OLEA (Offensive Language Error Analysis)

About OLEA

Hate speech and offensive language detection models can benefit from in-depth error analysis, more than just an F1 score, but many systems lack any extensive error analysis. To address this issue, we present OLEA, an extensible tool that provides researchers further insight into the performance of their offensive language detection model on different datasets.

The datasets currently available with OLEA:

• COLD (Complex Offensive Language Dataset ) - The COLD data set is intended for researchers to diagnose and assess their automatic hate speech detection systems. The corpus highlights 4 different types of complex offensive language: slurs, reclaimed slurs, adjective nominalization, distancing, and also non-offensive texts. (Palmer et al., 2020)
• HateCheck - HateCheck is a suite of functional tests for hate speech detection models that enable more targeted diagnostic insights. It specifies 29 model functionalities motivated by a review of previous research and a series of interviews with civil society stakeholders with test cases for each functionality. (Röttger et al., 2021)

Local Installation

Dependencies

'numpy>1.21.0'  
'scipy>1.6.0'  
'datasets>2.2.0'  
'matplotlib>3.0'  
'pandas>1.2.0'  
'Pillow>8.0.0'  
'scikit-learn>1.0'  
'emoji>1.0'
'wordsegment>1.3'

Install

pip install olea

Getting Started

The user provides a pre-trained hate speech detection model and predicts it on an OLEA-supported dataset. The user can then apply different analyses to their predictions to gain insight into what cases their model fails on. Consider this introductory example

1. Import Statements

from olea.data import COLD
from olea.analysis import COLDAnalysis
from olea.analysis import Generic
import pandas as pd

#import statements for downloading the example model
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForSequenceClassification
from transformers import TextClassificationPipeline

2. Downloading the data

#Load Dataset
cold = COLD()

#Load in a Model
link = 'Hate-speech-CNERG/bert-base-uncased-hatexplain'
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(link)
model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(link)

3. Predicting on the dataset (Example model is HateXplain downloaded from HuggingFace)

#Predict on COLD
pipe = TextClassificationPipeline(model=model, tokenizer=tokenizer)
predictions = pd.DataFrame(pipe(list(cold.data()['Text']))).label

4. Define a Mapping and Create Submission Object

hate_map = {'offensive': 'Y' , 'hate speech': 'Y' , 'normal':'N'}
submission = cold.submit(cold.data(), predictions, map=hate_map)

5. Choose an analysis

plot_info, metrics = COLDAnalysis.analyze_on(submission,'Cat',show_examples = True)

plot_info, metrics = Generic.check_substring(submission,'female',show_examples = True)

Analysis

OLEA provides generic analysis that can be applied to any NLP classification task, by evaluating performance based on a subset of the data. This can be applied to text length, and text containing certain strings, and text determined to be written in AAVE (Blodgett et al., 2016). OLEA also provides analysis specific for COLD and for HateCheck. The analysis provides metrics of F1, precision, and recall for each subset of data as well as accuracy and number of instances in each category

Generic Analysis includes:

• analyze_on for evaluating model performance on any specified categorical column.

• check_substring for evaluating model performance on presence of a specified substring in text

• aave for evaluating how the model predicts on instances that are written using African American Vernacular English. The scores are calculated using the TwitterAAE model (Blodgett et al., 2016). These scores represent an inference of the proportion of words in the text that come from a demographically-associated language/dialect.

• str_len_analysis for evaluating how the model performs on instances of different character or word lengths using a histogram.

• check_anno_agreement for evaluating model performance on instances with full annotator agreement on the offensiveness of a text ("Y","Y","Y") or ("N","N","N") vs instances with partial agreement. This should indicate "easy" (full) vs "difficult" (partial) cases.

The COLD-specific analysis includes:

• analyze_on for evaluating model performance on the COLD specific categories outlined in (Palmer et al., 2020). These categories are constructed from offensiveness, presence of adjectival nomanilization, presence of slur, and presence of linguistic distancing.

The HateCheck-specifc analysis includes:

• analyze_on for evaluating model performance on the HateCheck specific categories outlined in (Röttger et al., 2021). Some categories included are negation, counter, derogation, and profanity.

Contact

Marie Grace, Jay Seabrum, Dananjay Srinivas, and Alexis Palmer all contributed to this library. Please contact olea.ask@gmail.com for further inquiries.

Resources

Blodgett, S. L., Green, L., & O’Connor, B. (2016). Demographic Dialectal Variation in Social Media: A Case Study of African-American English. Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 1119–1130. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D16-1120

Palmer, A., Carr, C., Robinson, M., & Sanders, J. (2020). COLD: Annotation scheme and evaluation data set for complex offensive language in English. 28.

Röttger, P., Vidgen, B., Nguyen, D., Waseem, Z., Margetts, H., & Pierrehumbert, J. B. (2021). HateCheck: Functional Tests for Hate Speech Detection Models. Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.4