parallel-ssh 1.11.0

Asynchronous parallel SSH library

Asynchronous parallel SSH client library.

Run SSH commands over many - hundreds/hundreds of thousands - number of servers asynchronously and with minimal system load on the client host.

Native code based client with extremely high performance - based on libssh2 C library.

Contents

• Installation

• Usage Example

• Native client

• Native Code Client Features

• Exit codes

  • SCP

  • SFTP

• Design And Goals

  • Comparison With Alternatives

    • Paramiko

    • asyncssh

    • Fabric

    • Ansible

    • ssh2-python

• Scaling

  • Technical Details

• User’s group

Installation

pip install parallel-ssh

Usage Example

See documentation on read the docs for more complete examples.

Run uname on two remote hosts in parallel with sudo.

from __future__ import print_function

from pssh.clients import ParallelSSHClient

hosts = ['myhost1', 'myhost2']
client = ParallelSSHClient(hosts)

output = client.run_command('uname')
for host, host_output in output.items():
    for line in host_output.stdout:
        print(line)

Output:

Linux
Linux

Native client

Starting from version 1.2.0, a new client is supported in parallel-ssh which offers much greater performance and reduced overhead than the current default client.

The new client is based on libssh2 via the ssh2-python extension library and supports non-blocking mode natively. Binary wheel packages with libssh2 included are provided for Linux, OSX and Windows platforms and all supported Python versions.

See this post for a performance comparison of the available clients.

To make use of this new client, ParallelSSHClient can be imported from pssh.clients.native instead. Their respective APIs are almost identical.

The new client will become the default and will replace the current pssh.pssh_client in a new major version of the library - 2.0.0.

The paramiko based client will become an optional install via pip extras, available under pssh.clients.miko.

For example:

from pprint import pprint
from pssh.clients.native import ParallelSSHClient

hosts = ['myhost1', 'myhost2']
client = ParallelSSHClient(hosts)

output = client.run_command('uname')
for host, host_output in output.items():
    for line in host_output.stdout:
        print(line)

See documentation for a feature comparison of the two clients.

Native Code Client Features

• Highest performance and least overhead of any Python SSH libraries

• Thread safe - makes use of native threads for blocking calls like authentication

• Natively non-blocking utilising libssh2 via ssh2-python - no monkey patching of the Python standard library

• Significantly reduced overhead in CPU and memory usage

Exit codes

Once either standard output is iterated on to completion, or client.join(output) is called, exit codes become available in host output.

Iteration ends only when remote command has completed, though it may be interrupted and resumed at any point.

HostOutput.exit_code is a dynamic property and will return None when exit code is not ready, meaning command has not finished, or channel is unavailable due to error.

Once all output has been gathered exit codes become available even without calling join.

for host in output:
    print(output[host].exit_code)

Output:

0
0

The client’s join function can be used to wait for all commands in output object to finish:

client.join(output)

Similarly, output and exit codes are available after client.join is called:

from pprint import pprint

output = client.run_command('exit 0')

# Wait for commands to complete
client.join(output)
pprint(output.values()[0].exit_code)

# Output remains available in output generators
for host, host_output in output.items():
    for line in host_output.stdout:
        pprint(line)

Output:

0
<..stdout..>

There is also a built in host logger that can be enabled to log output from remote hosts. The helper function pssh.utils.enable_host_logger will enable host logging to stdout.

To log output without having to iterate over output generators, the consume_output flag must be enabled - for example:

from pssh.utils import enable_host_logger

enable_host_logger()
client.join(client.run_command('uname'), consume_output=True)

Output:

[localhost]       Linux

SCP

SCP is supported - native clients only - and provides the best performance for file copying.

Unlike with the SFTP functionality, remote files that already exist are not overwritten and an exception is raised instead.

Note that enabling recursion with SCP requires server SFTP support for creating remote directories.

To copy a local file to remote hosts in parallel with SCP:

from pssh.clients import ParallelSSHClient
from gevent import joinall

hosts = ['myhost1', 'myhost2']
client = ParallelSSHClient(hosts)
cmds = client.scp_send('../test', 'test_dir/test')
joinall(cmds, raise_error=True)

See also documentation for SCP recv.

SFTP

SFTP is supported natively. Performance is much slower than SCP due to underlying library limitations and SCP should be preferred where possible. In the case of the deprecated paramiko clients, several bugs exist with SFTP performance and behaviour - avoid if at all possible.

To copy a local file to remote hosts in parallel:

from pssh.clients import ParallelSSHClient
from pssh.utils import enable_logger, logger
from gevent import joinall

enable_logger(logger)
hosts = ['myhost1', 'myhost2']
client = ParallelSSHClient(hosts)
cmds = client.copy_file('../test', 'test_dir/test')
joinall(cmds, raise_error=True)

Output:

Copied local file ../test to remote destination myhost1:test_dir/test
Copied local file ../test to remote destination myhost2:test_dir/test

There is similar capability to copy remote files to local ones suffixed with the host’s name with the copy_remote_file function.

Directory recursion is supported in both cases via the recurse parameter - defaults to off.

See SFTP documentation for more examples.

Design And Goals

parallel-ssh’s design goals and motivation are to provide a library for running non-blocking asynchronous SSH commands in parallel with little to no load induced on the system by doing so with the intended usage being completely programmatic and non-interactive.

To meet these goals, API driven solutions are preferred first and foremost. This frees up developers to drive the library via any method desired, be that environment variables, CI driven tasks, command line tools, existing OpenSSH or new configuration files, from within an application et al.

Comparison With Alternatives

There are not many alternatives for SSH libraries in Python. Of the few that do exist, here is how they compare with parallel-ssh.

As always, it is best to use a tool that is suited to the task at hand. parallel-ssh is a library for programmatic and non-interactive use - see Design And Goals. If requirements do not match what it provides then it best not be used. Same applies for the tools described below.

Paramiko

The default SSH client library in parallel-ssh 1.x.x series.

Pure Python code, while having native extensions as dependencies, with poor performance and numerous bugs compared to both OpenSSH binaries and the libssh2 based native clients in parallel-ssh 1.2.x and above. Recent versions have regressed in performance and have blocker issues.

It does not support non-blocking mode, so to make it non-blocking monkey patching must be used which affects all other uses of the Python standard library. However, some functionality like Kerberos (GSS-API) authentication is not currently provided by other libraries.

asyncssh

Python 3 only asyncio framework using client library. License (EPL) is not compatible with GPL, BSD or other open source licenses and combined works cannot be distributed.

Therefore unsuitable for use in many projects, including parallel-ssh.

Fabric

Port of Capistrano from Ruby to Python. Intended for command line use and is heavily systems administration oriented rather than non-interactive library. Same maintainer as Paramiko.

Uses Paramiko and suffers from the same limitations. More over, uses threads for parallelisation, while not being thread safe, and exhibits very poor performance and extremely high CPU usage even for limited number of hosts - 1 to 10 - with scaling limited to one core.

Library API is non-standard, poorly documented and with numerous issues as API use is not intended.

Ansible

A configuration management and automation tool that makes use of SSH remote commands. Uses, in parts, both Paramiko and OpenSSH binaries.

Similarly to Fabric, uses threads for parallelisation and suffers from the poor scaling that this model offers.

See The State of Python SSH Libraries for what to expect from scaling SSH with threads, as compared to non-blocking I/O with parallel-ssh.

Again similar to Fabric, its intended and documented use is interactive via command line rather than library API based. It may, however, be an option if Ansible is already being used for automation purposes with existing playbooks, the number of hosts is small, and when the use case is interactive via command line.

parallel-ssh is, on the other hand, a suitable option for Ansible as an SSH client that would improve its parallel SSH performance significantly.

ssh2-python

Wrapper to libssh2 C library. Used by parallel-ssh as of 1.2.0 and is by same author.

Does not do parallelisation out of the box but can be made parallel via Python’s threading library relatively easily and as it is a wrapper to a native library that releases Python’s GIL, can scale to multiple cores.

parallel-ssh uses ssh2-python in its native non-blocking mode with event loop and co-operative sockets provided by gevent for an extremely high performance library without the side-effects of monkey patching - see benchmarks.

In addition, parallel-ssh uses native threads to offload CPU blocked tasks like authentication in order to scale to multiple cores while still remaining non-blocking for network I/O.

pssh.clients.native.SSHClient is a single host natively non-blocking client for users that do not need parallel capabilities but still want a non-blocking client with native code performance.

Out of all the available Python SSH libraries, libssh2 and ssh2-python have been shown, see benchmarks above, to perform the best with the least resource utilisation and ironically for a native code extension the least amount of dependencies. Only libssh2 C library and its dependencies which are included in binary wheels.

However, it lacks support for some SSH features present elsewhere like ECDSA keys (PR pending), agent forwarding (PR also pending) and Kerberos authentication - see feature comparison.

Scaling

Some guide lines on scaling parallel-ssh and pool size numbers.

In general, long lived commands with little or no output gathering will scale better. Pool sizes in the multiple thousands have been used successfully with little CPU overhead in the single thread running them in these use cases.

Conversely, many short lived commands with output gathering will not scale as well. In this use case, smaller pool sizes in the hundreds are likely to perform better with regards to CPU overhead in the event loop.

Multiple Python native threads, each of which can get its own event loop, may be used to scale this use case further as number of CPU cores allows. Note that parallel-ssh imports must be done within the target function of the newly started thread for it to receive its own event loop. gevent.get_hub() may be used to confirm that the worker thread event loop differs from the main thread.

Gathering is highlighted here as output generation does not affect scaling. Only when output is gathered either over multiple still running commands, or while more commands are being triggered, is overhead increased.

Technical Details

To understand why this is, consider that in co-operative multi tasking, which is being used in this project via the gevent library, a co-routine (greenlet) needs to yield the event loop to allow others to execute - co-operation. When one co-routine is constantly grabbing the event loop in order to gather output, or when co-routines are constantly trying to start new short-lived commands, it causes contention with other co-routines that also want to use the event loop.

This manifests itself as increased CPU usage in the process running the event loop and reduced performance with regards to scaling improvements from increasing pool size.

On the other end of the spectrum, long lived remote commands that generate no output only need the event loop at the start, when they are establishing connections, and at the end, when they are finished and need to gather exit codes, which results in practically zero CPU overhead at any time other than start or end of command execution.

Output generation is done remotely and has no effect on the event loop until output is gathered - output buffers are iterated on. Only at that point does the event loop need to be held.

User’s group

There is a public ParallelSSH Google group setup for this purpose - both posting and viewing are open to the public.