openke 0.80

A library for operating knowledge graph models

OpenKE

An Open-source Framework for Knowledge Embedding.

More information is available on our website http://openke.thunlp.org/

If you use the code, please cite the following paper:

@inproceedings{han2018openke,
  title={OpenKE: An Open Toolkit for Knowledge Embedding},
  author={Han, Xu and Cao, Shulin and Lv, Xin and Lin, Yankai and Liu, Zhiyuan and Sun, Maosong and Li, Juanzi},
  booktitle={Proceedings of EMNLP},
  pages={139--144},
  year={2018}
}

Overview

This is an Efficient implementation based on TensorFlow for knowledge representation learning (KRL). We use C++ to implement some underlying operations such as data preprocessing and negative sampling. For each specific model, it is implemented by TensorFlow with Python interfaces so that there is a convenient platform to run models on GPUs. OpenKE composes 4 repositories:

OpenKE: the main project based on TensorFlow, which provides the optimized and stable framework for knowledge graph embedding models.

OpenKE-PyTorch: OpenKE implemented with PyTorch, also providing the optimized and stable framework for knowledge graph embedding models.

TensorFlow-TransX: light and simple version of OpenKE based on TensorFlow, including TransE, TransH, TransR and TransD.

Fast-TransX: efficient lightweight C++ inferences for TransE and its extended models utilizing the framework of OpenKE, including TransH, TransR, TransD, TranSparse and PTransE.

Models

OpenKE (Tensorflow):

• RESCAL, HolE
• DistMult, ComplEx, Analogy
• TransE, TransH, TransR, TransD

OpenKE (PyTorch):

• RESCAL
• DistMult, ComplEx, Analogy
• TransE, TransH, TransR, TransD
• SimplE

OpenKE (Alpha)

• RotatE

We welcome any issues and requests for model implementation and bug fix.

Experiments

We have provided the hyper-parameters of some models to achieve the state-of-the-art performace on FB15K237 and WN18RR. These scripts can be founded in the folder "./examples/". Up to now, these models include TransE, TransH, TransR, TransD, DistMult, ComplEx. The results of these models are as follows,

Model	WN18RR	FB15K237	WN18RR (Paper*)	FB15K237 (Paper*)
TransE	0.512	0.476	0.501	0.486
TransH	0.507	0.490	-	-
TransR	0.519	0.511	-	-
TransD	0.508	0.487	-	-
DistMult	0.479	0.419	0.49	0.419
ComplEx	0.485	0.426	0.51	0.428
ConvE	0.506	0.485	0.52	0.501
RotatE	0.549	0.479	-	0.480
RotatE (+adv)	0.565	0.522	0.571	0.533

We are still trying more hyper-parameters and more training strategies (e.g., adversarial training and label smoothing regularization) for these models. Hence, this table is still in change. We welcome everyone to help us update this table and hyper-parameters.

Installation

1. Install TensorFlow

2. Clone the OpenKE repository:

$ git clone https://github.com/thunlp/OpenKE
$ cd OpenKE

3. Compile C++ files

$ bash make.sh

Data

• For training, datasets contain three files:

  train2id.txt: training file, the first line is the number of triples for training. Then the following lines are all in the format (e1, e2, rel) which indicates there is a relation rel between e1 and e2 . Note that train2id.txt contains ids from entitiy2id.txt and relation2id.txt instead of the names of the entities and relations. If you use your own datasets, please check the format of your training file. Files in the wrong format may cause segmentation fault.

  entity2id.txt: all entities and corresponding ids, one per line. The first line is the number of entities.

  relation2id.txt: all relations and corresponding ids, one per line. The first line is the number of relations.

• For testing, datasets contain additional two files (totally five files):

  test2id.txt: testing file, the first line is the number of triples for testing. Then the following lines are all in the format (e1, e2, rel) .

  valid2id.txt: validating file, the first line is the number of triples for validating. Then the following lines are all in the format (e1, e2, rel) .

  type_constrain.txt: type constraining file, the first line is the number of relations. Then the following lines are type constraints for each relation. For example, the relation with id 1200 has 4 types of head entities, which are 3123, 1034, 58 and 5733. The relation with id 1200 has 4 types of tail entities, which are 12123, 4388, 11087 and 11088. You can get this file through n-n.py in folder benchmarks/FB15K.

Quick Start

Training

To compute a knowledge graph embedding, first import datasets and set configure parameters for training, then train models and export results. For instance, we write an example_train_transe.py to train TransE:

import config
import models
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np

con = config.Config()
#Input training files from benchmarks/FB15K/ folder.
con.set_in_path("./benchmarks/FB15K/")

con.set_work_threads(4)
con.set_train_times(500)
con.set_nbatches(100)
con.set_alpha(0.001)
con.set_margin(1.0)
con.set_bern(0)
con.set_dimension(50)
con.set_ent_neg_rate(1)
con.set_rel_neg_rate(0)
con.set_opt_method("SGD")

#Models will be exported via tf.Saver() automatically.
con.set_export_files("./res/model.vec.tf", 0)
#Model parameters will be exported to json files automatically.
con.set_out_files("./res/embedding.vec.json")
#Initialize experimental settings.
con.init()
#Set the knowledge embedding model
con.set_model(models.TransE)
#Train the model.
con.run()

Step 1: Import datasets

con.set_in_path("benchmarks/FB15K/")

Note that, the following code cannot work to import datasets:

con.set_in_path("benchmarks/FB15K")

We import knowledge graphs from benchmarks/FB15K/ folder. The data consists of three essential files mentioned before:

• train2id.txt
• entity2id.txt
• relation2id.txt

Validation and test files are required and used to evaluate the training results, However, they are not indispensable for training.

con.set_work_threads(8)

We can allocate several threads to sample positive and negative cases.

Step 2: Set configure parameters for training.

con.set_train_times(500)
con.set_nbatches(100)
con.set_alpha(0.5)
con.set_dimension(200)
con.set_margin(1)

We set essential parameters, including the data traversing rounds, learning rate, batch size, and dimensions of entity and relation embeddings.

con.set_bern(0)
con.set_ent_neg_rate(1)
con.set_rel_neg_rate(0)

For negative sampling, we can corrupt entities and relations to construct negative triples. set_bern(0) will use the traditional sampling method, and set_bern(1) will use the method in (Wang et al. 2014) denoted as "bern".

con.set_optimizer("SGD")

We can select a proper gradient descent optimization algorithm to train models.

Step 3: Export results

con.set_export_files("./res/model.vec.tf", 0)

con.set_out_files("./res/embedding.vec.json")

Models will be exported via tf.Saver() automatically every few rounds. Also, model parameters will be exported to json files finally.

Step 4: Train models

con.init()
con.set_model(models.TransE)
con.run()

We set the knowledge graph embedding model and start the training process.

Testing

Link Prediction

Link prediction aims to predict the missing h or t for a relation fact triple (h, r, t). In this task, for each position of missing entity, the system is asked to rank a set of candidate entities from the knowledge graph, instead of only giving one best result. For each test triple (h, r, t), we replace the head/tail entity by all entities in the knowledge graph, and rank these entities in descending order of similarity scores calculated by score function fr. we use two measures as our evaluation metric:

• MR : mean rank of correct entities;
• MRR: the average of the reciprocal ranks of correct entities;
• Hit@N : proportion of correct entities in top-N ranked entities.

Triple Classification

Triple classification aims to judge whether a given triple (h, r, t) is correct or not. This is a binary classification task. For triple classification, we set a relationspecific threshold δr. For a triple (h, r, t), if the dissimilarity score obtained by fr is below δr, the triple will be classified as positive, otherwise negative. δr is optimized by maximizing classification accuracies on the validation set.

Predict Head Entity

Given tail entity and relation, predict the top k possible head entities. All the objects are represented by their id.

def predict_head_entity(self, t, r, k):
	r'''This mothod predicts the top k head entities given tail entity and relation.

	Args: 
		t (int): tail entity id
		r (int): relation id
		k (int): top k head entities

	Returns:
		list: k possible head entity ids 	  	
	'''
	self.init_link_prediction()
	if self.importName != None:
		self.restore_tensorflow()
	test_h = np.array(range(self.entTotal))
	test_r = np.array([r] * self.entTotal)
	test_t = np.array([t] * self.entTotal)
	res = self.test_step(test_h, test_t, test_r).reshape(-1).argsort()[:k]
	print(res)
	return res

Predict Tail Entity

This is similar to predicting the head entity.

Predict Relation

Given the head entity and tail entity, predict the top k possible relations. All the objects are represented by their id.

def predict_relation(self, h, t, k):
	r'''This methods predict the relation id given head entity and tail entity.

	Args:
		h (int): head entity id
		t (int): tail entity id
		k (int): top k relations

	Returns:
		list: k possible relation ids
	'''
	self.init_link_prediction()
	if self.importName != None:
		self.restore_tensorflow()
	test_h = np.array([h] * self.relTotal)
	test_r = np.array(range(self.relTotal))
	test_t = np.array([t] * self.relTotal)
	res = self.test_step(test_h, test_t, test_r).reshape(-1).argsort()[:k]
	print(res)
	return res

Predict triple

Given a triple (h, r, t), this funtion tells us whether the triple is correct or not. If the threshold is not given, this function calculates the threshold for the relation from the valid dataset.

def predict_triple(self, h, t, r, thresh = None):
	r'''This method tells you whether the given triple (h, t, r) is correct of wrong

	Args:
		h (int): head entity id
		t (int): tail entity id
		r (int): relation id
		thresh (fload): threshold for the triple
	'''
	self.init_triple_classification()
	if self.importName != None:
		self.restore_tensorflow()
	res = self.test_step(np.array([h]), np.array([t]), np.array([r]))
	if thresh != None:
		if res < thresh:
			print("triple (%d,%d,%d) is correct" % (h, t, r))
		else:
			print("triple (%d,%d,%d) is wrong" % (h, t, r))
		return
	self.lib.getValidBatch(self.valid_pos_h_addr, self.valid_pos_t_addr, self.valid_pos_r_addr, self.valid_neg_h_addr, self.valid_neg_t_addr, self.valid_neg_r_addr)
	res_pos = self.test_step(self.valid_pos_h, self.valid_pos_t, self.valid_pos_r)
	res_neg = self.test_step(self.valid_neg_h, self.valid_neg_t, self.valid_neg_r)
	self.lib.getBestThreshold(self.relThresh_addr, res_pos.__array_interface__['data'][0], res_neg.__array_interface__['data'][0])
	if res < self.relThresh[r]:
		print("triple (%d,%d,%d) is correct" % (h, t, r))
	else: 
		print("triple (%d,%d,%d) is wrong" % (h, t, r))

Implementation

To evaluate the model, first import datasets and set essential configure paramters, then set model parameters and test the model. For instance, we write an example_test_transe.py to test TransE.

There are four approaches to test models:

(1) Test models right after training.

import config
import models
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np


con = config.Config()
con.set_in_path("./benchmarks/FB15K/")

#True: Input test files from the same folder.
con.set_test_triple_classification(True)
con.set_test_link_prediction(True)

con.set_work_threads(4)
con.set_train_times(500)
con.set_nbatches(100)
con.set_alpha(0.001)
con.set_margin(1.0)
con.set_bern(0)
con.set_dimension(50)
con.set_ent_neg_rate(1)
con.set_rel_neg_rate(0)
con.set_opt_method("SGD")
con.set_export_files("./res/model.vec.tf", 0)
con.set_out_files("./res/embedding.vec.json")
con.init()
con.set_model(models.TransE)
con.run()

#To test link prediction after training needs "set_test_link_prediction True)".
#To test triple classfication after training needs "set_test_triple_classification(True)"
con.test()

(2) Set import files and OpenKE will automatically load models via tf.Saver().

import config
import models
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
import json

con = config.Config()
con.set_in_path("./benchmarks/FB15K/")
con.set_test_link_prediction(True)
con.set_test_triple_classification(True)
con.set_work_threads(4)
con.set_dimension(50)
con.set_import_files("./res/model.vec.tf")
con.init()
con.set_model(models.TransE)
con.test()

(3) Read model parameters from json files and manually load parameters.

import config
import models
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
import json

con = config.Config()
con.set_in_path("./benchmarks/FB15K/")
con.set_test_link_prediction(True)
con.set_test_triple_classification(True)
con.set_work_threads(4)
con.set_dimension(50)
con.init()
con.set_model(models.TransE)
f = open("./res/embedding.vec.json", "r")
content = json.loads(f.read())
f.close()
con.set_parameters(content)
con.test()

(4) Manually load models via tf.Saver().

import config
import models
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
import json

con = config.Config()
con.set_in_path("./benchmarks/FB15K/")
con.set_test_link_prediction(True)
con.set_test_triple_classification(True)
con.set_work_threads(4)
con.set_dimension(50)
con.init()
con.set_model(models.TransE)
con.import_variables("./res/model.vec.tf")
con.test()

Note that you can only load model parameters when model configuration finished.

Getting the embedding matrix

There are four approaches to get the embedding matrix.

(1) Set import files and OpenKE will automatically load models via tf.Saver().

con = config.Config()
con.set_in_path("./benchmarks/FB15K/")
con.set_test_link_prediction(True)
con.set_test_triple_classification(True)
con.set_work_threads(4)
con.set_dimension(50)
con.set_import_files("./res/model.vec.tf")
con.init()
con.set_model(models.TransE)
# Get the embeddings (numpy.array)
embeddings = con.get_parameters("numpy")
# Get the embeddings (python list)
embeddings = con.get_parameters()

(2) Read model parameters from json files and manually load parameters.

con = config.Config()
con.set_in_path("./benchmarks/FB15K/")
con.set_test_link_prediction(True)
con.set_test_triple_classification(True)
con.set_work_threads(4)
con.set_dimension(50)
con.init()
con.set_model(models.TransE)
f = open("./res/embedding.vec.json", "r")
embeddings = json.loads(f.read())
f.close()

(3) Manually load models via tf.Saver().

con = config.Config()
con.set_in_path("./benchmarks/FB15K/")
con.set_test_link_prediction(True)
con.set_test_triple_classification(True)
con.set_work_threads(4)
con.set_dimension(50)
con.init()
con.set_model(models.TransE)
con.import_variables("./res/model.vec.tf")
# Get the embeddings (numpy.array)
embeddings = con.get_parameters("numpy")
# Get the embeddings (python list)
embeddings = con.get_parameters()

(4) Immediately get the embeddings after training the model.

...
...
...
#Models will be exported via tf.Saver() automatically.
con.set_export_files("./res/model.vec.tf", 0)
#Model parameters will be exported to json files automatically.
con.set_out_files("./res/embedding.vec.json")
#Initialize experimental settings.
con.init()
#Set the knowledge embedding model
con.set_model(models.TransE)
#Train the model.
con.run()
#Get the embeddings (numpy.array)
embeddings = con.get_parameters("numpy")
#Get the embeddings (python list)
embeddings = con.get_parameters()

Interfaces

Config

class Config(object):

	#To set the learning rate
	def set_alpha(alpha = 0.001)

	#To set the degree of the regularization on the parameters
	def set_lmbda(lmbda = 0.0)

	#To set the gradient descent optimization algorithm (SGD, Adagrad, Adadelta, Adam)
	def set_optimizer(optimizer = "SGD")

	#To set the data traversing rounds
	def set_train_times(self, times)

	#To split the training triples into several batches, nbatches is the number of batches
	def set_nbatches(nbatches = 100)

	#To set the margin for the loss function
	def set_margin(margin = 1.0)

	#To set the dimensions of the entities and relations at the same time
	def set_dimension(dim)

	#To set the dimensions of the entities
	def set_ent_dimension(self, dim)

	#To set the dimensions of the relations
	def set_rel_dimension(self, dim)

	#To allocate threads for each batch sampling
	def set_work_threads(threads = 1)

	#To set negative sampling algorithms, unif (bern = 0) or bern (bern = 1)
	def set_bern(bern = 1)

	#For each positive triple, we construct rate negative triples by corrupt the entity
	def set_ent_neg_rate(rate = 1)

	#For each positive triple, we construct rate negative triples by corrupt the relation
	def set_rel_neg_rate(rate = 0)

	#To sample a batch of training triples, including positive and negative ones.
	def sampling()

	#To import dataset from the benchmark folder
	def set_in_path(self, path)

	#To export model parameters to json files when training completed
	def set_out_files(self, path)

	#To set the import files, all parameters can be restored from the import files
	def set_import_files(self, path)

	#To set the export file of model paramters, and export results every few rounds
	def set_export_files(self, path, steps = 0)

	#To export results every few rounds
	def set_export_steps(self, steps)

	#To save model via tf.saver
	def save_tensorflow(self)

	#To restore model via tf.saver
	def restore_tensorflow(self)

	#To export model paramters, when path is none, equivalent to save_tensorflow()
	def export_variables(self, path = None)

	#To import model paramters, when path is none, equivalent to restore_tensorflow()
	def import_variables(self, path = None)

	#To export model paramters to designated path
	def save_parameters(self, path = None)

	#To manually load parameters which are read from json files
	def set_parameters(self, lists)

	#To get model paramters, if using mode "numpy", you can get np.array , else you can get python lists
	def get_parameters(self, mode = "numpy")

	#To set the knowledge embedding model
	def set_model(model)

	#The framework will print loss values during training if flag = 1
	def set_log_on(flag = 1)

	#This is essential when testing
	def set_test_link_prediction(True)
def set_test_triple_classification(True)

Model

class Model(object)

	# return config which saves the training parameters.
	get_config(self)

	# in_batch = True, return [positive_head, positive_tail, positive_relation]
	# The shape of positive_head is [batch_size, 1]
	# in_batch = False, return [positive_head, positive_tail, positive_relation]
	# The shape of positive_head is [batch_size]
	get_positive_instance(in_batch = True)

	# in_batch = True, return [negative_head, negative_tail, negative_relation]
	# The shape of positive_head is [batch_size, negative_ent_rate + negative_rel_rate]
	# in_batch = False, return [negative_head, negative_tail, negative_relation]
	# The shape of positive_head is [(negative_ent_rate + negative_rel_rate) * batch_size]		
	get_negative_instance(in_batch = True)

	# in_batch = True, return all training instances with the shape [batch_size, (1 + negative_ent_rate + negative_rel_rate)]
	# in_batch = False, return all training instances with the shape [(negative_ent_rate + negative_rel_rate + 1) * batch_size]
	def get_all_instance(in_batch = False)

	# in_batch = True, return all training labels with the shape [batch_size, (1 + negative_ent_rate + negative_rel_rate)]
	# in_batch = False, return all training labels with the shape [(negative_ent_rate + negative_rel_rate + 1) * batch_size]
	# The positive triples are labeled as 1, and the negative triples are labeled as -1
	def get_all_labels(in_batch = False)

	# To define containers for training triples
	def input_def()

	# To define embedding parameters for knowledge embedding models
	def embedding_def()

	# To define loss functions for knowledge embedding models
	def loss_def()

	# To define the prediction functions for knowledge embedding models
	def predict_def(self)

	def __init__(config)

#The implementation for TransE
class TransE(Model)

#The implementation for TransH	
class TransH(Model)

#The implementation for TransR
class TransR(Model)

#The implementation for TransD
class TransD(Model)

#The implementation for RESCAL
class RESCAL(Model)

#The implementation for DistMult
class DistMult(Model)

#The implementation for HolE
class HolE(Model)					

#The implementation for ComplEx
class ComplEx(Model)