.id
assert received_events[-1].id == event5.id
# Append more events to the stream.
event6 = NewEvent(type='OrderDeleted', data=b'data6')
client.append_events(
stream_name=stream_name2,
expected_position=1,
events=[event6],
)
# Resume subscribing from the last commit position.
subscription = client.subscribe_all_events(
commit_position=last_commit_position
)
# Catch up by receiving the new event from the subscription.
for event in subscription:
received_events.append(event)
if event.id == event6.id:
break
assert received_events[-6].id == event1.id
assert received_events[-5].id == event2.id
assert received_events[-4].id == event3.id
assert received_events[-3].id == event4.id
assert received_events[-2].id == event5.id
assert received_events[-1].id == event6.id
# Append three more events to a new stream.
stream_name3 = str(uuid4())
event7 = NewEvent(type='OrderCreated', data=b'data7')
event8 = NewEvent(type='OrderUpdated', data=b'data8')
event9 = NewEvent(type='OrderDeleted', data=b'data9')
client.append_events(
stream_name=stream_name3,
expected_position=None,
events=[event7, event8, event9],
)
# Receive the three new events from the resumed subscription.
for event in subscription:
received_events.append(event)
if event.id == event9.id:
break
assert received_events[-9].id == event1.id
assert received_events[-8].id == event2.id
assert received_events[-7].id == event3.id
assert received_events[-6].id == event4.id
assert received_events[-5].id == event5.id
assert received_events[-4].id == event6.id
assert received_events[-3].id == event7.id
assert received_events[-2].id == event8.id
assert received_events[-1].id == event9.id
The catch-up subscription gRPC operation is ended as soon as the subscription object goes out of scope or is explicitly deleted from memory.
# End the subscription.
del subscription
Subscribe stream events
Thesubscribe_stream_events() method can be used to start a "catch-up" subscription
that can return all events in a stream.
This method takes a stream_name argument, which specifies the name of the stream
from which recorded events will be received.
This method takes an optional stream_position argument, which specifies a
stream position in the stream from which recorded events will be received. The
event at the specified stream position will not be included.
This method takes an optional timeout argument, which is a Python float that sets
a deadline for the completion of the gRPC operation.
The example below shows how to start a catch-up subscription to a stream.
# Subscribe to events from stream2, from the start.
subscription = client.subscribe_stream_events(stream_name=stream_name2)
# Read from the subscription.
events = []
for event in subscription:
events.append(event)
if event.id == event6.id:
break
# Check we got events only from stream2.
assert len(events) == 3
events[0].stream_name == stream_name2
events[1].stream_name == stream_name2
events[2].stream_name == stream_name2
# Append another event to stream3.
event10 = NewEvent(type="OrderUndeleted", data=b'data10')
client.append_events(
stream_name=stream_name3,
expected_position=2,
events=[event10],
)
# Append another event to stream2.
event11 = NewEvent(type="OrderUndeleted", data=b'data11')
client.append_events(
stream_name=stream_name2,
expected_position=2,
events=[event11]
)
# Continue reading from the subscription.
for event in subscription:
events.append(event)
if event.id == event11.id:
break
# Check we got events only from stream2.
assert len(events) == 4
events[0].stream_name == stream_name2
events[1].stream_name == stream_name2
events[2].stream_name == stream_name2
events[3].stream_name == stream_name2
The example below shows how to start a catch-up subscription to a stream from a specific stream position.
# Subscribe to events from stream2, from the start.
subscription = client.subscribe_stream_events(
stream_name=stream_name2,
stream_position=1,
)
# Read event from the subscription.
events = []
for event in subscription:
events.append(event)
if event.id == event11.id:
break
# Check we got events only after position 1.
assert len(events) == 2
events[0].id == event6.id
events[0].stream_position == 2
events[0].stream_name == stream_name2
events[1].id == event11.id
events[1].stream_position == 3
events[1].stream_name == stream_name2
Persistent subscriptions
Create subscription
The method create_subscription() can be used to create a
"persistent subscription" to EventStoreDB.
This method takes a required group_name argument, which is the
name of a "group" of consumers of the subscription.
This method takes an optional from_end argument, which can be
used to specify that the group of consumers of the subscription should
only receive events that were recorded after the subscription was created.
This method takes an optional commit_position argument, which can be
used to specify a commit position from which the group of consumers of
the subscription should receive events. Please note, the recorded event
at the specified commit position MAY be included in the recorded events
received by the group of consumers.
If neither from_end or commit_position are specified, the group of consumers
of the subscription will receive all recorded events.
This method also takes option filter_exclude, filter_include
arguments, which work in the same way as they do in the subscribe_all_events()
method.
This method also takes an optional timeout argument, that
is expected to be a Python float, which sets a deadline
for the completion of the gRPC operation.
The method create_subscription() does not return a value, because
recorded events are obtained by the group of consumers of the subscription
using the read_subscription() method.
Please note, in this version of this client the "consumer strategy" is set to "DispatchToSingle". Support for choosing other consumer strategies supported by EventStoreDB will in future be supported in this client.
In the example below, a persistent subscription is created.
# Create a persistent subscription.
group_name = f"group-{uuid4()}"
client.create_subscription(group_name=group_name)
Read subscription
The method read_subscription() can be used by a group of consumers to receive
recorded events from a persistent subscription created using create_subscription.
This method takes a required group_name argument, which is
the name of a "group" of consumers of the subscription specified
when create_subscription() was called.
This method also takes an optional timeout argument, that
is expected to be a Python float, which sets a deadline
for the completion of the gRPC operation.
This method returns a 2-tuple: a "read request" object and a "read response" object.
read_req, read_resp = client.read_subscription(group_name=group_name)
The "read response" object is an iterator that yields recorded events from the specified commit position.
The "read request" object has an ack() method that can be used by a consumer
in a group to acknowledge to the server that it has received and successfully
processed a recorded event. This will prevent that recorded event being received
by another consumer in the same group. The ack() method takes an event_id
argument, which is the ID of the recorded event that has been received.
The example below iterates over the "read response" object, and calls ack()
on the "read response" object. The for loop breaks when we have received
the last event, so that we can continue with the examples below.
events = []
for event in read_resp:
events.append(event)
# Acknowledge the received event.
read_req.ack(event_id=event.id)
# Break when the last event has been received.
if event.id == event11.id:
break
The received events are the events we appended above.
assert events[-11].id == event1.id
assert events[-10].id == event2.id
assert events[-9].id == event3.id
assert events[-8].id == event4.id
assert events[-7].id == event5.id
assert events[-6].id == event6.id
assert events[-5].id == event7.id
assert events[-4].id == event8.id
assert events[-3].id == event9.id
assert events[-2].id == event10.id
assert events[-1].id == event11.id
The "read request" object also has an nack() method that can be used by a consumer
in a group to acknowledge to the server that it has failed successfully to
process a recorded event. This will allow that recorded event to be received
by this or another consumer in the same group.
It might be more useful to encapsulate the request and response objects and to iterate
over the "read response" in a separate thread, to call back to a handler function when
a recorded event is received, and call ack() if the handler does not raise an
exception, and to call nack() if an exception is raised. The example below shows how
this might be done.
from threading import Thread
class SubscriptionReader:
def __init__(self, client, group_name, callback):
self.client = client
self.group_name = group_name
self.callback = callback
self.thread = Thread(target=self.read_subscription, daemon=True)
self.error = None
def start(self):
self.thread.start()
def join(self):
self.thread.join()
def read_subscription(self):
req, resp = self.client.read_subscription(group_name=self.group_name)
for event in resp:
try:
self.callback(event)
except Exception as e:
# req.nack(event.id) # not yet implemented....
self.error = e
break
else:
req.ack(event.id)
# Create another persistent subscription.
group_name = f"group-{uuid4()}"
client.create_subscription(group_name=group_name)
events = []
def handle_event(event):
events.append(event)
if event.id == event11.id:
raise Exception()
reader = SubscriptionReader(
client=client,
group_name=group_name,
callback=handle_event
)
reader.start()
reader.join()
assert events[-1].id == event11.id
Please note, when processing events in a downstream component, the commit position of the last successfully processed event is usefully recorded by the downstream component so that the commit position can be determined by the downstream component from its own recorded when it is restarted. This commit position can be used to specify the commit position from which to subscribe. Since this commit position represents the position of the last successfully processed event in a downstream component, so it will be usual to want to read from the next event after this position, because that is the next event that needs to be processed. However, when subscribing for events using a persistent subscription in EventStoreDB, the event at the specified commit position MAY be returned as the first event in the received sequence of recorded events, and so it may be necessary to check the commit position of the received events and to discard any recorded event object that has a commit position equal to the commit position specified in the request.
Whilst there are some advantages of persistent subscriptions, in particular the processing of recorded events by a group of consumers, by tracking in the upstream server the position in the commit sequence of events that have been processed, there is a danger of "dual writing" in the consumption of events. Reliability in processing of recorded events by a group of consumers will rely instead on idempotent handling of duplicate messages, and resilience to out-of-order delivery.
Create stream subscription
The create_stream_subscription() method can be used to create a persistent
subscription for a stream.
This method has two required arguments, group_name and stream_name. The
group_name argument names the group of consumers that will receive events
from this subscription. The stream_name argument specifies which stream
the subscription will follow. The values of both these arguments are expected
to be Python str objects.
This method has an optional stream_position argument, which specifies a
stream position from which to subscribe. The recorded event at this stream
position will be received when reading the subscription.
This method has an optional from_end argument, which is a Python bool.
By default, the value of this argument is False. If this argument is set
to a True value, reading from the subscription will receive only events
recorded after the subscription was created. That is, it is not inclusive
of the current stream position.
This method also takes an optional timeout argument, that
is expected to be a Python float, which sets a deadline
for the completion of the gRPC operation.
This method does not return a value. Events can be received by iterating
over the value returned by calling read_stream_subscription() (see below).
The example below creates a persistent stream subscription from the start of the stream.
# Create a persistent stream subscription from start of the stream.
group_name1 = f"group-{uuid4()}"
client.create_stream_subscription(
group_name=group_name1,
stream_name=stream_name2,
)
The example below creates a persistent stream subscription from a stream position.
# Create a persistent stream subscription from a stream position.
group_name2 = f"group-{uuid4()}"
client.create_stream_subscription(
group_name=group_name2,
stream_name=stream_name2,
stream_position=2
)
The example below creates a persistent stream subscription from the end of the stream.
# Create a persistent stream subscription from end of the stream.
group_name3 = f"group-{uuid4()}"
client.create_stream_subscription(
group_name=group_name3,
stream_name=stream_name2,
from_end=True
)
Read stream subscription
The read_stream_subscription() method can be used to create a persistent
subscription for a stream.
This method has two required arguments, group_name and stream_name, which
should match the values of arguments used when calling create_stream_subscription().
This method also takes an optional timeout argument, that
is expected to be a Python float, which sets a deadline
for the completion of the gRPC operation.
Just like read_subscription, this method returns a 2-tuple: a "read request" object
and a "read response" object.
read_req, read_resp = client.read_stream_subscription(
group_name=group_name1,
stream_name=stream_name2,
)
The example below iterates over the "read response" object, and calls ack()
on the "read response" object. The for loop breaks when we have received
the last event in the stream, so that we can finish the examples in this
documentation.
events = []
for event in read_resp:
events.append(event)
# Acknowledge the received event.
read_req.ack(event_id=event.id)
# Break when the last event has been received.
if event.id == event11.id:
break
We can check we received all the events that were appended to stream_name2
in the examples above.
assert len(events) == 4
assert events[0].stream_name == stream_name2
assert events[0].id == event4.id
assert events[1].stream_name == stream_name2
assert events[1].id == event5.id
assert events[2].stream_name == stream_name2
assert events[2].id == event6.id
assert events[3].stream_name == stream_name2
assert events[3].id == event11.id
Notes
Connection strings
The EventStoreDB connection string is a URI comprising a scheme, followed by a network location, optionally followed by a query string.
The scheme will be separated from the network location with the characters "://". If it exists, the query string will be separated from the network location with the "?" character.
There are two URI schemes used by EventStoreDB clients: the "esdb" scheme, and the "esdb+discover" scheme.
In both the "esdb" and "esdb+discover" schemes, the network location string may start with a user info string. If it exists in the URI, the user info string must be formed from a username and a password. The username and password strings will be separated in the user info string with a ":" character. The user info string will be separated from the rest of the network location string with the "@" character.
In the "esdb" scheme, after the user info string, the rest of the network location will be a list of gRPC targets. The gRPC targets will be separated from each other in the network location string by the "," character. Each gRPC target should indicate an EventStoreDB gRPC server socket, by specifying a network address and a port number, separated with the ":" character. The network address may be an IP address or a hostname that can be resolved to an IP address.
In the "esdb+discover" scheme, after the user info string, the rest of the network location will be a fully-qualified domain name, which identifies a cluster of EventStoreDB servers. The client will use a DNS server to resolve the full-qualified domain name to a list of addresses of EventStoreDB servers. In this case, the port number "2113" will be used to construct gRPC targets from the addresses obtained from the DNS server.
In both the "esdb" and "esdb+discover" schemes, the query string will be a list of field-value arguments, separated from each other with the "&" character. Each field-value argument must include a key and a value separated by the "=" character.
The table below describes the query arguments supported by this client.
| Field | Value | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Tls | "true", "false" (default: "true") | Use a secure gRPC channel. |
| TlsVerifyCert | "true", "false" (default: "true") | NOT IMPLEMENTED |
| ConnectionName | any string (default: auto-generated version-4 UUID) | Identifies the client to the cluster. |
| NodePreference | "leader", "follower", "readonlyreplica", "random" (default: "leader") | The node state preferred by the client. |
| DefaultDeadline | integer (default: None) |
The default value (in seconds) of the timeout argument of client "write" methods such as append_events(). |
| GossipTimeout | integer (default: 5) | The default value (in seconds) of the timeout argument of gossip read methods, such as read_gossip(). |
| MaxDiscoverAttempts | integer (default: 10) | The number of attempts to read gossip when connecting or reconnecting to a cluster member. |
| DiscoveryInterval | integer (default: 100) | How long to wait (in milliseconds) between gossip retries. |
| KeepAliveInterval | integer (default: None) |
gRPC channel option: "grpc.keepalive_ms" |
| KeepAliveTimeout | integer (default: None) |
gRPC channel option: "grpc.keepalive_timeout_ms" |
Please note, the field names are case-insensitive. If fields are repeated in the query string, the query string will be parsed without error. However, the connection options used by the client will use the value of the first field. All the other field-values in the query string with the same field name will be ignored.
Please note, if NodePreference is "leader" and the node becomes a follower, the client will attempt to reconnect to the current leader. The HTTP header "requires-leader" is set to "true" for "write" requests, this header is observed by the server, and a node which is not a leader that receives such a request will return an error. This error is detected by the client, which will then close the current gRPC connection and create a new connection to the leader. The request will then be sent to the leader, and will be expected to succeed.
Please note, if NodePreference is "follower" and there are no follower nodes in the cluster, the client will fail to connect.
Please note, if NodePreference is "readonlyreplica" and there are no read-only replica nodes in the cluster, the client will fail to connect.
Please note, the gRPC channel option "grpc.max_receive_message_length" is automatically
configured to the value 17 * 1024 * 1024. This value cannot be changed.
Regular expression filters
The filter arguments in read_all_events(), subscribe_all_events(),
create_subscription() and commit_position() are applied to the type
attribute of recorded events.
The default value of the filter_exclude arguments is designed to exclude
EventStoreDB "system" and "persistence subscription config" events, which
otherwise would be included. System events generated by EventStoreDB all
have type strings that start with the $ sign. Persistence subscription
events generated when manipulating persistence subscriptions all have type
strings that start with PersistentConfig.
For example, to match the type of EventStoreDB system events, use the regular
expression r'\$.+'. Please note, the constant ESDB_SYSTEM_EVENTS_REGEX is
set to r'\$.+'. You can import this value
(from esdbclient import ESDB_SYSTEM_EVENTS_REGEX) and use
it when building longer sequences of regular expressions.
Similarly, to match the type of EventStoreDB persistence subscription events, use the
regular expression r'PersistentConfig\d+'. The constant ESDB_PERSISTENT_CONFIG_EVENTS_REGEX
is set to r'PersistentConfig\d+'. You can also import this value
(from esdbclient import ESDB_PERSISTENT_CONFIG_EVENTS_REGEX) and use it when building
longer sequences of regular expressions.
The constant DEFAULT_EXCLUDE_FILTER is a sequence of regular expressions that match
the events that EventStoreDB generates internally, events that are extraneous to those
which you append using the append_events() method.
For example, to exclude system events and persistence subscription configuration events,
and snapshots, you might use the sequence DEFAULT_EXCLUDE_FILTER + ['.*Snapshot'] as
the value of the filter_exclude argument when calling read_all_events(),
subscribe_all_events(), create_subscription() or get_commit_position().
New event objects
The NewEvent class is used when appending events.
The required argument type is a Python str object, used to indicate the type of
the event that will be recorded.
The required argument data is a Python bytes object, used to indicate the data of
the event that will be recorded.
The optional argument metadata is a Python bytes object, used to indicate any
metadata of the event that will be recorded. The default value is an empty bytes
object.
The optional argument content_type is a Python str object, used to indicate the
type of the data that will be recorded for this event. The default value is
application/json, which indicates that the data was serialised using JSON.
An alternative value for this argument is application/octet-stream.
The optional argument id is a Python UUID object, used to specify the unique ID
of the event that will be recorded. This value will default to a new version-4 UUID.
new_event1 = NewEvent(
type='OrderCreated',
data=b'{"name": "Greg"}',
)
assert new_event1.type == 'OrderCreated'
assert new_event1.data == b'{"name": "Greg"}'
assert new_event1.metadata == b''
assert new_event1.content_type == 'application/json'
assert isinstance(new_event1.id, UUID)
event_id = uuid4()
new_event2 = NewEvent(
type='ImageCreated',
data=b'01010101010101',
metadata=b'{"a": 1}',
content_type='application/octet-stream',
id=event_id,
)
assert new_event2.type == 'ImageCreated'
assert new_event2.data == b'01010101010101'
assert new_event2.metadata == b'{"a": 1}'
assert new_event2.content_type == 'application/octet-stream'
assert new_event2.id == event_id
Recorded event objects
The RecordedEvent class is used when reading events.
The attribute type is a Python str object, used to indicate the type of event
that was recorded.
The attribute data is a Python bytes object, used to indicate the data of the
event that was recorded.
The attribute metadata is a Python bytes object, used to indicate the metadata of
the event that was recorded.
The attribute content_type is a Python str object, used to indicate the type of
data that was recorded for this event (usually application/json to indicate that
this data can be parsed as JSON, but alternatively application/octet-stream to
indicate that it is something else).
The attribute id is a Python UUID object, used to indicate the unique ID of the
event that was recorded. Please note, when recorded events are returned from a call
to read_stream_events() in EventStoreDB v21.10, the commit position is not actually
set in the response. This attribute is typed as an optional value (Optional[UUID]),
and in the case of using EventStoreDB v21.10 the value of this attribute will be None
when reading recorded events from a stream. Recorded events will however have this
values set when reading recorded events from read_all_events() and from both
catch-up and persistent subscriptions.
The attribute stream_name is a Python str object, used to indicate the name of the
stream in which the event was recorded.
The attribute stream_position is a Python int, used to indicate the position in the
stream at which the event was recorded.
The attribute commit_position is a Python int, used to indicate the commit position
at which the event was recorded.
from esdbclient.events import RecordedEvent
recorded_event = RecordedEvent(
type='OrderCreated',
data=b'{}',
metadata=b'',
content_type='application/json',
id=uuid4(),
stream_name='stream1',
stream_position=0,
commit_position=512,
)
Contributors
Install Poetry
The first thing is to check you have Poetry installed.
$ poetry --version
If you don't, then please install Poetry.
$ curl -sSL https://install.python-poetry.org | python3 -
It will help to make sure Poetry's bin directory is in your PATH environment variable.
But in any case, make sure you know the path to the poetry executable. The Poetry
installer tells you where it has been installed, and how to configure your shell.
Please refer to the Poetry docs for guidance on using Poetry.
Setup for PyCharm users
You can easily obtain the project files using PyCharm (menu "Git > Clone..."). PyCharm will then usually prompt you to open the project.
Open the project in a new window. PyCharm will then usually prompt you to create a new virtual environment.
Create a new Poetry virtual environment for the project. If PyCharm doesn't already
know where your poetry executable is, then set the path to your poetry executable
in the "New Poetry Environment" form input field labelled "Poetry executable". In the
"New Poetry Environment" form, you will also have the opportunity to select which
Python executable will be used by the virtual environment.
PyCharm will then create a new Poetry virtual environment for your project, using
a particular version of Python, and also install into this virtual environment the
project's package dependencies according to the project's poetry.lock file.
You can add different Poetry environments for different Python versions, and switch between them using the "Python Interpreter" settings of PyCharm. If you want to use a version of Python that isn't installed, either use your favourite package manager, or install Python by downloading an installer for recent versions of Python directly from the Python website.
Once project dependencies have been installed, you should be able to run tests
from within PyCharm (right-click on the tests folder and select the 'Run' option).
Because of a conflict between pytest and PyCharm's debugger and the coverage tool,
you may need to add --no-cov as an option to the test runner template. Alternatively,
just use the Python Standard Library's unittest module.
You should also be able to open a terminal window in PyCharm, and run the project's Makefile commands from the command line (see below).
Setup from command line
Obtain the project files, using Git or suitable alternative.
In a terminal application, change your current working directory to the root folder of the project files. There should be a Makefile in this folder.
Use the Makefile to create a new Poetry virtual environment for the project and install the project's package dependencies into it, using the following command.
$ make install-packages
It's also possible to also install the project in 'editable mode'.
$ make install
Please note, if you create the virtual environment in this way, and then try to open the project in PyCharm and configure the project to use this virtual environment as an "Existing Poetry Environment", PyCharm sometimes has some issues (don't know why) which might be problematic. If you encounter such issues, you can resolve these issues by deleting the virtual environment and creating the Poetry virtual environment using PyCharm (see above).
Project Makefile commands
You can start EventStoreDB using the following command.
$ make start-eventstoredb
You can run tests using the following command (needs EventStoreDB to be running).
$ make test
You can stop EventStoreDB using the following command.
$ make stop-eventstoredb
You can check the formatting of the code using the following command.
$ make lint
You can reformat the code using the following command.
$ make fmt
Tests belong in ./tests. Code-under-test belongs in ./esdbclient.
Edit package dependencies in pyproject.toml. Update installed packages (and the
poetry.lock file) using the following command.
$ make update-packages
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