A test framework for C projects.
Project description
🦁 Nala
A test framework for C projects.
Features
Automatic test discovery
Use the same generic assertions everywhere
Assertion failures reported as diffs
Powerful mocking
Easy-to-use output capturing utilities
Traceback(s) on failure
Works well with errors reported by sanitizers
Test isolation with fork()
Only run tests matching given pattern
Optional parallel test execution to save time
Amalgamated source and header files ready to drop in your project
JSON test report
Installation
It’s recommended to install Nala with pip.
$ pip install nala
Alternatively, if mocking is not needed, you can download the amalgamated header and source files:
Drop the two files in your project, make sure nala.c is compiled and linked just like the other source files of your test program and you should be good to go.
Getting started
Use nala init foo to create a folder foo with two test files, test_assertions.c and test_time.c. The first uses all assertions and captures output, and the second mocks the time function. .
$ nala init foo
Run 'make -C foo' to build and run all tests!
The assertions tests looks like this:
#include "nala.h"
TEST(assertions)
{
int array[] = { 1, 5, 2 };
ASSERT_EQ(NULL, NULL);
ASSERT_NE(1, 2);
ASSERT_LT(1.0, 2.0);
ASSERT_LE(1, 1);
ASSERT_GT(2L, 1L);
ASSERT_GE(1, 1);
ASSERT_SUBSTRING("12345", "34");
ASSERT_NOT_SUBSTRING("12345", "4567");
ASSERT_MEMORY("abcd", "abcd", 5);
ASSERT_ARRAY(array, array, sizeof(array));
ASSERT(1 == 1);
CAPTURE_OUTPUT(output, errput) {
printf("std!\n");
fprintf(stderr, "err!\n");
}
ASSERT_EQ(output, "std!\n");
ASSERT_EQ(errput, "err!\n");
}
And the time tests:
#include <time.h>
#include "nala.h"
#include "nala_mocks.h"
TEST(mock_time)
{
time_mock_once(42);
ASSERT_EQ(time(NULL), 42);
}
Build and run all tests with make -s -C foo.
Build all tests but only run those whose name contains time. This is done by giving ARGS=time.
Now, make the time test fail to see what an error report looks like.
#include <time.h>
#include "nala.h"
#include "nala_mocks.h"
TEST(mock_time)
{
time_mock_once(41);
ASSERT_EQ(time(NULL), 42);
}
Build and run all tests. Just as expected, the time test fails since 41 is not equal to 42.
Create a code coverage report and open it with Firefox.
$ make -s -C foo coverage
Code coverage report: /home/erik/workspace/nala/foo/build/coverage/index.html
$ firefox /home/erik/workspace/nala/foo/build/coverage/index.html
Compiler flags
Pass -no-pie -g -O0 -fsanitize=address to the compiler for better error reporting.
Read more about sanitizers here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AddressSanitizer
Debugging tips
Nala executes each test in its own process. This means that following the execution of a test with a debugger can be a bit tricky because debuggers like GDB can only follow a single process at a time.
If you’re using GDB, set a breakpoint at <test>_before_fork and then run the program until it stops at the breakpoint. Before continuing the program execution, tell GDB to follow the forked test process by setting follow-fork-mode to child.
All commands are shown below for the assertions test in the example above.
$ gdb foo/build/app
(gdb) b assertions_before_fork
(gdb) r
(gdb) set follow-fork-mode child
(gdb) c
Or using the make target gdb. Set the TEST make variable to the test to debug. Both TEST=test_assertions::assertions and TEST=assertions are accepted.
$ make -s -C foo gdb TEST=assertions
The test program takes optional arguments as below, which also can be helpful when debugging, especially --print-all-calls.
$ foo/build/app --help
usage: foo/build/app [-h] [-v] [-c] [-a] [-r] [-f] [-j] [<test-pattern>]
Run tests.
positional arguments:
test-pattern Only run tests matching given pattern. '$' matches
the end of the test name.
optional arguments:
-h, --help Show this help message and exit.
-v, --version Print version information.
-c, --continue-on-failure Continue on test failure.
-a, --print-all-calls Print all calls to ease debugging.
-r, --report-json-file JSON test report file (default: report.json).
-f, --print-test-file-func Print file:function for exactly one test.
-j, --jobs Run given number of tests in parallel
(default: 1).
Mocking
Generating mocks
The nala generate_mocks command finds mocked functions in your test code and generates nala_mocks.h, nala_mocks.c and nala_mocks.ldflags. The first two files declare and define mocks, while the last file contains linker flags.
Use --rename-parameters-file to rename function parameters, often useful when mocking standard library functions. If not given, Nala renames a few function parameters by default.
Use --no-rename-parameters not to rename any function parameters. Overrides --rename-parameters-file.
Use --no-implementation when the implementation of functions matching given Unix shell-style wildcards pattern are not available in the binary (and therefore should not be called by the generated code, as the linker would give a relocation error). This option may be given multipe times. An alternative to using this option is to manually implement the missing functions. Here is an example implementation of foo() that makes the test fail if called.
int foo()
{
FAIL("No real implementation available!\n");
return (0);
}
Use --no-real-variadic-functions not to add any real variadic functions. Nala adds a few variadic functions by default, given that they are mocked.
Here is an example of how to generate mocks:
$ cat *.c | gcc -DNALA_GENERATE_MOCKS -x c -E - | nala generate_mocks
cat *.c should only concatenate test source files, not any other source files in your project.
Nala requires test source code to be expanded by the preprocessor. You can directly pipe the output of gcc -DNALA_GENERATE_MOCKS -x c -E - to the command-line utility.
Mocking object-internal function calls
The GNU linker ld wrap feature (--wrap=<symbol>) does not wrap object-internal function calls. As Nala implements mocking by wrapping functions, object-internal function calls can’t be mocked just using the linker. To mock these, after compilation, run nala wrap_internal_symbols ... for each object file, and then pass them to the linker.
Also, local (static) functions can’t be mocked, only global functions can!
%.o: %.c
$(CC) -o $@ $<
nala wrap_internal_symbols nala_mocks.ldflags $@
Mock API
A function mock will call the real implementation by default. Use the functions below to control mock behaviour.
Variadic functions will not call the real implementation by default because an ellipsis (...) can’t be passed to the real function, a va_list is required, which may not be available. Give --implementation to nala generate_mocks to generate calls to the real function (taking va_list).
For all functions
Same behaviour for every call.
void <func>_mock(<params>, <res>) - check parameters and return
void <func>_mock_ignore_in(<res>) - ignore parameters and return
void <func>_mock_none() - no calls allowed
void <func>_mock_implementation(*) - replace implementation
void <func>_mock_real() - call real implementation
Per call control.
int <func>_mock_once(<params>, <res>) - check parameters and return once (per call)
int <func>_mock_ignore_in_once(<res>) - ignore parameters and return once (per call)
void <func>_mock_real_once() - call real implementation once (per call)
Change behaviour of currect mock. Works for both per call and every call functions above.
void <func>_mock_set_errno(int) - errno on return
void <func>_mock_set_callback(*) - additional checks and/or actions
Get per call input parameters.
*<func>_mock_get_params_in(int) - get input parameters for given handle
For selected function parameters
void <func>_mock_ignore_<param>_in() - ignore on input
void <func>_mock_set_<param>_in(*, size_t) - check on input
void <func>_mock_set_<param>_in_assert(*) - custom assert function on input
void <func>_mock_set_<param>_in_pointer(*) - check pointer (the address) on input
void <func>_mock_set_<param>_out(*, size_t) - value on return
void <func>_mock_set_<param>_out_copy(*) - custom output copy function
For variadic functions
Variadic functions mocks are slightly different from the above. They also have a format string and an ellipsis in some “every call” and “per call” functions.
void <func>_mock(<params>, <res>, format, ...)
void <func>_mock_once(<params>, <res>, format, ...)
Not yet implemented:
void <func>_mock_ignore_in(<params>, <res>, format)
void <func>_mock_ignore_in_once(<params>, <res>, format)
The format string supports the following specifiers.
%d - signed integer
%u - unsigned integer
%ld - signed long integer
%lu - unsigned long integer
%p - pointer address
%s - string
The variadic parameters are controlled by index instead of name.
void <func>_mock_ignore_va_arg_in_at(uint) - ignore on input
void <func>_mock_set_va_arg_in_at(uint, *, size_t) - check on input
void <func>_mock_set_va_arg_in_assert_at(uint, *) - custom assert function on input
void <func>_mock_set_va_arg_in_pointer_at(uint, *) - check pointer (the address) on input
void <func>_mock_set_va_arg_out_at(uint, *, size_t) - value on return
void <func>_mock_set_va_arg_out_copy_at(uint, *) - custom output copy function
Limitations
Structs and unions passed by value are ignored.
va_list parameters are ignored.
malloc() and free() can’t be mocked if forking and using gcov. They probably can if wrapping __gcov_fork() in an suspend/resume-block.
static functions can’t be mocked.
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