hybrilang 0.2.0

The Hybrilang programming language

Hybrilang - Syntax Documentation

Table of Contents:

1. Comments
2. Variables
3. Data Types
4. Operators
5. Functions
6. Control Structures
7. Error Handling
8. Modules
9. Macros
10. Asynchronicity
11. Foreign Language Integration
12. Built-in Functions

1. Comments

Comments in Hybrilang can be created in two ways:

• Single-line comments start with a # and continue to the end of the line.
• Multi-line comments start with """ and end with """.

2. Variables

• Declaration: Variables are declared using the var (for variables) or const (for constants) keyword.
• Initialization: Variables can be initialized with a value during declaration or later.
• Assignment: Values are assigned to variables using the = operator.

Examples:

var x;           # Declaration of variable x
x = 10;          # Assign the value 10 to variable x
const PI = 3.14; # Declare the constant PI with the value 3.14
var name = "John"; # Declare the variable name with the value "John"

3. Data Types

Hybrilang supports the following data types:

• INT: Integer numbers.
• FLOAT: Floating-point numbers.
• STRING: Strings of characters, enclosed in double quotes (").
• BOOL: Boolean values (true or false).
• ANY: Represents any data type (used for foreign language integration).

Examples:

var age = 30;      # INT
var price = 19.99; # FLOAT
var message = "Hello!"; # STRING
var is_active = true;  # BOOL

4. Operators

Hybrilang supports standard arithmetic, logical, comparison, and assignment operators:

Arithmetic:

• + - Addition
• - - Subtraction
• * - Multiplication
• / - Division

Comparison:

• == - Equal to
• != - Not equal to
• < - Less than
• > - Greater than
• <= - Less than or equal to
• >= - Greater than or equal to

Logical:

• and - Logical AND
• or - Logical OR
• not - Logical NOT

Assignment:

• = - Assignment
• += - Add and assign
• -= - Subtract and assign
• *= - Multiply and assign
• /= - Divide and assign

Examples:

var a = 10;
var b = 5;
var c = a + b;   # c = 15
var d = a > b;  # d = true
a += 5;           # a = 15

5. Functions

• Declaration: Functions are declared using the function keyword followed by the function name, a list of parameters in parentheses, and a block of code enclosed in curly braces.
• Call: Functions are called by using the function name and a list of arguments in parentheses.
• Return: Functions can return a value using the return keyword.

Examples:

function add(a, b) {
    return a + b;
}

var sum = add(5, 3); # sum = 8

6. Control Structures

If/Else:

if (condition) {
    // code to be executed if the condition is true
} else if (another_condition) {
    // code to be executed if another_condition is true
} else {
    // code to be executed if none of the above conditions are true
}

While:

while (condition) {
    // code to be repeated as long as the condition is true
}

Examples:

var x = 10;

if (x > 5) {
    print("x is greater than 5");
} else {
    print("x is less than or equal to 5");
}

while (x > 0) {
    print(x);
    x = x - 1;
}

7. Error Handling

Hybrilang supports error handling with try and catch blocks.

• try block: Contains code that might potentially throw an error.
• catch block: Catches the error thrown in the try block and executes the appropriate code.
• throw keyword: Allows you to throw a user-defined exception.

Examples:

try {
    var result = 10 / 0; // This will cause a divide-by-zero error
} catch (error) {
    print("Error: " + error);
}

function checkAge(age) {
    if (age < 18) {
        throw "You are too young!";
    }
}

8. Modules

Modules in Hybrilang allow code organization and function reusability.

• Defining a module: Create a new .hybri file and define functions and variables within it.
• Importing a module: Use the import keyword and specify the file name (without the .hybri extension).
• Accessing module elements: Use dot notation module_name.element_name.

Example:

my_module.hybri

function greet(name) {
    print("Hello, " + name + "!");
}

main.hybri

import "my_module";

my_module.greet("John"); 

9. Macros

Macros in Hybrilang allow you to generate code at compile time.

• Declaration: Use the macro keyword and define a macro like a function.
• Call: Call the macro like a function. The macro will expand to the code defined in its body.

Example:

macro square(x) {
    return x * x;
}

var result = square(5); // expands to 5 * 5
print(result);          // Output: 25

10. Asynchronicity

Hybrilang supports async functions and the await keyword.

• Declare async functions: Use the async keyword before function.
• Await the result of an async function: Use the await keyword before calling the async function.

Example:

async function fetchData() {
    # Simulate fetching data from the network
    await sleep(2); 
    return "Data from network"; 
}

async function main() {
    var data = await fetchData();
    print(data);
}

main();

11. Foreign Language Integration

Hybrilang allows you to call code from other programming languages using foreign_function.

• Syntax: foreign_function('language', "code")
• Supported languages: Python, JavaScript, Ruby, C++

Examples:

var python_result = foreign_function('python', "result = 2 + 3; result"); 
print(python_result); // Output: 5

var js_result = foreign_function('javascript', "5 * 7"); 
print(js_result); // Output: 35

12. Built-in Functions

Hybrilang has a few built-in functions:

• print(argument): Prints the argument to the console.
• sleep(seconds): Pauses the program execution for a specified number of seconds (used in async functions).

Notes

• Hybrilang is not yet a fully fledged programming language, and this documentation describes its current functionalities.
• Some features might change in future versions.

This documentation provides a comprehensive introduction to the Hybrilang syntax, demonstrating its capabilities and flexibility. Remember to experiment and test different feature combinations to unlock the language's full potential.