npyx 2.0.6

Python routines dealing with Neuropixels data.

NeuroPyxels: loading, processing and plotting Neuropixels data in python

NeuroPyxels (npyx) is a python library built for electrophysiologists using Neuropixels electrodes. This package stems from the need of a pythonist who really did not want to transition to MATLAB to work with Neuropixels: it features a suite of core utility functions for loading, processing and plotting Neuropixels data.

There isn't any better doc atm - post an issue if you have any question, or email Maxime Beau (PhD Hausser lab, UCL). You can also use the Neuropixels slack workgroup, channel #NeuroPyxels.

• Documentation
  • Load synchronyzation channel
  • Get good units from dataset
  • Load spike times from unit u
  • Load waveforms from unit u
  • Compute auto/crosscorrelogram between 2 units
  • Plot waveform and crosscorrelograms of unit u
  • Plot chunk of raw data with overlaid units
  • Plot peri-stimulus time histograms across neurons and conditions
  • Merge datasets acquired on two probes simultaneously
• Installation
• Acknowledgement
• Developer cheatsheet

Documentation:

Npyx works in harmony with the data formatting employed by SpikeGLX used in combination with Kilosort and Phy.

Npyx is fast because it never computes the same thing twice - in the background, it saves most relevant outputs (spike trains, waveforms, correlograms...) at kilosort_dataset/npyxMemory, from where they are simply reloaded if called again. An important parameter controlling this behaviour is again (boolean), by default set to False: if True, the function will recompute the output rather than loading it from npyxMemory. This is important to be aware of this behaviour, as it can lead to mind boggling bugs. For instance, if you load the train of unit then re-spikesort your dataset, e.g. you split unit 56 in 504 and 505, the train of the old unit 56 will still exist at kilosort_dataset/npyxMemory and you will be able to load it even though the unit is gone!

Most npyx functions take at least one input: dp, which is the path to your Kilosort-phy dataset. You can find a full description of the structure of such datasets on phy documentation.

Other typical parameters are: verbose (whether to print a bunch of informative messages, useful when debugging), saveFig (boolean) and saveDir (whether to save the figure in saveDir for plotting functions).

Importantly, dp can also be the path to a merged dataset, generated with npyx.merge_datasets() - every function will run as smoothly on merged datasets as on any regular dataset. See below for more details.

More precisely, every function requires the files myrecording.ap.meta, spike_times.npy and spike_clusters.npy. If you have started spike sorting, cluster_groups.tsv will also be required obviously (will be created filled with 'unsorted' groups if none is found). Then particular functions will require particular files: loading waveforms with npyx.spk_wvf.wvf or extracting your sync channel with npyx.io.get_npix_sync require the raw data myrecording.ap.bin, npyx.spk_wvf.templates the files templates.npy and spike_templates.npy, and so on. This allows you to only transfer the strictly necassary files for your use case from a machine to the next: for instance, if you only want to make behavioural analysis of spike trains but do not care about the waveforms, you can run get_npix_sync on a first machine (which will generate a sync_chan folder containing extracted onsets/offsets from the sync channel(s)), then excklusively transfer the sync_chan folder along with spike_times.npy and spike_clusters.npy (all very light files) on another computer and analyze your data there seemlessly.

Example use cases are:

Load synchronization channel

from npyx.io import get_npix_sync
dp = 'datapath/to/kilosort_dataset'
onsets, offsets = get_npix_sync(dp)
# onsets/offsets are dictionnaries
# whose keys are ids of sync channel where signal was detected,
# and values the times of up (onsets) or down (offsets) threshold crosses in seconds.

Get good units from dataset

from npyx.gl import get_units
units = get_units(dp, quality='good')

Load spike times from unit u

from npyx.spk_t import trn
u=234
t = trn(dp, u) # gets all spikes from unit 234, in samples

Load waveforms from unit u

from npyx.io import read_spikeglx_meta
from npyx.spk_t import ids, trn
from npyx.spk_wvf import get_peak_chan, wvf, templates

# returns a random sample of 100 waveforms from unit 234, in uV, across 384 channels
waveforms = wvf(dp, u) # return array of shape (n_waves, n_samples, n_channels)=(100, 82, 384) by default
waveforms = wvf(dp, u, n_waveforms=1000, t_waveforms=90) # now 1000 random waveforms, 90 samples=3ms long

# Get the unit peak channel (channel with the biggest amplitude)
peak_chan = get_peak_chan(dp,u)
# extract the waveforms located on peak channel
w=waves[:,:,peak_chan]

# Extract waveforms of spikes occurring between
# 0-100s and 300-400s in the recording,
# because that's when your mouse sneezed
waveforms = wvf(dp, u, periods=[(0,100),(300,400)])

# alternatively, longer but more flexible:
fs=read_spikeglx_meta['sRateHz']
t=trn(dp,u)/fs # convert in s
# get ids of unit u: all spikes have a unique index in the dataset,
# which is their rank sorted by time (as in spike_times.npy)
u_ids = ids(dp,u)
ids=ids(dp,u)[(t>900)&(t<1000)]
mask = (t<100)|((t>300)&(t<400))
waves = wvf(dp, u, spike_ids=u_ids[mask])

# If you want to load the templates instead (faster and does not require binary file):
temp = templates(dp,u) # return array of shape (n_templates, 82, n_channels)

Compute auto/crosscorrelogram between 2 units

from npyx.corr import ccg
dp = 'path/to/dataset'
# returns ccg between 234 and 92 with a binsize of 0.2 and a window of 80
c = ccg(dp, [234,92], cbin=0.2, cwin=80)

Plot waveform and crosscorrelogram of unit u

# all plotting functions return matplotlib figures
from npyx.plot import plot_wvf, get_peak_chan
dp = 'path/to/dataset'
u=234
# plot waveform, 2.8ms around templates center, on 16 channels around peak channel
# (the peak channel is found automatically, no need to worry about finding it)
fig = plot_wvf(dp, u, Nchannels=16, t_waveforms=2.8)

# But if you wished to get it, simply run
peakchannel = get_peak_chan(dp, u)

# plot ccg between 234 and 92
fig = plot_ccg(dp, [u,92], cbin=0.2, cwin=80, as_grid=True)

Plot chunk of raw data with overlaid units

units = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
channels = np.arange(70,250)
# raw data are whitened, high-pass filtered and median-subtracted by default - parameters are explicit below
plot_raw_units(dp, times=[0,0.130], units = units, channels = channels,
               colors=['orange', 'red', 'limegreen', 'darkgreen', 'cyan', 'navy'],
               lw=1.5, offset=450, figsize=(6,16), Nchan_plot=10,
               med_sub=1, whiten=1, hpfilt=1)

Plot peri-stimulus time histograms across neurons and conditions

# Explore responses of 3 neurons to 4 categories of events:
fs=30000 # Hz
units=[1,2,3]
trains=[trn(dp,u)/fs for u in units] # make list of trains of 3 units
trains_str=units # can give specific names to units here, show on the left of each row
events=[licks, sneezes, visual_stimuli, auditory_stimuli] # get events corresponding to 4 conditions
trains_str=['licking', 'sneezing', 'visual_stim', 'auditory_stim'] # can give specific names to events here, show above each column
events_col='batlow' # colormap from which the event colors will be drawn
fig=summary_psth(trains, trains_str, events, events_str, psthb=10, psthw=[-750,750],
                 zscore=0, bsl_subtract=False, bsl_window=[-3000,-750], convolve=True, gsd=2,
                 events_toplot=[0], events_col=events_col, trains_col_groups=trains_col_groups,
                 title=None, saveFig=0, saveDir='~/Downloads', _format='pdf',
                 figh=None, figratio=None, transpose=1,
                 as_heatmap=False,  vmin=None, center=None, vmax=None, cmap_str=None)

Merge datasets acquired on two probes simultaneously

# The three recordings need to include the same sync channel.
from npyx.merger import merge_datasets
dps = ['same_folder/lateralprobe_dataset',
       'same_folder/medialprobe_dataset',
       'same_folder/anteriorprobe_dataset']
probenames = ['lateral','medial','anterior']
dp_dict = {p:dp for p, dp in zip(dps, probenames)}

# This will merge the 3 datasets (only relevant information, not the raw data) in a new folder at
# dp_merged: same_folder/merged_lateralprobe_dataset_medialprobe_dataset_anteriorprobe_dataset
# where all npyx functions can smoothly run.
# The only difference is that units now need to be called as floats,
# of format u.x (u=unit id, x=dataset id [0-2]).
# lateralprobe, medial probe and anteriorprobe x will be respectively 0,1 and 2.
dp_merged, datasets_table = merge_datasets(dp_dic)


--- Merged data (from 2 dataset(s)) will be saved here: /same_folder/merged_lateralprobe_dataset_medialprobe_dataset_anteriorprobe_dataset.

--- Loading spike trains of 2 datasets...

sync channel extraction directory found: /same_folder/lateralprobe_dataset/sync_chan
Data found on sync channels:
chan 2 (201 events).
chan 4 (16 events).
chan 5 (175 events).
chan 6 (28447 events).
chan 7 (93609 events).
Which channel shall be used to synchronize probes? >>> 7

sync channel extraction directory found: /same_folder/medialprobe_dataset/sync_chan
Data found on sync channels:
chan 2 (201 events).
chan 4 (16 events).
chan 5 (175 events).
chan 6 (28447 events).
chan 7 (93609 events).
Which channel shall be used to synchronize probes? >>> 7

sync channel extraction directory found: /same_folder/anteriorprobe_dataset/sync_chan
Data found on sync channels:
chan 2 (201 events).
chan 4 (16 events).
chan 5 (175 events).
chan 6 (28194 events).
chan 7 (93609 events).
Which channel shall be used to synchronize probes? >>> 7

--- Aligning spike trains of 2 datasets...
More than 50 sync signals found - for performance reasons, sub-sampling to 50 homogenoeously spaced sync signals to align data.
50 sync events used for alignement - start-end drift of -3080.633ms

--- Merged spike_times and spike_clusters saved at /same_folder/merged_lateralprobe_dataset_medialprobe_dataset_anteriorprobe_dataset.

--> Merge successful! Use a float u.x in any npyx function to call unit u from dataset x:
- u.0 for dataset lateralprobe_dataset,
- u.1 for dataset medialprobe_dataset,
- u.2 for dataset anteriorprobe_dataset.

Now any npyx function runs on the merged dataset! Under the hood, it will create a merged_dataset_dataset1_dataset2/npyxMemory folder to save any data computed across dataframes, but will use the original dataset1/npyxMemory folder to save data related to this dataset exclusively (e.g. waveforms). Hence, there is no redundancy: space and time are saved.

This is also why it is primordial that you do not move your datatasets from their original paths after merging them - else, functions ran on merged_dataset1_dataset2 will not know where to go fetch the data! They refer to the paths in merged_dataset_dataset1_dataset2/datasets_table.csv. If you really need to, you can move your datasets but do not forget to edit this file accordingly.

# These will work!
t = trn(dp_merged, 92.1) # get spikes of unit 92 in dataset 1 i.e. medialprobe
fig=plot_ccg(dp_merged,[10.0, 92.1, cbin=0.2, cwin=80]) # compute CCG between 2 units across datasets

Installation:

Using a conda environment is very much advised. Instructions here: manage conda environments

Npyx supports Python 3.7+.

• as a user
  • from pip (normally up to date)

  conda create -n my_env python=3.7
  conda activate my_env
  pip install npyx
  python -c 'import npyx' # should not return any error
  # If it does, install any missing dependencies with pip (hopefully none!)
  

  • from the remote repository (always up to date)

  conda activate env_name
  pip install git+https://github.com/Npix-routines/NeuroPyxels@master
  

• as a superuser (recommended if plans to work on it/regularly pull upgrades)

  Tip: in an ipython/jupyter session, use %load_ext autoreload then %autoreload to make your local edits active in your session without having to restart your kernel. Amazing for development.

  conda activate my_env
  cd path/to/save_dir # any directory where your code will be accessible by your editor and safe. NOT downloads folder.
  git clone https://github.com/Npix-routines/NeuroPyxels
  cd NeuroPyxels
  python setup.py develop # this will create an egg link to save_dir, which means that you do not need to reinstall the package each time you pull an udpate from github.
  

  and pull every now and then:

  conda activate env_name
  cd path/to/save_dir/NeuroPyxels
  git pull
  # And that's it, thanks to the egg link no need to reinstall the package!
  # be careful though: this will break if you edited the package. If you wish to contribute, I advise you
  # to either post issues and wait for me to fix your problem, or to get in touch with me and potentially
  # create your own branch from where you will be able to gracefully merge your edits with the master branch
  # after revision.
  

Acknowledgement

If you enjoy this package and use it for your research, you can:

• cite this github repo using its DOI: Beau, M., Lajko, A., Martínez, G., Häusser, M., & Kostadinov, D. (2021). NeuroPyxels: loading, processing and plotting Neuropixels data in python. Github, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5509776
• star this repo using the top-right star button.

Cheers!

Developer cheatsheet

Useful link to create a python package from a git repository

Push local updates to github:

# ONLY ON DEDICATED BRANCH

cd path/to/save_dir/NeuroPyxels
git checkout DEDICATED_BRANCH_NAME # ++++++ IMPORTANT
git add.
git commit -m "commit details - try to be specific"
git push origin DEDICATED_BRANCH_NAME # ++++++ IMPORTANT

# Then pull request to master branch using the online github green button! Do not forget this last step, to allow the others repo to sync.

Push local updates to PyPI (Maxime)

First change the version in ./setup.py in a text editor

setup(name='npyx',
      version='1.0',... # change to 1.1, 1.1.1...

Then delete the old distribution files before re-generating them for the new version using twine:

rm -r ./dist
rm -r ./build
rm -r ./npyx.egg-info
python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel # this will generate version 1.1 wheel without overwriting version 1.0 wheel in ./dist

Before pushing them to PyPI (older versions are saved online!)

twine upload dist/*

Uploading distributions to https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/
Enter your username: your-username
Enter your password: ****
Uploading npyx-1.1-py3-none-any.whl
100%|████████████████████████████████████████████████████████| 156k/156k [00:01<00:00, 96.8kB/s]
Uploading npyx-1.1.tar.gz
100%|█████████████████████████████████████████████████████████| 150k/150k [00:01<00:00, 142kB/s]