pdyndns 0.1.8

PEERING testbed dynamic PowerDNS backend

# Dynamic PowerDNS backend

This repository implements a PowerDNS pipe backend to provide
dynamic replies to DNS queries. Replies are taken round-robin from
a predefined list read from a text file. We use this backend to
steer RIPE Atlas traceroute measurements toward PEERING prefixes
according to experiment requirements.

# Usage

This module communicates with PowerDNS using PowerDNS's [pipe
backend][1] protocol version 3. The tool receives a single
configuration file as parameter, and exchanges information with
PowerDNS through standard input and output. The configuration file
is in JSON format and is validated by the `config.json.schema` [JSON
schema][2].

[1]: https://doc.powerdns.com/md/authoritative/backend-pipe/
[2]: http://json-schema.org/

## Backend configuration

The configuration file specifies the DNS domain the backend is
responsible for, and information required to answer `SOA` and `NS`
DNS queries:

``` .json
{
"domain": "atlas.peering.usc.edu",
"soa": "atlas.peering.usc.edu noc.peering.usc.edu 20170723 7200 3600 7200 120",
"nameservers": [
"peering-atlas-ns.vms.uscnsl.net",
"peering-atlas-ns.peering-vms.usc.edu"
],
"ttl": 3600,
...
}
```

The `domain` parameter specifies what domain the backend is
responsible for. The `soa` parameter specifies zone-specific timers
and configuration, and is used verbatim in replies for DNS `SOA`
queries. The `nameserver` parameter specifies a list of name
servers for the zone, used in replies for `NS` queries. The
time-to-live parameter (`ttl`) specifies the period for which
replies to `SOA` and `NS` queries should be cached. Normally, the
third field in the `soa` parameter (`20170723`, the [serial
number][3]) needs to be updated whenever a zone is updated.
Although updating the serial number when the dynamic addresses are
reconfigured is not essential (because replies have a time-to-live
of zero to prevent caching), the serial number needs to be updated
if the `soa` or `nameservers` parameters are updated.

[3]: https://doc.powerdns.com/md/types/

Each dynamic host name within `domain` is handled by a handler that
reads the list of IP addresses from a text file. The handler
replies to queries with IP addresses in the text file in round-robin
order. Each handler has three parameters:

``` .json
{
...
"handlers": [
{
"qname": "target1.atlas.peering.usc.edu",
"qtype": "A",
"file": "data/peering-v4.txt",
},
{
"qname": "target2.atlas.peering.usc.edu",
"qtype": "AAAA",
"file": "data/peering-v6.txt"
},
...
]
}
```

Parameter `qname` specifies the fully-qualified domain name that
should be answered with IP addresses within `file`. The `qtype`
field specified whether IP addresses in `file` are IPv4 addresses
(`qtype = A`) or IPv6 addresses (`qtype = AAAA`).

## Setting up the parent DNS server

We also need to configure the authoritative name server for the
parent domain (`peering.usc.edu` in our case) to forward all
requests for `atlas.peering.usc.edu` to the machine running
[pdns-dyndns][4].

[4]: https://github.com/PEERINGTestbed/pdns-dyndns

If using [BIND] and if the [pdns-dyndns][4] server is
`peering-atlas-ns.vms.uscnsl.net`, this can be achieved by adding
the following to the zone database (equivalent entries can be added
to PowerDNS to achieve the same effect):

```
atlas.peering.usc.edu. NS peering-atlas-ns.vms.uscnsl.net.
```

# TODO

[ ] Write JSON configuration schema for validation
[ ] Test logging to systemd
[ ] Dockerize with PowerDNS
[ ] Write benchmark code for the container
[ ] Deploy/integrate with monitoring (Nagios)
[ ] Make DNS reply O(1)

# Acknowledgements

Precursors, and early implementations for this code include [RIPE
Atlas][8]'s [atlas-dyndns][5], Emile Aben's [Scapy DNS Ninja][6] and
[Zeerover DNS][7].

[8]: https://atlas.ripe.net
[5]: https://github.com/RIPE-NCC/atlas-dyndns
[6]: https://github.com/emileaben/scapy-dns-ninja
[7]: https://github.com/USC-NSL/RIPE2015HackAThon