packaway 0.2.0

Static Checker to Enforce (Some) Encapsulation in Python.

Packaway is a tool for enforcing encapsulation and access control in Python by performing static code analysis.

Currently the distribution supplies a flake8 plugin.

Installing

To install:

$ pip install packaway

Flake8 plugin

To verify the packaway flake8 plugin is installed:

$ flake8 --version
3.8.3 (mccabe: 0.6.1, packaway-import: 0.1.2, pycodestyle: 2.6.0, pyflakes: 2.2.0) CPython 3.8.1 on Linux

To lint your file:

$ flake8 example.py
example.py:1:1: DEP401 Importing private name 'package._name'.

This plugin currently provides two import rules:

1. DEP401: Disallowing import of private modules

2. DEP501: Disallowing imports using regular expression patterns

DEP401: Packaging rules using underscores

Whether a module is internal or not is indicated by whether its name has a single preceding underscore. If it does, then it is only “visible” within the package the module resides. Similarly, a function whose name has a preceding underscore is only “visible” to members with in the same module where the function is defined.

Suppose a project has the following structure:

./package
    ./person
        __init__.py
        api.py
        _greeting.py
        _reading.py
    ./office
        __init__.py
        api.py
        _hours.py
        ./_legal
            __init__.py
            api.py
            _compliance.py
        ./_accounting
            __init__.py
            api.py
            _booking.py

One may use the plugin to capture the following import violations:

./office/api.py:7:1: DEP401 Importing private name 'person._reading'.
./office/api.py:13:1: DEP401 Importing private name 'office._legal._compliance'.
./office/_hours.py:2:1: DEP401 Importing private name 'office._accounting._booking'.
./office/_hours.py:8:1: DEP401 Importing private name 'package.office._legal.api'.
./office/_legal/_compliance.py:8:1: DEP401 Importing private name 'office._accounting._booking'.
./person/_greeting.py:5:1: DEP401 Importing private name 'person._reading._private_name'.
./person/api.py:5:1: DEP401 Importing private name 'person._reading._private_name'.

See the examples/package folder for this example.

DEP501: Import rules using regular expressions

There maybe situations where the use of preceding underscores may not be possible (e.g. backward compatibility constraints). One can specify import rules at a lower level using file name patterns and import module name patterns.

Suppose a project has the following structure:

./regex_rule_example
    ./business
        ./subpackage
            __init__.py
            bad.py
    ./data
        __init__.py
        api.py
    ./web
        __init__.py
        api.py

The business package contains business logic and should not import from the web nor the data package. In this case, one can add the following rules to the configuration file for flake8:

[flake8]
disallowed =
    business/*: web.*
    business/subpackage/*: data.*

On the right hand side is the regular expression for matching disallowed import module names (after being normalized to an absolute import). On the left hand side are UNIX-style patterns for matching source files on which the import rule applies.

See the examples/regex_rule_example folder for this example.

Limitations

This tool does not capture accessing privately named attribute on a module (an object in general) that can otherwise be imported following the above rules.

Motivation

Python does not enforce encapsulations. While this is enpowering for use cases where encapsulation matters little and has made Python hugely accessible to beginners, this means more disciplines are required for developers working on large systems (with great power comes great responsibility).

Consequently, Python developers often rely on implicit naming conventions such as a preceding underscore to signal something being hidden. However this can only be enforced by vigorous code review. For a team of developers with different skill levels, this is difficult to achieve for a large project. Even the most seasoned developer with the best intention could still make mistakes, especially if the intended visibility of a software component isn’t obvious.

Many programming languages (e.g. Java, C#, C++) offer programmers ways to control over what is hidden and what is accessible via “access modifiers” or keywords such as “public”, “private” and “internal”. These protections are enforced by the compilers, but can be overruled with some efforts.

Packaway is created in order to provide a relatively easy way to enforce encapsulation in Python at the module level in a way that is not intrusive.