The uncompromising code formatter. Single quotes version.
Project description
The Uncompromising Code Formatter
“Any color you like.”
Python Nero
This is a minor patch to black called nero that prefers single-quotes. (Nero is black in Italian.) Why?
- Both types of quotes mean the same thing in Python.
- Single quotes are easier to type on keyboard layouts that most programmers use (English).
- Single quotes introduce less visual noise, so are easier to read:
{"firstName": "Jane", "lastName": "Doe", "hobbies": ["running", "sky diving", "singing"], "age": 35, "children": [ { "firstName": "Alice", "age": 6 }, { "firstName": "Bob", "age": 8 } ] } {'firstName': 'Jane', 'lastName': 'Doe', 'hobbies': ['running', 'sky diving', 'singing'], 'age': 35, 'children': [{'firstName': 'Alice', 'age': 6}, { 'firstName': 'Bob', 'age': 8}]}
- The REPL uses them for that reason as well.
- While apostrophes are a thing, they are rarely used in messages to the user. Sometimes messages need to be "quoted" as well. Result: mostly a wash.
- These reasons are more important to me than mitigating poor fonts or keeping consistency with C.
Black is the uncompromising Python code formatter. By using it, you
agree to cede control over minutiae of hand-formatting. In return,
Black gives you speed, determinism, and freedom from pycodestyle
nagging about formatting. You will save time and mental energy for
more important matters.
Blackened code looks the same regardless of the project you're reading. Formatting becomes transparent after a while and you can focus on the content instead.
Black makes code review faster by producing the smallest diffs possible.
Try it out now using the Black Playground. Watch the PyCon 2019 talk to learn more.
Contents: Installation and usage | Code style | pyproject.toml | Editor integration | blackd | Version control integration | Ignoring unmodified files | Used by | Testimonials | Show your style | Contributing | Change Log | Authors
Installation and usage
Installation
Black can be installed by running pip install black
. It requires
Python 3.6.0+ to run but you can reformat Python 2 code with it, too.
Usage
To get started right away with sensible defaults:
black {source_file_or_directory}
Command line options
Black doesn't provide many options. You can list them by running
black --help
:
black [OPTIONS] [SRC]...
Options:
-c, --code TEXT Format the code passed in as a string.
-l, --line-length INTEGER How many characters per line to allow.
[default: 88]
-t, --target-version [py27|py33|py34|py35|py36|py37|py38]
Python versions that should be supported by
Black's output. [default: per-file auto-
detection]
--py36 Allow using Python 3.6-only syntax on all
input files. This will put trailing commas
in function signatures and calls also after
*args and **kwargs. Deprecated; use
--target-version instead. [default: per-file
auto-detection]
--pyi Format all input files like typing stubs
regardless of file extension (useful when
piping source on standard input).
-S, --skip-string-normalization
Don't normalize string quotes or prefixes.
--check Don't write the files back, just return the
status. Return code 0 means nothing would
change. Return code 1 means some files
would be reformatted. Return code 123 means
there was an internal error.
--diff Don't write the files back, just output a
diff for each file on stdout.
--fast / --safe If --fast given, skip temporary sanity
checks. [default: --safe]
--include TEXT A regular expression that matches files and
directories that should be included on
recursive searches. An empty value means
all files are included regardless of the
name. Use forward slashes for directories
on all platforms (Windows, too). Exclusions
are calculated first, inclusions later.
[default: \.pyi?$]
--exclude TEXT A regular expression that matches files and
directories that should be excluded on
recursive searches. An empty value means no
paths are excluded. Use forward slashes for
directories on all platforms (Windows, too).
Exclusions are calculated first, inclusions
later. [default: /(\.eggs|\.git|\.hg|\.mypy
_cache|\.nox|\.tox|\.venv|_build|buck-
out|build|dist)/]
-q, --quiet Don't emit non-error messages to stderr.
Errors are still emitted, silence those with
2>/dev/null.
-v, --verbose Also emit messages to stderr about files
that were not changed or were ignored due to
--exclude=.
--version Show the version and exit.
--config PATH Read configuration from PATH.
-h, --help Show this message and exit.
Black is a well-behaved Unix-style command-line tool:
- it does nothing if no sources are passed to it;
- it will read from standard input and write to standard output if
-
is used as the filename; - it only outputs messages to users on standard error;
- exits with code 0 unless an internal error occurred (or
--check
was used).
NOTE: This is a beta product
Black is already successfully used by many projects, small and big. It also sports a decent test suite. However, it is still very new. Things will probably be wonky for a while. This is made explicit by the "Beta" trove classifier, as well as by the "b" in the version number. What this means for you is that until the formatter becomes stable, you should expect some formatting to change in the future. That being said, no drastic stylistic changes are planned, mostly responses to bug reports.
Also, as a temporary safety measure, Black will check that the
reformatted code still produces a valid AST that is equivalent to the
original. This slows it down. If you're feeling confident, use
--fast
.
The Black code style
Black reformats entire files in place. It is not configurable. It
doesn't take previous formatting into account. It doesn't reformat
blocks that start with # fmt: off
and end with # fmt: on
. # fmt: on/off
have to be on the same level of indentation. It also
recognizes YAPF's block comments to
the same effect, as a courtesy for straddling code.
How Black wraps lines
Black ignores previous formatting and applies uniform horizontal
and vertical whitespace to your code. The rules for horizontal
whitespace can be summarized as: do whatever makes pycodestyle
happy.
The coding style used by Black can be viewed as a strict subset of
PEP 8.
As for vertical whitespace, Black tries to render one full expression or simple statement per line. If this fits the allotted line length, great.
# in:
j = [1,
2,
3,
]
# out:
j = [1, 2, 3]
If not, Black will look at the contents of the first outer matching brackets and put that in a separate indented line.
# in:
ImportantClass.important_method(exc, limit, lookup_lines, capture_locals, extra_argument)
# out:
ImportantClass.important_method(
exc, limit, lookup_lines, capture_locals, extra_argument
)
If that still doesn't fit the bill, it will decompose the internal expression further using the same rule, indenting matching brackets every time. If the contents of the matching brackets pair are comma-separated (like an argument list, or a dict literal, and so on) then Black will first try to keep them on the same line with the matching brackets. If that doesn't work, it will put all of them in separate lines.
# in:
def very_important_function(template: str, *variables, file: os.PathLike, engine: str, header: bool = True, debug: bool = False):
"""Applies `variables` to the `template` and writes to `file`."""
with open(file, 'w') as f:
...
# out:
def very_important_function(
template: str,
*variables,
file: os.PathLike,
engine: str,
header: bool = True,
debug: bool = False,
):
"""Applies `variables` to the `template` and writes to `file`."""
with open(file, "w") as f:
...
You might have noticed that closing brackets are always dedented and that a trailing comma is always added. Such formatting produces smaller diffs; when you add or remove an element, it's always just one line. Also, having the closing bracket dedented provides a clear delimiter between two distinct sections of the code that otherwise share the same indentation level (like the arguments list and the docstring in the example above).
If a data structure literal (tuple, list, set, dict) or a line of "from" imports cannot fit in the allotted length, it's always split into one element per line. This minimizes diffs as well as enables readers of code to find which commit introduced a particular entry. This also makes Black compatible with isort with the following configuration.
A compatible `.isort.cfg`
[settings]
multi_line_output=3
include_trailing_comma=True
force_grid_wrap=0
use_parentheses=True
line_length=88
The equivalent command line is:
$ isort --multi-line=3 --trailing-comma --force-grid-wrap=0 --use-parentheses --line-width=88 [ file.py ]
Line length
You probably noticed the peculiar default line length. Black defaults to 88 characters per line, which happens to be 10% over 80. This number was found to produce significantly shorter files than sticking with 80 (the most popular), or even 79 (used by the standard library). In general, 90-ish seems like the wise choice.
If you're paid by the line of code you write, you can pass
--line-length
with a lower number. Black will try to respect that.
However, sometimes it won't be able to without breaking other rules. In
those rare cases, auto-formatted code will exceed your allotted limit.
You can also increase it, but remember that people with sight disabilities find it harder to work with line lengths exceeding 100 characters. It also adversely affects side-by-side diff review on typical screen resolutions. Long lines also make it harder to present code neatly in documentation or talk slides.
If you're using Flake8, you can bump max-line-length
to 88 and forget
about it. Alternatively, use Bugbear's
B950 warning instead of E501 and keep the max line length at 80 which
you are probably already using. You'd do it like this:
[flake8]
max-line-length = 80
...
select = C,E,F,W,B,B950
ignore = E501,W503,E203
You'll find Black's own .flake8 config file is configured like this. If you're curious about the reasoning behind B950, Bugbear's documentation explains it. The tl;dr is "it's like highway speed limits, we won't bother you if you overdo it by a few km/h".
Empty lines
Black avoids spurious vertical whitespace. This is in the spirit of PEP 8 which says that in-function vertical whitespace should only be used sparingly.
Black will allow single empty lines inside functions, and single and double empty lines on module level left by the original editors, except when they're within parenthesized expressions. Since such expressions are always reformatted to fit minimal space, this whitespace is lost.
It will also insert proper spacing before and after function definitions. It's one line before and after inner functions and two lines before and after module-level functions and classes. Black will not put empty lines between function/class definitions and standalone comments that immediately precede the given function/class.
Black will enforce single empty lines between a class-level docstring and the first following field or method. This conforms to PEP 257.
Black won't insert empty lines after function docstrings unless that empty line is required due to an inner function starting immediately after.
Trailing commas
Black will add trailing commas to expressions that are split by comma where each element is on its own line. This includes function signatures.
Unnecessary trailing commas are removed if an expression fits in one line. This makes it 1% more likely that your line won't exceed the allotted line length limit. Moreover, in this scenario, if you added another argument to your call, you'd probably fit it in the same line anyway. That doesn't make diffs any larger.
One exception to removing trailing commas is tuple expressions with
just one element. In this case Black won't touch the single trailing
comma as this would unexpectedly change the underlying data type. Note
that this is also the case when commas are used while indexing. This is
a tuple in disguise: numpy_array[3, ]
.
One exception to adding trailing commas is function signatures
containing *
, *args
, or **kwargs
. In this case a trailing comma
is only safe to use on Python 3.6. Black will detect if your file is
already 3.6+ only and use trailing commas in this situation. If you
wonder how it knows, it looks for f-strings and existing use of trailing
commas in function signatures that have stars in them. In other words,
if you'd like a trailing comma in this situation and Black didn't
recognize it was safe to do so, put it there manually and Black will
keep it.
Strings
Black prefers double quotes ("
and """
) over single quotes ('
and '''
). It will replace the latter with the former as long as it
does not result in more backslash escapes than before.
Black also standardizes string prefixes, making them always lowercase.
On top of that, if your code is already Python 3.6+ only or it's using
the unicode_literals
future import, Black will remove u
from the
string prefix as it is meaningless in those scenarios.
The main reason to standardize on a single form of quotes is aesthetics. Having one kind of quotes everywhere reduces reader distraction. It will also enable a future version of Black to merge consecutive string literals that ended up on the same line (see #26 for details).
Why settle on double quotes? They anticipate apostrophes in English
text. They match the docstring standard described in PEP 257.
An empty string in double quotes (""
) is impossible to confuse with
a one double-quote regardless of fonts and syntax highlighting used.
On top of this, double quotes for strings are consistent with C which
Python interacts a lot with.
On certain keyboard layouts like US English, typing single quotes is a bit easier than double quotes. The latter requires use of the Shift key. My recommendation here is to keep using whatever is faster to type and let Black handle the transformation.
If you are adopting Black in a large project with pre-existing string
conventions (like the popular "single quotes for data, double quotes for
human-readable strings"), you can
pass --skip-string-normalization
on the command line. This is meant as
an adoption helper, avoid using this for new projects.
Numeric literals
Black standardizes most numeric literals to use lowercase letters for the
syntactic parts and uppercase letters for the digits themselves: 0xAB
instead of 0XAB
and 1e10
instead of 1E10
. Python 2 long literals are
styled as 2L
instead of 2l
to avoid confusion between l
and 1
.
Line breaks & binary operators
Black will break a line before a binary operator when splitting a block of code over multiple lines. This is so that Black is compliant with the recent changes in the PEP 8 style guide, which emphasizes that this approach improves readability.
This behaviour may raise W503 line break before binary operator
warnings in
style guide enforcement tools like Flake8. Since W503
is not PEP 8 compliant,
you should tell Flake8 to ignore these warnings.
Slices
PEP 8 recommends
to treat :
in slices as a binary operator with the lowest priority, and to
leave an equal amount of space on either side, except if a parameter is omitted
(e.g. ham[1 + 1 :]
). It also states that for extended slices, both :
operators have to have the same amount of spacing, except if a parameter is
omitted (ham[1 + 1 ::]
). Black enforces these rules consistently.
This behaviour may raise E203 whitespace before ':'
warnings in style guide
enforcement tools like Flake8. Since E203
is not PEP 8 compliant, you should
tell Flake8 to ignore these warnings.
Parentheses
Some parentheses are optional in the Python grammar. Any expression can be wrapped in a pair of parentheses to form an atom. There are a few interesting cases:
if (...):
while (...):
for (...) in (...):
assert (...), (...)
from X import (...)
- assignments like:
target = (...)
target: type = (...)
some, *un, packing = (...)
augmented += (...)
In those cases, parentheses are removed when the entire statement fits in one line, or if the inner expression doesn't have any delimiters to further split on. If there is only a single delimiter and the expression starts or ends with a bracket, the parenthesis can also be successfully omitted since the existing bracket pair will organize the expression neatly anyway. Otherwise, the parentheses are added.
Please note that Black does not add or remove any additional nested parentheses that you might want to have for clarity or further code organization. For example those parentheses are not going to be removed:
return not (this or that)
decision = (maybe.this() and values > 0) or (maybe.that() and values < 0)
Call chains
Some popular APIs, like ORMs, use call chaining. This API style is known as a fluent interface. Black formats those by treating dots that follow a call or an indexing operation like a very low priority delimiter. It's easier to show the behavior than to explain it. Look at the example:
def example(session):
result = (
session.query(models.Customer.id)
.filter(
models.Customer.account_id == account_id,
models.Customer.email == email_address,
)
.order_by(models.Customer.id.asc())
.all()
)
Typing stub files
PEP 484 describes the syntax for type hints in Python. One of the use cases for typing is providing type annotations for modules which cannot contain them directly (they might be written in C, or they might be third-party, or their implementation may be overly dynamic, and so on).
To solve this, stub files with the .pyi
file
extension can be
used to describe typing information for an external module. Those stub
files omit the implementation of classes and functions they
describe, instead they only contain the structure of the file (listing
globals, functions, and classes with their members). The recommended
code style for those files is more terse than PEP 8:
- prefer
...
on the same line as the class/function signature; - avoid vertical whitespace between consecutive module-level functions, names, or methods and fields within a single class;
- use a single blank line between top-level class definitions, or none if the classes are very small.
Black enforces the above rules. There are additional guidelines for
formatting .pyi
file that are not enforced yet but might be in
a future version of the formatter:
- all function bodies should be empty (contain
...
instead of the body); - do not use docstrings;
- prefer
...
overpass
; - for arguments with a default, use
...
instead of the actual default; - avoid using string literals in type annotations, stub files support
forward references natively (like Python 3.7 code with
from __future__ import annotations
); - use variable annotations instead of type comments, even for stubs that target older versions of Python;
- for arguments that default to
None
, useOptional[]
explicitly; - use
float
instead ofUnion[int, float]
.
pyproject.toml
Black is able to read project-specific default values for its
command line options from a pyproject.toml
file. This is
especially useful for specifying custom --include
and --exclude
patterns for your project.
Pro-tip: If you're asking yourself "Do I need to configure anything?" the answer is "No". Black is all about sensible defaults.
What on Earth is a pyproject.toml
file?
PEP 518 defines
pyproject.toml
as a configuration file to store build system
requirements for Python projects. With the help of tools
like Poetry or
Flit it can fully replace the
need for setup.py
and setup.cfg
files.
Where Black looks for the file
By default Black looks for pyproject.toml
starting from the common
base directory of all files and directories passed on the command line.
If it's not there, it looks in parent directories. It stops looking
when it finds the file, or a .git
directory, or a .hg
directory,
or the root of the file system, whichever comes first.
If you're formatting standard input, Black will look for configuration starting from the current working directory.
You can also explicitly specify the path to a particular file that you
want with --config
. In this situation Black will not look for any
other file.
If you're running with --verbose
, you will see a blue message if
a file was found and used.
Please note blackd
will not use pyproject.toml
configuration.
Configuration format
As the file extension suggests, pyproject.toml
is a TOML file. It contains separate
sections for different tools. Black is using the [tool.black]
section. The option keys are the same as long names of options on
the command line.
Note that you have to use single-quoted strings in TOML for regular
expressions. It's the equivalent of r-strings in Python. Multiline
strings are treated as verbose regular expressions by Black. Use [ ]
to denote a significant space character.
Example `pyproject.toml`
[tool.black]
line-length = 88
target-version = ['py37']
include = '\.pyi?$'
exclude = '''
(
/(
\.eggs # exclude a few common directories in the
| \.git # root of the project
| \.hg
| \.mypy_cache
| \.tox
| \.venv
| _build
| buck-out
| build
| dist
)/
| foo.py # also separately exclude a file named foo.py in
# the root of the project
)
'''
Lookup hierarchy
Command-line options have defaults that you can see in --help
.
A pyproject.toml
can override those defaults. Finally, options
provided by the user on the command line override both.
Black will only ever use one pyproject.toml
file during an entire
run. It doesn't look for multiple files, and doesn't compose
configuration from different levels of the file hierarchy.
Editor integration
Emacs
Use proofit404/blacken or Elpy.
PyCharm/IntelliJ IDEA
- Install
black
.
$ pip install black
- Locate your
black
installation folder.
On macOS / Linux / BSD:
$ which black
/usr/local/bin/black # possible location
On Windows:
$ where black
%LocalAppData%\Programs\Python\Python36-32\Scripts\black.exe # possible location
- Open External tools in PyCharm/IntelliJ IDEA
On macOS:
PyCharm -> Preferences -> Tools -> External Tools
On Windows / Linux / BSD:
File -> Settings -> Tools -> External Tools
-
Click the + icon to add a new external tool with the following values:
- Name: Black
- Description: Black is the uncompromising Python code formatter.
- Program: <install_location_from_step_2>
- Arguments:
"$FilePath$"
-
Format the currently opened file by selecting
Tools -> External Tools -> black
.- Alternatively, you can set a keyboard shortcut by navigating to
Preferences or Settings -> Keymap -> External Tools -> External Tools - Black
.
- Alternatively, you can set a keyboard shortcut by navigating to
-
Optionally, run Black on every file save:
- Make sure you have the File Watcher plugin installed.
- Go to
Preferences or Settings -> Tools -> File Watchers
and click+
to add a new watcher:- Name: Black
- File type: Python
- Scope: Project Files
- Program: <install_location_from_step_2>
- Arguments:
$FilePath$
- Output paths to refresh:
$FilePath$
- Working directory:
$ProjectFileDir$
- Uncheck "Auto-save edited files to trigger the watcher"
Wing IDE
Wing supports black via the OS Commands tool, as explained in the Wing documentation on pep8 formatting. The detailed procedure is:
- Install
black
.
$ pip install black
- Make sure it runs from the command line, e.g.
$ black --help
- In Wing IDE, activate the OS Commands panel and define the command black to execute black on the currently selected file:
- Use the Tools -> OS Commands menu selection
- click on + in OS Commands -> New: Command line..
- Title: black
- Command Line: black %s
- I/O Encoding: Use Default
- Key Binding: F1
- Raise OS Commands when executed
- Auto-save files before execution
- Line mode
- Select a file in the editor and press F1 , or whatever key binding you selected in step 3, to reformat the file.
Vim
Commands and shortcuts:
:Black
to format the entire file (ranges not supported);:BlackUpgrade
to upgrade Black inside the virtualenv;:BlackVersion
to get the current version of Black inside the virtualenv.
Configuration:
g:black_fast
(defaults to0
)g:black_linelength
(defaults to88
)g:black_skip_string_normalization
(defaults to0
)g:black_virtualenv
(defaults to~/.vim/black
)
To install with vim-plug:
Plug 'psf/black'
or with Vundle:
Plugin 'psf/black'
or you can copy the plugin from plugin/black.vim.
Let me know if this requires any changes to work with Vim 8's builtin
packadd
, or Pathogen, and so on.
This plugin requires Vim 7.0+ built with Python 3.6+ support. It needs Python 3.6 to be able to run Black inside the Vim process which is much faster than calling an external command.
On first run, the plugin creates its own virtualenv using the right
Python version and automatically installs Black. You can upgrade it later
by calling :BlackUpgrade
and restarting Vim.
If you need to do anything special to make your virtualenv work and
install Black (for example you want to run a version from master),
create a virtualenv manually and point g:black_virtualenv
to it.
The plugin will use it.
To run Black on save, add the following line to .vimrc
or init.vim
:
autocmd BufWritePre *.py execute ':Black'
How to get Vim with Python 3.6?
On Ubuntu 17.10 Vim comes with Python 3.6 by default.
On macOS with Homebrew run: brew install vim --with-python3
.
When building Vim from source, use:
./configure --enable-python3interp=yes
. There's many guides online how
to do this.
Visual Studio Code
Use the Python extension (instructions).
SublimeText 3
Use sublack plugin.
Jupyter Notebook Magic
Use blackcellmagic.
Python Language Server
If your editor supports the Language Server Protocol (Atom, Sublime Text, Visual Studio Code and many more), you can use the Python Language Server with the pyls-black plugin.
Atom/Nuclide
Use python-black.
Other editors
Other editors will require external contributions.
Patches welcome! ✨ 🍰 ✨
Any tool that can pipe code through Black using its stdio mode (just
use -
as the file name).
The formatted code will be returned on stdout (unless --check
was
passed). Black will still emit messages on stderr but that shouldn't
affect your use case.
This can be used for example with PyCharm's or IntelliJ's File Watchers.
blackd
blackd
is a small HTTP server that exposes Black's functionality over
a simple protocol. The main benefit of using it is to avoid paying the
cost of starting up a new Black process every time you want to blacken
a file.
Usage
blackd
is not packaged alongside Black by default because it has additional
dependencies. You will need to do pip install black[d]
to install it.
You can start the server on the default port, binding only to the local interface
by running blackd
. You will see a single line mentioning the server's version,
and the host and port it's listening on. blackd
will then print an access log
similar to most web servers on standard output, merged with any exception traces
caused by invalid formatting requests.
blackd
provides even less options than Black. You can see them by running
blackd --help
:
Usage: blackd [OPTIONS]
Options:
--bind-host TEXT Address to bind the server to.
--bind-port INTEGER Port to listen on
--version Show the version and exit.
-h, --help Show this message and exit.
There is no official blackd client tool (yet!). You can test that blackd is
working using curl
:
blackd --bind-port 9090 & # or let blackd choose a port
curl -s -XPOST "localhost:9090" -d "print('valid')"
Protocol
blackd
only accepts POST
requests at the /
path. The body of the request
should contain the python source code to be formatted, encoded
according to the charset
field in the Content-Type
request header. If no
charset
is specified, blackd
assumes UTF-8
.
There are a few HTTP headers that control how the source is formatted. These
correspond to command line flags for Black. There is one exception to this:
X-Protocol-Version
which if present, should have the value 1
, otherwise the
request is rejected with HTTP 501
(Not Implemented).
The headers controlling how code is formatted are:
X-Line-Length
: corresponds to the--line-length
command line flag.X-Skip-String-Normalization
: corresponds to the--skip-string-normalization
command line flag. If present and its value is not the empty string, no string normalization will be performed.X-Fast-Or-Safe
: if set tofast
,blackd
will act as Black does when passed the--fast
command line flag.X-Python-Variant
: if set topyi
,blackd
will act as Black does when passed the--pyi
command line flag. Otherwise, its value must correspond to a Python version or a set of comma-separated Python versions, optionally prefixed withpy
. For example, to request code that is compatible with Python 3.5 and 3.6, set the header topy3.5,py3.6
.
If any of these headers are set to invalid values, blackd
returns a HTTP 400
error response, mentioning the name of the problematic header in the message body.
Apart from the above, blackd
can produce the following response codes:
HTTP 204
: If the input is already well-formatted. The response body is empty.HTTP 200
: If formatting was needed on the input. The response body contains the blackened Python code, and theContent-Type
header is set accordingly.HTTP 400
: If the input contains a syntax error. Details of the error are returned in the response body.HTTP 500
: If there was any kind of error while trying to format the input. The response body contains a textual representation of the error.
The response headers include a X-Black-Version
header containing the version
of Black.
Version control integration
Use pre-commit. Once you have it
installed, add this to the
.pre-commit-config.yaml
in your repository:
repos:
- repo: https://github.com/psf/black
rev: stable
hooks:
- id: black
language_version: python3.6
Then run pre-commit install
and you're ready to go.
Avoid using args
in the hook. Instead, store necessary configuration
in pyproject.toml
so that editors and command-line usage of Black all
behave consistently for your project. See Black's own pyproject.toml
for an example.
If you're already using Python 3.7, switch the language_version
accordingly. Finally, stable
is a tag that is pinned to the latest
release on PyPI. If you'd rather run on master, this is also an option.
Ignoring unmodified files
Black remembers files it has already formatted, unless the --diff
flag is used or
code is passed via standard input. This information is stored per-user. The exact
location of the file depends on the Black version and the system on which Black
is run. The file is non-portable. The standard location on common operating systems
is:
- Windows:
C:\\Users\<username>\AppData\Local\black\black\Cache\<version>\cache.<line-length>.<file-mode>.pickle
- macOS:
/Users/<username>/Library/Caches/black/<version>/cache.<line-length>.<file-mode>.pickle
- Linux:
/home/<username>/.cache/black/<version>/cache.<line-length>.<file-mode>.pickle
file-mode
is an int flag that determines whether the file was formatted as 3.6+ only,
as .pyi, and whether string normalization was omitted.
To override the location of these files on macOS or Linux, set the environment variable
XDG_CACHE_HOME
to your preferred location. For example, if you want to put the cache in
the directory you're running Black from, set XDG_CACHE_HOME=.cache
. Black will then
write the above files to .cache/black/<version>/
.
Used by
The following notable open-source projects trust Black with enforcing a consistent code style: pytest, tox, Pyramid, Django Channels, Hypothesis, attrs, SQLAlchemy, Poetry, PyPA applications (Warehouse, Pipenv, virtualenv), pandas, Pillow, every Datadog Agent Integration.
Are we missing anyone? Let us know.
Testimonials
Dusty Phillips, writer:
Black is opinionated so you don't have to be.
Hynek Schlawack, creator of attrs
, core
developer of Twisted and CPython:
An auto-formatter that doesn't suck is all I want for Xmas!
Carl Meyer, Django core developer:
At least the name is good.
Kenneth Reitz, creator of requests
and pipenv
:
This vastly improves the formatting of our code. Thanks a ton!
Show your style
Use the badge in your project's README.md:
[![Code style: black](https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg)](https://github.com/psf/black)
Using the badge in README.rst:
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg
:target: https://github.com/psf/black
License
MIT
Contributing to Black
In terms of inspiration, Black is about as configurable as gofmt. This is deliberate.
Bug reports and fixes are always welcome! However, before you suggest a new feature or configuration knob, ask yourself why you want it. If it enables better integration with some workflow, fixes an inconsistency, speeds things up, and so on - go for it! On the other hand, if your answer is "because I don't like a particular formatting" then you're not ready to embrace Black yet. Such changes are unlikely to get accepted. You can still try but prepare to be disappointed.
More details can be found in CONTRIBUTING.
Change Log
unreleased
-
added
black -c
as a way to format code passed from the command line (#761) -
--safe now works with Python 2 code (#840)
-
fixed grammar selection for Python 2-specific code (#765)
-
fixed feature detection for trailing commas in function definitions and call sites (#763)
-
Black can now format async generators (#593)
-
Black no longer crashes on Windows machines with more than 61 cores (#838)
-
Black no longer crashes on standalone comments prepended with a backslash (#767)
-
Black no longer crashes on
from
...import
blocks with comments (#829) -
removed unnecessary parentheses around
yield
expressions (#834) -
added parentheses around long tuples in unpacking assignments (#832)
-
fixed bug that led Black format some code with a line length target of 1 (#762)
-
Black no longer introduces quotes in f-string subexpressions on string boundaries (#863)
-
if Black puts parenthesis around a single expression, it moves comments to the wrapped expression instead of after the brackets (#872)
-
Black is now able to format Python code that uses assignment expressions (
:=
as described in PEP-572) (#935) -
Black is now able to format Python code that uses positional-only arguments (
/
as described in PEP-570) (#946) -
blackd
now returns the version of Black in the response headers (#1013)
19.3b0
-
new option
--target-version
to control which Python versions Black-formatted code should target (#618) -
deprecated
--py36
(use--target-version=py36
instead) (#724) -
Black no longer normalizes numeric literals to include
_
separators (#696) -
long
del
statements are now split into multiple lines (#698) -
type comments are no longer mangled in function signatures
-
improved performance of formatting deeply nested data structures (#509)
-
Black now properly formats multiple files in parallel on Windows (#632)
-
Black now creates cache files atomically which allows it to be used in parallel pipelines (like
xargs -P8
) (#673) -
Black now correctly indents comments in files that were previously formatted with tabs (#262)
-
blackd
now supports CORS (#622)
18.9b0
-
numeric literals are now formatted by Black (#452, #461, #464, #469):
-
numeric literals are normalized to include
_
separators on Python 3.6+ code -
added
--skip-numeric-underscore-normalization
to disable the above behavior and leave numeric underscores as they were in the input -
code with
_
in numeric literals is recognized as Python 3.6+ -
most letters in numeric literals are lowercased (e.g., in
1e10
,0x01
) -
hexadecimal digits are always uppercased (e.g.
0xBADC0DE
)
-
-
added
blackd
, see its documentation for more info (#349) -
adjacent string literals are now correctly split into multiple lines (#463)
-
trailing comma is now added to single imports that don't fit on a line (#250)
-
cache is now populated when
--check
is successful for a file which speeds up consecutive checks of properly formatted unmodified files (#448) -
whitespace at the beginning of the file is now removed (#399)
-
fixed mangling pweave and Spyder IDE special comments (#532)
-
fixed unstable formatting when unpacking big tuples (#267)
-
fixed parsing of
__future__
imports with renames (#389) -
fixed scope of
# fmt: off
when directly precedingyield
and other nodes (#385) -
fixed formatting of lambda expressions with default arguments (#468)
-
fixed
async for
statements: Black no longer breaks them into separate lines (#372) -
note: the Vim plugin stopped registering
,=
as a default chord as it turned out to be a bad idea (#415)
18.6b4
- hotfix: don't freeze when multiple comments directly precede
# fmt: off
(#371)
18.6b3
-
typing stub files (
.pyi
) now have blank lines added after constants (#340) -
# fmt: off
and# fmt: on
are now much more dependable:-
they now work also within bracket pairs (#329)
-
they now correctly work across function/class boundaries (#335)
-
they now work when an indentation block starts with empty lines or misaligned comments (#334)
-
-
made Click not fail on invalid environments; note that Click is right but the likelihood we'll need to access non-ASCII file paths when dealing with Python source code is low (#277)
-
fixed improper formatting of f-strings with quotes inside interpolated expressions (#322)
-
fixed unnecessary slowdown when long list literals where found in a file
-
fixed unnecessary slowdown on AST nodes with very many siblings
-
fixed cannibalizing backslashes during string normalization
-
fixed a crash due to symbolic links pointing outside of the project directory (#338)
18.6b2
-
added
--config
(#65) -
added
-h
equivalent to--help
(#316) -
fixed improper unmodified file caching when
-S
was used -
fixed extra space in string unpacking (#305)
-
fixed formatting of empty triple quoted strings (#313)
-
fixed unnecessary slowdown in comment placement calculation on lines without comments
18.6b1
-
hotfix: don't output human-facing information on stdout (#299)
-
hotfix: don't output cake emoji on non-zero return code (#300)
18.6b0
-
added
--include
and--exclude
(#270) -
added
--skip-string-normalization
(#118) -
added
--verbose
(#283) -
the header output in
--diff
now actually conforms to the unified diff spec -
fixed long trivial assignments being wrapped in unnecessary parentheses (#273)
-
fixed unnecessary parentheses when a line contained multiline strings (#232)
-
fixed stdin handling not working correctly if an old version of Click was used (#276)
-
Black now preserves line endings when formatting a file in place (#258)
18.5b1
-
added
--pyi
(#249) -
added
--py36
(#249) -
Python grammar pickle caches are stored with the formatting caches, making Black work in environments where site-packages is not user-writable (#192)
-
Black now enforces a PEP 257 empty line after a class-level docstring (and/or fields) and the first method
-
fixed invalid code produced when standalone comments were present in a trailer that was omitted from line splitting on a large expression (#237)
-
fixed optional parentheses being removed within
# fmt: off
sections (#224) -
fixed invalid code produced when stars in very long imports were incorrectly wrapped in optional parentheses (#234)
-
fixed unstable formatting when inline comments were moved around in a trailer that was omitted from line splitting on a large expression (#238)
-
fixed extra empty line between a class declaration and the first method if no class docstring or fields are present (#219)
-
fixed extra empty line between a function signature and an inner function or inner class (#196)
18.5b0
-
call chains are now formatted according to the fluent interfaces style (#67)
-
data structure literals (tuples, lists, dictionaries, and sets) are now also always exploded like imports when they don't fit in a single line (#152)
-
slices are now formatted according to PEP 8 (#178)
-
parentheses are now also managed automatically on the right-hand side of assignments and return statements (#140)
-
math operators now use their respective priorities for delimiting multiline expressions (#148)
-
optional parentheses are now omitted on expressions that start or end with a bracket and only contain a single operator (#177)
-
empty parentheses in a class definition are now removed (#145, #180)
-
string prefixes are now standardized to lowercase and
u
is removed on Python 3.6+ only code and Python 2.7+ code with theunicode_literals
future import (#188, #198, #199) -
typing stub files (
.pyi
) are now formatted in a style that is consistent with PEP 484 (#207, #210) -
progress when reformatting many files is now reported incrementally
-
fixed trailers (content with brackets) being unnecessarily exploded into their own lines after a dedented closing bracket (#119)
-
fixed an invalid trailing comma sometimes left in imports (#185)
-
fixed non-deterministic formatting when multiple pairs of removable parentheses were used (#183)
-
fixed multiline strings being unnecessarily wrapped in optional parentheses in long assignments (#215)
-
fixed not splitting long from-imports with only a single name
-
fixed Python 3.6+ file discovery by also looking at function calls with unpacking. This fixed non-deterministic formatting if trailing commas where used both in function signatures with stars and function calls with stars but the former would be reformatted to a single line.
-
fixed crash on dealing with optional parentheses (#193)
-
fixed "is", "is not", "in", and "not in" not considered operators for splitting purposes
-
fixed crash when dead symlinks where encountered
18.4a4
- don't populate the cache on
--check
(#175)
18.4a3
-
added a "cache"; files already reformatted that haven't changed on disk won't be reformatted again (#109)
-
--check
and--diff
are no longer mutually exclusive (#149) -
generalized star expression handling, including double stars; this fixes multiplication making expressions "unsafe" for trailing commas (#132)
-
Black no longer enforces putting empty lines behind control flow statements (#90)
-
Black now splits imports like "Mode 3 + trailing comma" of isort (#127)
-
fixed comment indentation when a standalone comment closes a block (#16, #32)
-
fixed standalone comments receiving extra empty lines if immediately preceding a class, def, or decorator (#56, #154)
-
fixed
--diff
not showing entire path (#130) -
fixed parsing of complex expressions after star and double stars in function calls (#2)
-
fixed invalid splitting on comma in lambda arguments (#133)
-
fixed missing splits of ternary expressions (#141)
18.4a2
-
fixed parsing of unaligned standalone comments (#99, #112)
-
fixed placement of dictionary unpacking inside dictionary literals (#111)
-
Vim plugin now works on Windows, too
-
fixed unstable formatting when encountering unnecessarily escaped quotes in a string (#120)
18.4a1
-
added
--quiet
(#78) -
added automatic parentheses management (#4)
-
added pre-commit integration (#103, #104)
-
fixed reporting on
--check
with multiple files (#101, #102) -
fixed removing backslash escapes from raw strings (#100, #105)
18.4a0
-
added
--diff
(#87) -
add line breaks before all delimiters, except in cases like commas, to better comply with PEP 8 (#73)
-
standardize string literals to use double quotes (almost) everywhere (#75)
-
fixed handling of standalone comments within nested bracketed expressions; Black will no longer produce super long lines or put all standalone comments at the end of the expression (#22)
-
fixed 18.3a4 regression: don't crash and burn on empty lines with trailing whitespace (#80)
-
fixed 18.3a4 regression:
# yapf: disable
usage as trailing comment would cause Black to not emit the rest of the file (#95) -
when CTRL+C is pressed while formatting many files, Black no longer freaks out with a flurry of asyncio-related exceptions
-
only allow up to two empty lines on module level and only single empty lines within functions (#74)
18.3a4
-
# fmt: off
and# fmt: on
are implemented (#5) -
automatic detection of deprecated Python 2 forms of print statements and exec statements in the formatted file (#49)
-
use proper spaces for complex expressions in default values of typed function arguments (#60)
-
only return exit code 1 when --check is used (#50)
-
don't remove single trailing commas from square bracket indexing (#59)
-
don't omit whitespace if the previous factor leaf wasn't a math operator (#55)
-
omit extra space in kwarg unpacking if it's the first argument (#46)
-
omit extra space in Sphinx auto-attribute comments (#68)
18.3a3
-
don't remove single empty lines outside of bracketed expressions (#19)
-
added ability to pipe formatting from stdin to stdin (#25)
-
restored ability to format code with legacy usage of
async
as a name (#20, #42) -
even better handling of numpy-style array indexing (#33, again)
18.3a2
-
changed positioning of binary operators to occur at beginning of lines instead of at the end, following a recent change to PEP 8 (#21)
-
ignore empty bracket pairs while splitting. This avoids very weirdly looking formattings (#34, #35)
-
remove a trailing comma if there is a single argument to a call
-
if top level functions were separated by a comment, don't put four empty lines after the upper function
-
fixed unstable formatting of newlines with imports
-
fixed unintentional folding of post scriptum standalone comments into last statement if it was a simple statement (#18, #28)
-
fixed missing space in numpy-style array indexing (#33)
-
fixed spurious space after star-based unary expressions (#31)
18.3a1
-
added
--check
-
only put trailing commas in function signatures and calls if it's safe to do so. If the file is Python 3.6+ it's always safe, otherwise only safe if there are no
*args
or**kwargs
used in the signature or call. (#8) -
fixed invalid spacing of dots in relative imports (#6, #13)
-
fixed invalid splitting after comma on unpacked variables in for-loops (#23)
-
fixed spurious space in parenthesized set expressions (#7)
-
fixed spurious space after opening parentheses and in default arguments (#14, #17)
-
fixed spurious space after unary operators when the operand was a complex expression (#15)
18.3a0
-
first published version, Happy 🍰 Day 2018!
-
alpha quality
-
date-versioned (see: https://calver.org/)
Authors
Glued together by Łukasz Langa.
Maintained with Carol Willing, Carl Meyer, Jelle Zijlstra, Mika Naylor, and Zsolt Dollenstein.
Multiple contributions by:
- Anthony Sottile
- Artem Malyshev
- Benjamin Woodruff
- Christian Heimes
- Daniel M. Capella
- Eli Treuherz
- hauntsaninja
- Hugo van Kemenade
- Ivan Katanić
- Jason Fried
- Jonas Obrist
- Luka Sterbic
- Miguel Gaiowski
- Miroslav Shubernetskiy
- Neraste
- Osaetin Daniel
- Peter Bengtsson
- Stavros Korokithakis
- Sunil Kapil
- Utsav Shah
- Vishwas B Sharma
- Chuck Wooters
Project details
Release history Release notifications | RSS feed
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