ijson 3.0.4

Iterative JSON parser with a standard Python iterator interface

ijson

Ijson is an iterative JSON parser with standard Python iterator interfaces.

• Usage
  • High-level interfaces
  • Lower-level interfaces
  • asyncio support
  • Push interfaces
• Options
• Events
• Prefix
• Backends
• FAQ
• Acknowledgements

Usage

All usage example will be using a JSON document describing geographical objects:

{
  "earth": {
    "europe": [
      {"name": "Paris", "type": "city", "info": { ... }},
      {"name": "Thames", "type": "river", "info": { ... }},
      // ...
    ],
    "america": [
      {"name": "Texas", "type": "state", "info": { ... }},
      // ...
    ]
  }
}

High-level interfaces

Most common usage is having ijson yield native Python objects out of a JSON stream located under a prefix. This is done using the items function. Here’s how to process all European cities:

import ijson

f = urlopen('http://.../')
objects = ijson.items(f, 'earth.europe.item')
cities = (o for o in objects if o['type'] == 'city')
for city in cities:
    do_something_with(city)

For how to build a prefix see the prefix section below.

Other times it might be useful to iterate over object members rather than objects themselves (e.g., when objects are too big). In that case one can use the kvitems function instead:

import ijson

f = urlopen('http://.../')
european_places = ijson.kvitems(f, 'earth.europe.item')
names = (v for k, v in european_places if k == 'name')
for name in names:
    do_something_with(name)

Lower-level interfaces

Sometimes when dealing with a particularly large JSON payload it may worth to not even construct individual Python objects and react on individual events immediately producing some result. This is achieved using the parse function:

import ijson

parser = ijson.parse(urlopen('http://.../'))
stream.write('<geo>')
for prefix, event, value in parser:
    if (prefix, event) == ('earth', 'map_key'):
        stream.write('<%s>' % value)
        continent = value
    elif prefix.endswith('.name'):
        stream.write('<object name="%s"/>' % value)
    elif (prefix, event) == ('earth.%s' % continent, 'end_map'):
        stream.write('</%s>' % continent)
stream.write('</geo>')

Even more bare-bones is the ability to react on individual events without even calculating a prefix using the basic_parse function:

import ijson

events = ijson.basic_parse(urlopen('http://.../'))
num_names = sum(1 for event, value in events
                if event == 'map_key' and value == 'name')

asyncio support

In python 3.5+ all of the methods above have an *_async counterpart that works on file-like asynchronous objects, and that can be iterated asynchronously. In other words, something like this:

import asyncio
import ijson

async def run():
   f = await async_urlopen('http://..../')
   async for object in ijson.items_async(f, 'earth.europe.item'):
      if object['type'] == 'city':
         do_something_with(city)
asyncio.run(run())

Push interfaces

All examples above use a file-like object as the data input (both the normal case, and for asyncio support), and hence are “pull” interfaces, with the library reading data as necessary. If for whatever reason it’s not possible to use such method, you can still push data through yet a different interface: coroutines (via generators, not asyncio coroutines). Coroutines effectively allow users to send data to them at any point in time, with a final target coroutine-like object receiving the results.

In the following example the user is doing the reading instead of letting the library do it:

import ijson

@ijson.coroutine
def print_cities():
   while True:
      obj = (yield)
      if obj['type'] != 'city':
         continue
      print(obj)

coro = ijson.items_coro(print_cities(), 'earth.europe.item')
f = urlopen('http://.../')
for chunk in iter(functools.partial(f.read, buf_size)):
   coro.send(chunk)
coro.close()

All four ijson iterators have a *_coro counterpart that work by pushing data into them. Instead of receiving a file-like object and option buffer size as arguments, they receive a single target argument, which should be a coroutine-like object (anything implementing a send method) through which results will be published.

An alternative to providing a coroutine is to use ijson.sendable_list to accumulate results, providing the list is cleared after each parsing iteration, like this:

import ijson

events = ijson.sendable_list()
coro = ijson.items_coro(events, 'earth.europe.item')
f = urlopen('http://.../')
for chunk in iter(functools.partial(f.read, buf_size)):
   coro.send(chunk)
   process_accumulated_events(events)
   del events[:]
coro.close()
process_accumulated_events(events)

Options

Additional options are supported by all ijson functions to give users more fine-grained control over certain operations:

• The multiple_values option (defaults to False) controls whether multiple top-level values are supported. JSON content should contain a single top-level value (see the JSON Grammar). However there are plenty of JSON files out in the wild that contain multiple top-level values, often separated by newlines. By default ijson will fail to process these with a parse error: trailing garbage error unless multiple_values=True is specified.
• Similarly the allow_comments option (defaults to False) controls whether C-style comments (e.g., /* a comment */), which are not supported by the JSON standard, are allowed in the content or not.
• For functions taking a file-like object, an additional buf_size option (defaults to 65536 or 64KB) specifies the amount of bytes the library should attempt to read each time.
• The items and kvitems functions, and all their variants, have an optional map_type argument (defaults to dict) used to construct objects from the JSON stream. This should be a dict-like type supporting item assignment.

Events

When using the lower-level ijson.parse function, three-element tuples are generated containing a prefix, an event name, and a value. Events will be one of the following:

• start_map and end_map indicate the beginning and end of a JSON object, respectively. They carry a None as their value.
• start_array and end_array indicate the beginning and end of a JSON array, respectively. They also carry a None as their value.
• map_key indicates the name of a field in a JSON object. Its associated value is the name itself.
• null, boolean, integer, double, number and string all indicate actual content, which is stored in the associated value.

Prefix

A prefix represents the context within a JSON document where an event originates at. It works as follows:

• It starts as an empty string.
• A <name> part is appended when the parser starts parsing the contents of a JSON object member called name, and removed once the content finishes.
• A literal item part is appended when the parser is parsing elements of a JSON array, and removed when the array ends.
• Parts are separated by ..

When using the ijson.items function, the prefix works as the selection for which objects should be automatically built and returned by ijson.

Backends

Ijson provides several implementations of the actual parsing in the form of backends located in ijson/backends:

• yajl2_c: a C extension using YAJL 2.x. This is the fastest, but might require a compiler and the YAJL development files to be present when installing this package. Binary wheel distributions exist for major platforms/architectures to spare users from having to compile the package.
• yajl2_cffi: wrapper around YAJL 2.x using CFFI.
• yajl2: wrapper around YAJL 2.x using ctypes, for when you can’t use CFFI for some reason.
• yajl: deprecated YAJL 1.x + ctypes wrapper, for even older systems.
• python: pure Python parser, good to use with PyPy

You can import a specific backend and use it in the same way as the top level library:

import ijson.backends.yajl2_cffi as ijson

for item in ijson.items(...):
    # ...

Importing the top level library as import ijson uses the first available backend in the same order of the list above. Its name is recorded under ijson.backend.

FAQ

1. Q: Does ijson work with bytes or str objects?

   A: In short: both are accepted as input, outputs are only str.

   All ijson functions expecting a file-like object should ideally be given one that is opened in binary mode (i.e., its read function returns bytes objects, not str). However if a text-mode file object is given then the library will automatically encode the strings into UTF-8 bytes. A warning is currently issued (but not visible by default) alerting users about this automatic conversion.

   On the other hand ijson always returns text data (JSON string values, object member names, event names, etc) as str objects in python 3, and unicode objects in python 2.7. This mimics the behavior of the system json module.

2. Q: How are numbers dealt with?

   A: ijson returns int values for integers and decimal.Decimal values for floating-point numbers. This is mostly because of historical reasons. In the future an option might be added to use a different type (e.g., float).

3. Q: I’m getting an UnicodeDecodeError, or an IncompleteJSONError with no message

   A: This error is caused by byte sequences that are not valid in UTF-8. In other words, the data given to ijson is not really UTF-8 encoded, or at least not properly.

   Depending on where the data comes from you have different options:

   • If you have control over the source of the data, fix it.
   • If you have a way to intercept the data flow, do so and pass it through a “byte corrector”. For instance, if you have a shell pipeline feeding data through stdin into your process you can add something like ... | iconv -f utf8 -t utf8 -c | ... in between to correct invalid byte sequences.
   • If you are working purely in python, you can create a UTF-8 decoder using codecs’ incrementaldecoder to leniently decode your bytes into strings, and feed those strings (using a file-like class) into ijson (see our string_reader_async internal class for some inspiration).

   In the future ijson might offer something out of the box to deal with invalid UTF-8 byte sequences.

4. Q: I’m getting parse error: trailing garbage or Additional data found errors

   A: This error signals that the input contains more data than the top-level JSON value it’s meant to contain. This is usually caused by JSON data sources containing multiple values, and is usually solved by passing the multiple_values=True to the ijson function in use. See the options section for details.

5. Are there any differences between the backends?

   Apart from their performance, all backends are designed to support the same capabilities. There are however some small known differences:

   • The yajl backend doesn’t support multiple_values=True. It also doesn’t complain about additional data found after the end of the top-level JSON object.
   • The python backend doesn’t support allow_comments=True It also internally works with str objects, not bytes, but this is an internal detail that users shouldn’t need to worry about, and might change in the future.

Acknowledgements

ijson was originally developed and actively maintained until 2016 by Ivan Sagalaev. In 2019 he handed over the maintenance of the project and the PyPI ownership.

Python parser in ijson is relatively simple thanks to Douglas Crockford who invented a strict, easy to parse syntax.

The YAJL library by Lloyd Hilaiel is the most popular and efficient way to parse JSON in an iterative fashion.

Ijson was inspired by yajl-py wrapper by Hatem Nassrat. Though ijson borrows almost nothing from the actual yajl-py code it was used as an example of integration with yajl using ctypes.