fancyimpute 0.4.3

Matrix completion and feature imputation algorithms

fancyimpute

A variety of matrix completion and imputation algorithms implemented in Python.

Usage

from fancyimpute import KNN, NuclearNormMinimization, SoftImpute, IterativeImputer, BiScaler

# X is the complete data matrix
# X_incomplete has the same values as X except a subset have been replace with NaN

# Model each feature with missing values as a function of other features, and
# use that estimate for imputation.
X_filled_ii = IterativeImputer().fit_transform(X_incomplete)

# Use 3 nearest rows which have a feature to fill in each row's missing features
X_filled_knn = KNN(k=3).fit_transform(X_incomplete)

# matrix completion using convex optimization to find low-rank solution
# that still matches observed values. Slow!
X_filled_nnm = NuclearNormMinimization().fit_transform(X_incomplete)

# Instead of solving the nuclear norm objective directly, instead
# induce sparsity using singular value thresholding
X_incomplete_normalized = BiScaler().fit_transform(X_incomplete)
X_filled_softimpute = SoftImpute().fit_transform(X_incomplete_normalized)

# print mean squared error for the four imputation methods above
ii_mse = ((X_filled_ii[missing_mask] - X[missing_mask]) ** 2).mean()
print("Iterative Imputer norm minimization MSE: %f" % ii_mse)

nnm_mse = ((X_filled_nnm[missing_mask] - X[missing_mask]) ** 2).mean()
print("Nuclear norm minimization MSE: %f" % nnm_mse)

softImpute_mse = ((X_filled_softimpute[missing_mask] - X[missing_mask]) ** 2).mean()
print("SoftImpute MSE: %f" % softImpute_mse)

knn_mse = ((X_filled_knn[missing_mask] - X[missing_mask]) ** 2).mean()
print("knnImpute MSE: %f" % knn_mse)

Algorithms

• SimpleFill: Replaces missing entries with the mean or median of each column.

• KNN: Nearest neighbor imputations which weights samples using the mean squared difference on features for which two rows both have observed data.

• SoftImpute: Matrix completion by iterative soft thresholding of SVD decompositions. Inspired by the softImpute package for R, which is based on Spectral Regularization Algorithms for Learning Large Incomplete Matrices by Mazumder et. al.

• IterativeSVD: Matrix completion by iterative low-rank SVD decomposition. Should be similar to SVDimpute from Missing value estimation methods for DNA microarrays by Troyanskaya et. al.

• IterativeImputer: A strategy for imputing missing values by modeling each feature with missing values as a function of other features in a round-robin fashion.

• MatrixFactorization: Direct factorization of the incomplete matrix into low-rank U and V, with an L1 sparsity penalty on the elements of U and an L2 penalty on the elements of V. Solved by gradient descent.

• NuclearNormMinimization: Simple implementation of Exact Matrix Completion via Convex Optimization by Emmanuel Candes and Benjamin Recht using cvxpy. Too slow for large matrices.

• BiScaler: Iterative estimation of row/column means and standard deviations to get doubly normalized matrix. Not guaranteed to converge but works well in practice. Taken from Matrix Completion and Low-Rank SVD via Fast Alternating Least Squares.

Note about Inductive vs Transductive Imputation

Most imputation algorithms in fancyimpute are transductive. In the elegant language of scikit-learn's API this means that you can only call solver.fit_transform(X_incomplete), but then the "fitted" solver will not be able to be applied to new data via a call to solver.transform. A simple example is the MatrixFactorization imputer, which decomposes as follows: <A,B> = X_incomplete, such that the product of A and B is close to X_incomplete on its non-missing values. How then, can we apply the learned A and B matrices to held-out data? It is not doable in general, but there are special cases. fancyimpute aims to be of general use and we have not implemented an inductive mode for MatrixFactorization.

There are some imputation algorithms that are inductive, meaning they can be applied to new data after a call to solver.fit or solver.fit_transform. Currently only IterativeImputer supports the full scikit-learn API: fit, fit_transform, and transform, but we are actively looking for contributions that extend other imputers to support induction. At least the KNN and SimpleFill imputers can be extended in a straightforward manner.

Note about Multiple vs. Single Imputation

(From scikit-learn's documentation)

In the statistics community, it is common practice to perform multiple imputations, generating, for example, m separate imputations for a single feature matrix. Each of these m imputations is then put through the subsequent analysis pipeline (e.g. feature engineering, clustering, regression, classification). The m final analysis results (e.g. held-out validation errors) allow the data scientist to obtain understanding of how analytic results may differ as a consequence of the inherent uncertainty caused by the missing values. The above practice is called multiple imputation.

Our implementation of IterativeImputer was inspired by the R MICE package (Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations) [1], but differs from it by returning a single imputation instead of multiple imputations. However, IterativeImputer` can also be used for multiple imputations by applying it repeatedly to the same dataset with different random seeds when sample_posterior=True. A quick example:

import numpy as np
from fancyimpute import IterativeImputer

XY_incomplete = ... # insert your data here

n_imputations = 5
XY_completed = []
for i in range(n_imputations):
    imputer = IterativeImputer(n_iter=5, sample_posterior=True, random_state=i)
    XY_completed.append(imputer.fit_transform(XY_incomplete))

XY_completed_mean = np.mean(XY_completed, 0)
XY_completed_std = np.std(XY_completed, 0)

See [2], chapter 4 for more discussion on multiple vs. single imputations.

It is still an open problem as to how useful single vs. multiple imputation is in the context of prediction and classification when the user is not interested in measuring uncertainty due to missing values.

[1] Stef van Buuren, Karin Groothuis-Oudshoorn (2011). "mice: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in R". Journal of Statistical Software 45: 1-67.

[2] Roderick J A Little and Donald B Rubin (1986). "Statistical Analysis with Missing Data". John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, USA.