ethereum-dasm 0.1.1

An ethereum bytecode disassembler with static and dynamic analysis features

# ethereum-dasm
ethereum evm bytecode disassembler with static- and dynamic-analysis and function signature lookup

[https://github.com/ethereum/] [https://www.ethereum.org/]


**disassembles evm bytecode**

[](https://asciinema.org/a/fbWad5tV9YmpCGB97wbI1al9w)

## install

```
#> python3 -m pip install -r requirements*.txt
#> python3 -m pip install ethereum-dasm
#> python3 -m ethereum-dasm[mythril,abidecoder] # verify installation
```

```
#> python3 -m ethereum_dasm -a 0x44919b8026f38d70437a8eb3be47b06ab1c3e4bf # verify installation
```

## usage

```
#> evmdasm.py --help
Usage: evmdasm.py [options]

example: evmdasm.py [-L -F -v] <file_or_bytecode>
evmdasm.py [-L -F -v] # read from stdin
evmdasm.py [-L -F -a <address>] # fetch contract code from infura.io


Options:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-v VERBOSITY, --verbosity=VERBOSITY
available loglevels:
critical,fatal,error,warning,warn,info,debug,notset
[default: critical]
-L, --listing disables table mode, outputs assembly only
-F, --no-online-lookup
disable online function signature lookup
-a ADDRESS, --address=ADDRESS
fetch contract bytecode from address
-C, --no-color disable color mode (requires pip install colorama)
-A, --guess-abi guess the ABI for that contract
-D, --no-dynamic-analysis
disable dynamic analysis / symolic execution
-S, --no-static-analysis
disable static analysis
```

#> echo "0x12345678" | python evmdasm.py
#> python evmdasm.py 0x12345678
#> python evmdasm.py ether_contract.evm
#> python evmdasm.py -a <contract address>
#> python -m ethereum_dasm -a <contract address> -A

## features

* provide the path to the ethereum vm bytecode or the bytecode as an argument to evmdasm. Tries to read from stdin by default.
* returns !=0 on errors
* various output modes (`-L` to switch from table to listing mode)
* color-mode
* invalid opcodes are prefixed with `UNKNOWN_`
* gas consumption for instruction
* return value and arguments for instruction
* basic jump/xref analysis
* basicblocking
* online function signature and method name lookup, operand annotations
* payable modifier detection
* dynamic analysis based on symbolic execution (depends on mythril)
* ABI.json download (from etherchain.org)
* ABI.json reconstruction from static analysis of the evm bytecode
* main interface `Contract()`.

## examples

**abi online lookup or reconstruction**
```#>python -m ethereum_dasm -a 0x44919b8026f38d70437a8eb3be47b06ab1c3e4bf -A```
```python
# [....]
[{'stateMutability': 'nonpayable', 'constant': False, 'type': 'function', 'name': 'enter', 'signature': '0x124c32a1', 'outputs': [{'type': 'bool', 'name': ''}], 'inputs': [{'type': 'bytes32', 'name': '_passcode'
}, {'type': 'bytes8', 'name': '_gateKey'}], 'payable': False}, {'stateMutability': 'pure', 'constant': True, 'type': 'function', 'name': 'maxEntrants', 'signature': '0x60643652', 'outputs': [{'type': 'uint8', 'n
ame': ''}], 'inputs': [], 'payable': False}, {'stateMutability': 'view', 'constant': True, 'type': 'function', 'name': 'totalEntrants', 'signature': '0x694463a2', 'outputs': [{'type': 'uint8', 'name': ''}], 'inp
uts': [], 'payable': False}, {'stateMutability': 'nonpayable', 'constant': False, 'type': 'function', 'name': 'assignAll', 'signature': '0x90ae631d', 'outputs': [{'type': 'bool', 'name': ''}], 'inputs': [], 'pay
able': False}, {'inputs': [], 'stateMutability': 'nonpayable', 'payable': False, 'type': 'constructor'}]
```

**abi reconstruction from dasm if abi is not available**
`#> python -m ethereum_dasm -a 0x8f8bed23a644f3bbb4e227e28704c050e67c35be -A`
```
[{'signature': '0x95d89b41', 'outputs': [], 'stateMutability': None, 'name': 'symbol', 'constant': None, 'inputs': [], 'payable': True, 'type': 'function', 'address': 598}, {'signature': '0x095ea7b3', 'outputs':
[], 'stateMutability': None, 'name': 'approve', 'constant': None, 'inputs': ['bytes32', '<bytes??>'], 'payable': True, 'type': 'function', 'address': 328}, {'signature': '0x313ce567', 'outputs': [], 'stateMutab
ility': None, 'name': 'decimals', 'constant': None, 'inputs': [], 'payable': True, 'type': 'function', 'address': 486}, {'signature': '0xdd62ed3e', 'outputs': [], 'stateMutability': None, 'name': 'allowance', 'c
onstant': None, 'inputs': ['bytes32', '<bytes??>'], 'payable': True, 'type': 'function', 'address': 691}, {'signature': '0x66188463', 'outputs': [], 'stateMutability': None, 'name': 'decreaseApproval', 'constant
': None, 'inputs': ['bytes32', '<bytes??>'], 'payable': True, 'type': 'function', 'address': 529}, {'signature': '0x23b872dd', 'outputs': [], 'stateMutability': None, 'name': 'transferFrom', 'constant': None, 'i
nputs': ['bytes32', 'bytes32', '<bytes??>'], 'payable': True, 'type': 'function', 'address': 423}, {'signature': '0x2ff2e9dc', 'outputs': [], 'stateMutability': None, 'name': 'INITIAL_SUPPLY', 'constant': None,
'inputs': [], 'payable': True, 'type': 'function', 'address': 465}, {'signature': '0x06fdde03', 'outputs': [], 'stateMutability': None, 'name': 'name', 'constant': None, 'inputs': [], 'payable': True, 'type': 'f
unction', 'address': 190}, {'signature': '0x18160ddd', 'outputs': [], 'stateMutability': None, 'name': 'totalSupply', 'constant': None, 'inputs': [], 'payable': True, 'type': 'function', 'address': 384}, {'signa
ture': '0x70a08231', 'outputs': [], 'stateMutability': None, 'name': 'balanceOf', 'constant': None, 'inputs': ['<bytes??>'], 'payable': True, 'type': 'function', 'address': 565}, {'signature': '0xa9059cbb', 'out
puts': [], 'stateMutability': None, 'name': 'transfer', 'constant': None, 'inputs': [{'type': 'address', 'name': 'arg0'}, {'type': 'uint256', 'name': 'arg1'}], 'payable': True, 'type': 'function', 'address': 619
}, {'signature': '0xd73dd623', 'outputs': [], 'stateMutability': None, 'name': 'increaseApproval', 'constant': None, 'inputs': ['bytes32', '<bytes??>'], 'payable': True, 'type': 'function', 'address': 655}]
```


**detailed listing**

```python -m ethereum_dasm -a 0x44919b8026f38d70437a8eb3be47b06ab1c3e4bf -A --no-color ```
```python
Inst addr hex gas | mnemonic operand xrefs description retval args
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- --------------------
:loc_0x0
0 [ 0 0x0000 ] 3 | PUSH1 0x60 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
1 [ 2 0x0002 ] 3 | PUSH1 0x40 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
2 [ 4 0x0004 ] 3 | MSTORE # Save word to memory. value, offset
3 [ 5 0x0005 ] 3 | PUSH1 0x04 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
4 [ 7 0x0007 ] 2 | CALLDATASIZE # Get size of input data in current environment. msg.data.length
5 [ 8 0x0008 ] 3 | LT # Lesser-than comparison flag a, b
6 [ 9 0x0009 ] 3 | PUSH2 0x0048 # Place 2-byte item on stack. item
7 [ 12 0x000c ] 10 | JUMPI @0x48 # Conditionally alter the program counter. evm.pc, condition
8 [ 13 0x000d ] 3 | PUSH4 0xffffffff # Place 4-byte item on stack. item
9 [ 18 0x0012 ] 3 | PUSH1 0xe0 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
10 [ 20 0x0014 ] 3 | PUSH1 0x02 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
11 [ 22 0x0016 ] 10 | EXP # Exponential operation. result base, exponent
12 [ 23 0x0017 ] 3 | PUSH1 0x00 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
13 [ 25 0x0019 ] 3 | CALLDATALOAD # Get input data of current environment. msg.data unknown
14 [ 26 0x001a ] 5 | DIV # Integer division operation. result a, b
15 [ 27 0x001b ] 3 | AND # Bitwise AND operation. result a, b
16 [ 28 0x001c ] 3 | PUSH4 0x124c32a1 --> 'function enter(bytes32,bytes8)' # Place 4-byte item on stack. item
17 [ 33 0x0021 ] 3 | DUP2 # Duplicate 2nd stack item.
18 [ 34 0x0022 ] 3 | EQ # Equality comparison flag a, b
19 [ 35 0x0023 ] 3 | PUSH2 0x004d # Place 2-byte item on stack. item
20 [ 38 0x0026 ] 10 | JUMPI @0x4d # Conditionally alter the program counter. evm.pc, condition
21 [ 39 0x0027 ] 3 | DUP1 # Duplicate 1st stack item.
22 [ 40 0x0028 ] 3 | PUSH4 0x60643652 --> 'function maxEntrants()' # Place 4-byte item on stack. item
23 [ 45 0x002d ] 3 | EQ # Equality comparison flag a, b
24 [ 46 0x002e ] 3 | PUSH2 0x0095 # Place 2-byte item on stack. item
25 [ 49 0x0031 ] 10 | JUMPI @0x95 # Conditionally alter the program counter. evm.pc, condition
26 [ 50 0x0032 ] 3 | DUP1 # Duplicate 1st stack item.
27 [ 51 0x0033 ] 3 | PUSH4 0x694463a2 --> 'function totalEntrants()' # Place 4-byte item on stack. item
28 [ 56 0x0038 ] 3 | EQ # Equality comparison flag a, b
29 [ 57 0x0039 ] 3 | PUSH2 0x00be # Place 2-byte item on stack. item
30 [ 60 0x003c ] 10 | JUMPI @0xbe # Conditionally alter the program counter. evm.pc, condition
31 [ 61 0x003d ] 3 | DUP1 # Duplicate 1st stack item.
32 [ 62 0x003e ] 3 | PUSH4 0x90ae631d --> 'function assignAll()' # Place 4-byte item on stack. item
33 [ 67 0x0043 ] 3 | EQ # Equality comparison flag a, b
34 [ 68 0x0044 ] 3 | PUSH2 0x00d1 # Place 2-byte item on stack. item
35 [ 71 0x0047 ] 10 | JUMPI @0xd1 # Conditionally alter the program counter. evm.pc, condition

:loc_0x48
36 [ 72 0x0048 ] 1 | JUMPDEST JUMPI@0xc # Mark a valid destination for jumps.
37 [ 73 0x0049 ] 3 | PUSH1 0x00 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
38 [ 75 0x004b ] 3 | DUP1 # Duplicate 1st stack item.
39 [ 76 0x004c ] 0 | REVERT # throw an error offset, size
:loc_0x4d
/*******************************************************************
function enter(bytes32,bytes8)
payable: False
inputs: (2) ['bytes32', '<bytes??>']
potential signatures: ['enter(bytes32,bytes8)']
*******************************************************************/
40 [ 77 0x004d ] 1 | JUMPDEST JUMPI@0x26 # Mark a valid destination for jumps.
41 [ 78 0x004e ] 2 | CALLVALUE # Get deposited value by the instruction/transaction responsible for msg.value
this execution.
42 [ 79 0x004f ] 3 | ISZERO # Simple not operator flag a
43 [ 80 0x0050 ] 3 | PUSH2 0x0058 # Place 2-byte item on stack. item
44 [ 83 0x0053 ] 10 | JUMPI @0x58 # Conditionally alter the program counter. evm.pc, condition
45 [ 84 0x0054 ] 3 | PUSH1 0x00 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
46 [ 86 0x0056 ] 3 | DUP1 # Duplicate 1st stack item.
47 [ 87 0x0057 ] 0 | REVERT # throw an error offset, size
:loc_0x58
48 [ 88 0x0058 ] 1 | JUMPDEST JUMPI@0x53 # Mark a valid destination for jumps.
49 [ 89 0x0059 ] 3 | PUSH2 0x0081 # Place 2-byte item on stack. item
50 [ 92 0x005c ] 3 | PUSH1 0x04 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
51 [ 94 0x005e ] 3 | CALLDATALOAD # Get input data of current environment. msg.data unknown
52 [ 95 0x005f ] 3 | PUSH24 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff # Place 24-byte item on stack. item
53 [ 120 0x0078 ] 3 | NOT # Bitwise NOT operation. result a, b
54 [ 121 0x0079 ] 3 | PUSH1 0x24 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
55 [ 123 0x007b ] 3 | CALLDATALOAD # Get input data of current environment. msg.data unknown
56 [ 124 0x007c ] 3 | AND # Bitwise AND operation. result a, b
57 [ 125 0x007d ] 3 | PUSH2 0x00e4 # Place 2-byte item on stack. item
58 [ 128 0x0080 ] 8 | JUMP @0xe4 # Alter the program counter. evm.pc

:loc_0x81
59 [ 129 0x0081 ] 1 | JUMPDEST # Mark a valid destination for jumps.
60 [ 130 0x0082 ] 3 | PUSH1 0x40 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
61 [ 132 0x0084 ] 3 | MLOAD # Load word from memory. offset
62 [ 133 0x0085 ] 3 | SWAP1 # Exchange 1st and 2nd stack items.
63 [ 134 0x0086 ] 3 | ISZERO # Simple not operator flag a
64 [ 135 0x0087 ] 3 | ISZERO # Simple not operator flag a
65 [ 136 0x0088 ] 3 | DUP2 # Duplicate 2nd stack item.
66 [ 137 0x0089 ] 3 | MSTORE # Save word to memory. value, offset
67 [ 138 0x008a ] 3 | PUSH1 0x20 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
68 [ 140 0x008c ] 3 | ADD # Addition operation. result a, b
69 [ 141 0x008d ] 3 | PUSH1 0x40 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
70 [ 143 0x008f ] 3 | MLOAD # Load word from memory. offset
71 [ 144 0x0090 ] 3 | DUP1 # Duplicate 1st stack item.
72 [ 145 0x0091 ] 3 | SWAP2 # Exchange 1st and 3rd stack items.
73 [ 146 0x0092 ] 3 | SUB # Subtraction operation. result a, b
74 [ 147 0x0093 ] 3 | SWAP1 # Exchange 1st and 2nd stack items.
75 [ 148 0x0094 ] 0 | RETURN # Halt execution returning output data. offset, size

:loc_0x95
/*******************************************************************
function maxEntrants()
payable: False
inputs: (0) []
potential signatures: ['maxEntrants()']
*******************************************************************/
76 [ 149 0x0095 ] 1 | JUMPDEST JUMPI@0x31 # Mark a valid destination for jumps.
77 [ 150 0x0096 ] 2 | CALLVALUE # Get deposited value by the instruction/transaction responsible for msg.value
this execution.
78 [ 151 0x0097 ] 3 | ISZERO # Simple not operator flag a
79 [ 152 0x0098 ] 3 | PUSH2 0x00a0 # Place 2-byte item on stack. item
80 [ 155 0x009b ] 10 | JUMPI @0xa0 # Conditionally alter the program counter. evm.pc, condition
81 [ 156 0x009c ] 3 | PUSH1 0x00 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
82 [ 158 0x009e ] 3 | DUP1 # Duplicate 1st stack item.
83 [ 159 0x009f ] 0 | REVERT # throw an error offset, size
:loc_0xa0
84 [ 160 0x00a0 ] 1 | JUMPDEST JUMPI@0x9b # Mark a valid destination for jumps.
85 [ 161 0x00a1 ] 3 | PUSH2 0x00a8 # Place 2-byte item on stack. item
86 [ 164 0x00a4 ] 3 | PUSH2 0x0314 # Place 2-byte item on stack. item
87 [ 167 0x00a7 ] 8 | JUMP @0x314 # Alter the program counter. evm.pc

:loc_0xa8
88 [ 168 0x00a8 ] 1 | JUMPDEST # Mark a valid destination for jumps.
89 [ 169 0x00a9 ] 3 | PUSH1 0x40 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
90 [ 171 0x00ab ] 3 | MLOAD # Load word from memory. offset
91 [ 172 0x00ac ] 3 | PUSH1 0xff # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
92 [ 174 0x00ae ] 3 | SWAP1 # Exchange 1st and 2nd stack items.
93 [ 175 0x00af ] 3 | SWAP2 # Exchange 1st and 3rd stack items.
94 [ 176 0x00b0 ] 3 | AND # Bitwise AND operation. result a, b
95 [ 177 0x00b1 ] 3 | DUP2 # Duplicate 2nd stack item.
96 [ 178 0x00b2 ] 3 | MSTORE # Save word to memory. value, offset
97 [ 179 0x00b3 ] 3 | PUSH1 0x20 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
98 [ 181 0x00b5 ] 3 | ADD # Addition operation. result a, b
99 [ 182 0x00b6 ] 3 | PUSH1 0x40 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
100 [ 184 0x00b8 ] 3 | MLOAD # Load word from memory. offset
101 [ 185 0x00b9 ] 3 | DUP1 # Duplicate 1st stack item.
102 [ 186 0x00ba ] 3 | SWAP2 # Exchange 1st and 3rd stack items.
103 [ 187 0x00bb ] 3 | SUB # Subtraction operation. result a, b
104 [ 188 0x00bc ] 3 | SWAP1 # Exchange 1st and 2nd stack items.
105 [ 189 0x00bd ] 0 | RETURN # Halt execution returning output data. offset, size

:loc_0xbe
/*******************************************************************
function totalEntrants()
payable: False
inputs: (0) []
potential signatures: ['totalEntrants()']
*******************************************************************/
106 [ 190 0x00be ] 1 | JUMPDEST JUMPI@0x3c # Mark a valid destination for jumps.
107 [ 191 0x00bf ] 2 | CALLVALUE # Get deposited value by the instruction/transaction responsible for msg.value
this execution.
108 [ 192 0x00c0 ] 3 | ISZERO # Simple not operator flag a
109 [ 193 0x00c1 ] 3 | PUSH2 0x00c9 # Place 2-byte item on stack. item
110 [ 196 0x00c4 ] 10 | JUMPI @0xc9 # Conditionally alter the program counter. evm.pc, condition
111 [ 197 0x00c5 ] 3 | PUSH1 0x00 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
112 [ 199 0x00c7 ] 3 | DUP1 # Duplicate 1st stack item.
113 [ 200 0x00c8 ] 0 | REVERT # throw an error offset, size
:loc_0xc9
114 [ 201 0x00c9 ] 1 | JUMPDEST JUMPI@0xc4 # Mark a valid destination for jumps.
115 [ 202 0x00ca ] 3 | PUSH2 0x00a8 # Place 2-byte item on stack. item
116 [ 205 0x00cd ] 3 | PUSH2 0x031a # Place 2-byte item on stack. item
117 [ 208 0x00d0 ] 8 | JUMP @0x31a # Alter the program counter. evm.pc

:loc_0xd1
/*******************************************************************
function assignAll()
payable: False
inputs: (0) []
potential signatures: ['assignAll()']
*******************************************************************/
118 [ 209 0x00d1 ] 1 | JUMPDEST JUMPI@0x47 # Mark a valid destination for jumps.
119 [ 210 0x00d2 ] 2 | CALLVALUE # Get deposited value by the instruction/transaction responsible for msg.value
this execution.
120 [ 211 0x00d3 ] 3 | ISZERO # Simple not operator flag a
121 [ 212 0x00d4 ] 3 | PUSH2 0x00dc # Place 2-byte item on stack. item
122 [ 215 0x00d7 ] 10 | JUMPI @0xdc # Conditionally alter the program counter. evm.pc, condition
123 [ 216 0x00d8 ] 3 | PUSH1 0x00 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
124 [ 218 0x00da ] 3 | DUP1 # Duplicate 1st stack item.
125 [ 219 0x00db ] 0 | REVERT # throw an error offset, size
:loc_0xdc
126 [ 220 0x00dc ] 1 | JUMPDEST JUMPI@0xd7 # Mark a valid destination for jumps.
127 [ 221 0x00dd ] 3 | PUSH2 0x0081 # Place 2-byte item on stack. item
128 [ 224 0x00e0 ] 3 | PUSH2 0x0320 # Place 2-byte item on stack. item
129 [ 227 0x00e3 ] 8 | JUMP @0x320 # Alter the program counter. evm.pc

:loc_0xe4
130 [ 228 0x00e4 ] 1 | JUMPDEST JUMP@0x80 # Mark a valid destination for jumps.
131 [ 229 0x00e5 ] 3 | PUSH1 0x00 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
132 [ 231 0x00e7 ] 2 | ORIGIN # Get execution origination address. tx.origin
133 [ 232 0x00e8 ] 3 | PUSH1 0x01 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
134 [ 234 0x00ea ] 3 | PUSH1 0xa0 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
135 [ 236 0x00ec ] 3 | PUSH1 0x02 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
136 [ 238 0x00ee ] 10 | EXP # Exponential operation. result base, exponent
137 [ 239 0x00ef ] 3 | SUB # Subtraction operation. result a, b
138 [ 240 0x00f0 ] 3 | AND # Bitwise AND operation. result a, b
139 [ 241 0x00f1 ] 2 | CALLER # Get caller address.This is the address of the account that is msg.sender
directly responsible for this execution.
140 [ 242 0x00f2 ] 3 | PUSH1 0x01 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
141 [ 244 0x00f4 ] 3 | PUSH1 0xa0 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
142 [ 246 0x00f6 ] 3 | PUSH1 0x02 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
143 [ 248 0x00f8 ] 10 | EXP # Exponential operation. result base, exponent
144 [ 249 0x00f9 ] 3 | SUB # Subtraction operation. result a, b
145 [ 250 0x00fa ] 3 | AND # Bitwise AND operation. result a, b
146 [ 251 0x00fb ] 3 | EQ # Equality comparison flag a, b
147 [ 252 0x00fc ] 3 | ISZERO # Simple not operator flag a
148 [ 253 0x00fd ] 3 | ISZERO # Simple not operator flag a
149 [ 254 0x00fe ] 3 | ISZERO # Simple not operator flag a
150 [ 255 0x00ff ] 3 | PUSH2 0x0107 # Place 2-byte item on stack. item
151 [ 258 0x0102 ] 10 | JUMPI @0x107 # Conditionally alter the program counter. evm.pc, condition
152 [ 259 0x0103 ] 3 | PUSH1 0x00 # Place 1 byte item on stack. item
153 [ 261 0x0105 ] 3 | DUP1 # Duplicate 1st stack item.
154 [ 262 0x0106 ] 0 | REVERT # throw an error offset, size

[...]

:loc_0x5d5
954 [1493 0x05d5 ] 1 | JUMPDEST JUMPI@0x5c9 # Mark a valid destination for jumps.
955 [1494 0x05d6 ] 2 | POP # Remove item from stack. #dummy
956 [1495 0x05d7 ] 3 | SWAP1 # Exchange 1st and 2nd stack items.
957 [1496 0x05d8 ] 8 | JUMP # Alter the program counter. evm.pc
958 [1497 0x05d9 ] 0 | STOP # Halts execution.
959 [1498 0x05da ] 750 | LOG1 0x65 # Append log record with one topic. start, size, topic1
960 [1500 0x05dc ] 3 | PUSH3 0x7a7a72 # Place 3-byte item on stack. item
961 [1504 0x05e0 ] 2 | ADDRESS # Get address of currently executing account. this.address
962 [1505 0x05e1 ] 2 | PC # Get the value of the program counter prior to the increment. evm.pc
963 [1506 0x05e2 ] 30 | SHA3 # Compute Keccak-256 hash. flag offset, size
964 [1507 0x05e3 ] -1 | UNKNOWN_0xf # Invalid opcode
965 [1508 0x05e4 ] 3 | SWAP4 # Exchange 1st and 5th stack items.
966 [1509 0x05e5 ] 3 | SWAP14 # Exchange 1st and 15th stack items.
967 [1510 0x05e6 ] 2 | CALLDATASIZE # Get size of input data in current environment. msg.data.length
968 [1511 0x05e7 ] -1 | UNKNOWN_0xe1 # Invalid opcode
969 [1512 0x05e8 ] -1 | UNKNOWN_0xcb # Invalid opcode
970 [1513 0x05e9 ] 3 | PUSH22 0xc68ec825da862dc7082ea12aea89eb3783b2e0423cd2 # Place 22-byte item on stack. item
971 [1536 0x0600 ] 30 | SHA3 # Compute Keccak-256 hash. flag offset, size
972 [1537 0x0601 ] -1 | UNKNOWN_0x28 # Invalid opcode
973 [1538 0x0602 ] 3 | PUSH16 0x0029 # Place 16-byte item on stack. item
==============================
reconstructed ABI:
[{'name': 'enter', 'stateMutability': 'nonpayable', 'signature': '0x124c32a1', 'payable': False, 'inputs': [{'name': '_passcode', 'type': 'bytes32'}, {'name': '_gateKey', 'type': 'bytes8'}], 'constant': False, 'type': 'function', 'outputs': [{'name': '', 'type': 'bool'}]}, {'name': 'maxEntrants', 'stateMutability': 'pure', 'signature': '0x60643652', 'payable': False, 'inputs': [], 'constant': True, 'type': 'function', 'outputs': [{'name': '', 'type': 'uint8'}]}, {'name': 'totalEntrants', 'stateMutability': 'view', 'signature': '0x694463a2', 'payable': False, 'inputs': [], 'constant': True, 'type': 'function', 'outputs': [{'name': '', 'type': 'uint8'}]}, {'name': 'assignAll', 'stateMutability': 'nonpayable', 'signature': '0x90ae631d', 'payable': False, 'inputs': [], 'constant': False, 'type': 'function', 'outputs': [{'name': '', 'type': 'bool'}]}, {'stateMutability': 'nonpayable', 'type': 'constructor', 'payable': False, 'inputs': []}]

```