features 0.5.9

Feature set algebra for linguistics

Features is a simple implementation of feature set algebra in Python.

Linguistic analyses commonly use sets of binary or privative features to refer to different groups of linguistic objects: for example a group of phonemes that share some phonological features like [-consonantal, +high] or a set of morphemes that occur in context of a specific person/number combination like [-participant, GROUP]. Usually, the features are applied in a way such that only some of their combinations are valid, while others are impossible (i.e. refer to no object) – for example [+high, +low], or [-participant, +speaker].

With this package, such feature systems can be defined with a simple contingency table definition (feature matrix) and stored under a section name in a simple clear-text configuration file. Each feature system can then be loaded by its name and provides its own FeatureSet subclass that implements all comparisons and operations between its feature sets according to the given definition (compatibility, entailment, intersection, unification, etc.).

Features creates the complete lattice structure between the possible feature sets of each feature system and lets you navigate and visualize their relations using the Graphviz graph layout software.

Links

• GitHub: https://github.com/xflr6/features

• PyPI: https://pypi.org/project/features/

• Documentation: https://features.readthedocs.io

• Changelog: https://features.readthedocs.io/en/latest/changelog.html

• Issue Tracker: https://github.com/xflr6/features/issues

• Download: https://pypi.org/project/features/#files

Installation

This package runs under Python 2.7 and 3.4+, use pip to install:

$ pip install features

This will also install the concepts package from PyPI providing the Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) algorithms on which this package is based.

Quickstart

Load a predefined feature system by name (in this case features for a six-way person/number distinction, cf. the definitions in the bundled config.ini in the source repository).

>>> import features

>>> fs = features.FeatureSystem('plural')

>>> print(fs.context)  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
<Context object mapping 6 objects to 10 properties at 0x...>
      |+1|-1|+2|-2|+3|-3|+sg|+pl|-sg|-pl|
    1s|X |  |  |X |  |X |X  |   |   |X  |
    1p|X |  |  |X |  |X |   |X  |X  |   |
    2s|  |X |X |  |  |X |X  |   |   |X  |
    2p|  |X |X |  |  |X |   |X  |X  |   |
    3s|  |X |  |X |X |  |X  |   |   |X  |
    3p|  |X |  |X |X |  |   |X  |X  |   |

Create feature sets from strings or string sequences. Use feature string parsing, get back string sequences and feature or extent strings in their canonical order (definition order):

>>> fs('+1 +sg'), fs(['+2', '+2', '+sg']), fs(['+sg', '+3'])
(FeatureSet('+1 +sg'), FeatureSet('+2 +sg'), FeatureSet('+3 +sg'))

>>> fs('SG1').concept.intent
('+1', '-2', '-3', '+sg', '-pl')

>>> fs('1').string, fs('1').string_maximal, fs('1').string_extent
('+1', '+1 -2 -3', '1s 1p')

Use feature algebra: intersection (join) , union/unification (meet), set inclusion (extension/subsumption). Do feature set comparisons (logical connectives).

>>> fs('+1 +sg') % fs('+2 +sg')
FeatureSet('-3 +sg')

>>> fs('-3') ^ fs('+1') ^ fs('-pl')
FeatureSet('+1 +sg')

>>> fs('+3') > fs('-1') and fs('+pl') < fs('+2 -sg')
True

>>> fs('+1').incompatible_with(fs('+3')) and fs('+sg').complement_of(fs('+pl'))
True

Navigate the created subsumption lattice (Hasse graph) of all valid feature sets:

>>> fs('+1').upper_neighbors, fs('+1').lower_neighbors
([FeatureSet('-3'), FeatureSet('-2')], [FeatureSet('+1 +sg'), FeatureSet('+1 +pl')])

>>> fs('+1').upset()
[FeatureSet('+1'), FeatureSet('-3'), FeatureSet('-2'), FeatureSet('')]

>>> for f in fs:  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
...     print('[%s] <-> {%s}' % (f.string_maximal, f.string_extent))
[+1 -1 +2 -2 +3 -3 +sg +pl -sg -pl] <-> {}
[+1 -2 -3 +sg -pl] <-> {1s}
...
[-1] <-> {2s 2p 3s 3p}
[] <-> {1s 1p 2s 2p 3s 3p}

See the docs on how to define, load, and use your own feature systems.

Further reading

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_and_meet

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_concept_analysis

• http://www.upriss.org.uk/fca/

See also

• concepts – Formal Concept Analysis with Python

• fileconfig – Config file sections as objects

• graphviz – Simple Python interface for Graphviz

License

Features is distributed under the MIT license.