html 1.11

simple, elegant HTML/XHTML generation

Simple, elegant HTML generation.

Constructing your HTML

To construct HTML start with an instance of html.HTML(). Add tags by accessing the tag’s attribute on that object. For example:

>>> from html import HTML
>>> h = HTML()
>>> h.br
>>> print h                          # or print(h) in python 3+
<br>

If the tag should have text content you may pass it at tag creation time or later using the tag’s .text() method (note it is assumed that a fresh HTML instance is created for each of the following examples):

>>> p = h.p('hello world!\n')
>>> p.text('more → text', escape=False)
>>> h.p
>>> print h
<p>hello, world!
more &rarr; text</p>
<p>

Any HTML-specific characters (<>&") in the text will be escaped for HTML safety as appropriate unless escape=False is passed. Note also that the top-level HTML object adds newlines between tags by default. Finally in the above you’ll see an empty paragraph tag - tags with no contents get no closing tag.

If the tag should have sub-tags you have two options. You may either add the sub-tags directly on the tag:

>>> l = h.ol
>>> l.li('item 1')
>>> l.li.b('item 2 > 1')
>>> print h
<ol>
<li>item 1</li>
<li><b>item 2 &gt; 1</b></li>
</ol>

Note that the default behavior with lists (and tables) is to add newlines between sub-tags to generate a nicer output. You can also see in that example the chaining of tags in l.li.b. If you wished you could add attributes to those chained tags, eg: l.li(id="special").b.

The alternative to the above method is to use the containter tag as a context for adding the sub-tags. The top-level HTML object keeps track of which tag is the current context:

>>> with h.table(border='1'):
...   for i in range(2):
...     with h.tr:
...       h.td('column 1')
...       h.td('column 2')
...  print h
<table border="1">
<tr><td>column 1</td><td>column 2</td></tr>
<tr><td>column 1</td><td>column 2</td></tr>
</table>

Note the addition of an attribute to the <table> tag.

A variation on the above is to explicitly reference the context variable, but then there’s really no benefit to using a with statement. The following is functionally identical to the first list construction:

>>> with h.ol as l:
...   l.li('item 1')
...   l.li.b('item 2 > 1')

You may turn off/on adding newlines by passing newlines=False or True to the tag (or HTML instance) at creation time:

>>> l = h.ol(newlines=False)
>>> l.li('item 1')
>>> l.li('item 2')
>>> print h
<ol><li>item 1</li><li>item 2</li></ol>

That control is also available as the newlines attribute on the HTML or tag instance if you need to alter it after instantiation.

Since we can’t use class as a keyword, the library recognises klass as a substitute:

>>> print h.p(content, klass="styled")
<p class="styled">content</p>

Unicode

HTML will work with either regular strings or unicode strings, but not both at the same time.

Obtain the final unicode string by calling unicode() on the HTML instance:

>>> h = HTML()
>>> h.p(u'Some Euro: €1.14')
>>> unicode(h)
u'<p>Some Euro: €1.14</p>'

If (under Python 2.x) you add non-unicode strings or attempt to get the resultant HTML source through any means other than unicode() then you will most likely get one of the following errors raised:

UnicodeDecodeError

Probably means you’ve added non-unicode strings to your HTML.

UnicodeEncodeError

Probably means you’re trying to get the resultant HTML using print or str() (or %s).

How generation works

The HTML document is generated when the HTML instance is “stringified”. This could be done either by invoking str() on it, or just printing it. It may also be returned directly as the “iterable content” from a WSGI app function.

You may also render any tag or sub-tag at any time by stringifying it.

Tags with no contents (either text or sub-tags) will have no closing tag. There is no “special list” of tags that must always have closing tags, so if you need to force a closing tag you’ll need to provide some content, even if it’s just a single space character.

Rendering doesn’t affect the HTML document’s state, so you can add to or otherwise manipulate the HTML after you’ve stringified it.

Creating XHTML

To construct XHTML start with an instance of html.XHTML() and use it as you would an HTML instance. Empty elements will now be rendered with the appropriate XHTML minimized tag syntax. For example:

>>> from html import XHTML
>>> h = XHTML()
>>> h.p
>>> h.br
>>> print h
<p></p>
<br />

Version History (in Brief)

• 1.11 remove setuptools dependency

• 1.10 support plain ol’ distutils again

• 1.9 added unicode support for Python 2.x

• 1.8 added Python 3 compatibility

• 1.7 added Python 2.5 compatibility and escape argument to tag construction

• 1.6 added .raw_text() and and WSGI compatibility

• 1.5 added XHTML support

• 1.3 added more documentation, more tests

• 1.2 added special-case klass / class attribute

• 1.1 added escaping control

• 1.0 was the initial release

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This code is copyright 2009 eKit.com Inc (http://www.ekit.com/) See the end of the source file for the license of use. XHTML support was contributed by Michael Haubenwallner.