misu 2.1.0

Fast quantities (units of measurement) for Python — Rust-powered.

misu

misu is short for “misura”, which means measurement (in Italian). misu is a package for doing calculations with in consistent units of measurement.

Install

Precompiled wheels are published to PyPI for Linux (x86_64, aarch64), macOS (x86_64, aarch64), and Windows (x64), covering Python 3.9 and later. There is nothing to compile.

uv add misu        # in a uv project
uv pip install misu
pip install misu

Demo

Most of the time you will probably work with misu interactively, and it will be most convenient to import the entire namespace:

from misu import *

mass = 100*kg
print(mass >> lb)

The symbol kg got imported from the misu package. We redefine the shift operator to perform inline conversions. The code above produces:

220.46226218487757

There are many units already defined, and it is easy to add more. Here we convert the same quantity into ounces:

print(mass >> oz)

output:

3571.4285714285716

What you see above would be useless on its own. What you really need is to be able to perform consistent calculations with quantities expressed in different, but compatible units:

mass = 10*kg + 20*lb
print(mass)

output:

19.07 kg

For addition and subtraction, misu will ensure that only consistent units can be used. Multiplication and division will produce new units:

distance = 100*metres
time = 9.2*seconds

speed = distance / time
print(speed)

output:

10.87 m/s

As before, it is trivially easy to express that quantity in different units of compatible dimensions:

print(speed >> km/hr)

output:

39.130434782608695

Introduction

misu is a package of handling physical quantities with dimensions. This means performing calculations with all the units being tracked correctly. It is possible to add kilograms per hour to ounces per minute, obtain the correct answer, and have that answer be reported in, say, pounds per week.

misu grew out of a personal need. I have used this code personally in a (chemical) engineering context for well over a year now (at time of writing, Feb 2015). Every feature has been added in response to a personal need.

Features

• Speed optimized. misu is very fast! Heavy math code in Python is only around 5X slower when expressed with misu quantities instead of plain floats — see Performance below for measured numbers. This is much faster than other quantities packages for Python.

• Implemented as a Rust extension module via PyO3, so the hot paths run as native code.

• When an operation involving incompatible units is attempted, an EIncompatibleUnits exception is raised, with a clear explanation message about which units were inconsistent.

• Decorators for functions to enforce dimensions

@dimensions(x='Length', y='Mass')
def f(x, y):
    return x/y

f(2*m, 3*kg)         # Works
f(200*feet, 3*tons)  # Works

f(2*joules, 3*kelvin)  # raises AssertionError
f(2*m, 3)              # raises AssertionError

• An operator for easily stripping the units component to obtain a plain numerical value

mass = 100 * kg
mass_lb = mass >> lb

duty = 50 * MW
duty_BTU_hr = duty >> BTU / hr

• An enormous amount of redundancy in the naming of various units. This means that m, metre, metres, METRE, METRES will all work. The reason for this is that from my own experience, when working interactively (e.g. in the IPython Notebook) it can be very distracting to incorrectly guess the name for a particular unit, and have to look it up. ft, foot and feet all work, m3 means m**3 and so on.

• You can specify a reporting unit for a dimension, meaning that you could have all lengths be reported in “feet” by default for example.

• You can specify a reporting format for a particular unit.

Performance

Two looping numerical workloads, each timed in plain Python floats and then with misu quantities (so every operation in the inner loop pays the unit-tracking cost). The benchmark lives at scripts/benchmark.py and can be re-run any time:

python scripts/benchmark.py

Representative numbers on Python 3.14, best of five runs:

Workload	float (ms)	misu (ms)	slowdown
fall_with_drag — 200k Euler steps, 1-D free-fall with quadratic drag	~19	~103	~5.2x
orbit_step — 100k 2-D Kepler steps, sqrt-heavy	~18	~91	~5.1x
Geometric mean			~5.1x

The original 5x heuristic was measured back when misu was a Cython extension; the rewrite to a Rust/PyO3 extension lands in the same ballpark, presumably because the dominant cost is the Python-call boundary around each __mul__ / __add__ rather than the unit-arithmetic itself.

There are other projects, why misu?

There are several units systems for Python, but the primary motivating use-case is that misu is written as a Rust extension module and is by far the fastest* for managing units available in Python.

*Except for ``NumericalUnits``, which is a special case

**I haven’t actually checked that this statement is true for all of them yet.

General usage

For speed-critical code, the application of unit operations can still be too slow. In these situations it is typical to first cast quantities into numerical values (doubles, say), perform the speed-critical calculations (perhaps call into a C-library), and then re-cast the result back into a quantity and return that from a function.

@dimensions(x='Length', y='Mass')
def f(x, y):
    x = x >> metre   # Converts to metres, leaving a primitive float
    y = y >> ounces  # Converts to metres, leaving a primitive float
    <code that assumes meters and ounces, returns value in BTU>
    # Convert the primitive float to BTU on the way out
    return answer * BTU

This way you can still easily wrap performance-critical calculations with robust unit-handling.

Inspiration

The inspiration for misu was Frink by Alan Eliasen. It is wonderful, but I need to work with units in the IPython Notebook, and with all my other Python code.

There are a bunch of other similar projects. I have not used any of them enough yet to provide a fair comparison:

• astropy.units

• Buckingham

• DimPy

• Magnitude

• NumericalUnits

• Pint

• Python-quantities

• Scalar

• Scientific.Physics.PhysicalQuantities

• SciMath

• sympy.physics.units

• udunitspy

• Units

• Unum

Releasing

Publishing to PyPI is automated via GitHub Actions and PyPI trusted publishing (OIDC). No API tokens or passwords are stored anywhere — PyPI trusts the cjrh/misu repo’s release.yml workflow running in the pypi environment, and rejects everything else.

Cutting a release

The version lives in Cargo.toml. pyproject.toml declares dynamic = ["version"], so maturin reads it from the Rust crate at build time — there is only one place to edit.

Use cargo-release to bump, commit, tag, and push in one step. From a clean master:

cargo release patch --execute   # 2.0.0 → 2.0.1
cargo release minor --execute   # 2.0.0 → 2.1.0
cargo release major --execute   # 2.0.0 → 3.0.0
cargo release 2.0.5 --execute   # explicit version

Drop --execute for a dry run.

What happens automatically

cargo-release performs the following steps locally:

1. Bumps version in Cargo.toml and updates Cargo.lock.

2. Commits the change with the message Release <version>.

3. Creates an annotated tag v<version>.

4. Pushes the branch and the tag to origin.

The tag push triggers .github/workflows/release.yml, which:

1. Builds wheels for Linux (x86_64, aarch64), macOS (x86_64, aarch64), and Windows (x64), plus an sdist. Because PyO3 is configured with abi3-py39, one wheel per (OS, arch) covers all supported Python versions.

2. Downloads all artifacts into the release job, which runs in the pypi GitHub environment.

3. Uploads to PyPI via pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish. Authentication happens via OIDC against the trusted-publisher configuration on PyPI; nothing else is needed.

If the build jobs succeed but the release job fails (for example, the PyPI environment was not configured), nothing is published, and the release can be retried by re-running just the failed job.

Troubleshooting

• cargo-release refuses with “uncommitted changes” — commit or stash first; cargo-release insists on a clean tree.

• cargo-release refuses with “not on allowed branch” — release only from master (the default allow-branch setting).

• PyPI rejects the upload with “version already exists” — PyPI filenames are immutable; bump again.

• Tag pushed but workflow did not run — check the tag matches the tags: '*' trigger in release.yml and that the pypi GitHub environment exists with no protection rules blocking the run.