pygeoif 1.1.0

A basic implementation of the __geo_interface__

Introduction

PyGeoIf provides a GeoJSON-like protocol for geo-spatial (GIS) vector data.

Other Python programs and packages that you may have heard of already implement this protocol:

• ArcPy

• descartes

• PySAL

• Shapely

• pyshp

So when you want to write your own geospatial library with support for this protocol you may use pygeoif as a starting point and build your functionality on top of it

You may think of pygeoif as a ‘shapely ultralight’ which lets you construct geometries and perform very basic operations like reading and writing geometries from/to WKT, constructing line strings out of points, polygons from linear rings, multi polygons from polygons, etc. It was inspired by shapely and implements the geometries in a way that when you are familiar with shapely you feel right at home with pygeoif.

It was written to provide clean and python only geometries for fastkml

Example

>>> from pygeoif import geometry
>>> p = geometry.Point(1,1)
>>> p.__geo_interface__
{'type': 'Point', 'bbox': (1, 1, 1, 1), 'coordinates': (1, 1)}
>>> print(p)
POINT (1 1)
>>> p
Point(1, 1)
>>> l = geometry.LineString([(0.0, 0.0), (1.0, 1.0)])
>>> l.bounds
(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0)
>>> print(l)
LINESTRING (0.0 0.0, 1.0 1.0)

You find more examples in the tests directory which cover every aspect of pygeoif or in fastkml.

Classes

All classes implement the attribute:

• __geo_interface__: as discussed above, an interface to GeoJSON.

All geometry classes implement the attributes:

• geom_type: Returns a string specifying the Geometry Type of the object

• bounds: Returns a (minx, miny, maxx, maxy) tuple that bounds the object.

• wkt: Returns the ‘Well Known Text’ representation of the object

For two-dimensional geometries the following methods are implemented:

• convex_hull: Returns a representation of the smallest convex Polygon containing all the points in the object unless the number of points in the object is less than three. For two points, the convex hull collapses to a LineString; for 1, a Point. For three dimensional objects only their projection in the xy plane is taken into consideration. Empty objects without coordinates return None for the convex_hull.

Point

A zero dimensional geometry

A point has zero length and zero area. A point cannot be empty.

Attributes

x, y, zfloat

Coordinate values

Example

>>> from pygeoif import Point
>>> p = Point(1.0, -1.0)
>>> print(p)
POINT (1.0 -1.0)
>>> p.y
-1.0
>>> p.x
1.0

LineString

A one-dimensional figure comprising one or more line segments

A LineString has non-zero length and zero area. It may approximate a curve and need not be straight. Unlike a LinearRing, a LineString is not closed.

Attributes

geomssequence

A sequence of Points

LinearRing

A closed one-dimensional geometry comprising one or more line segments

A LinearRing that crosses itself or touches itself at a single point is invalid and operations on it may fail.

A LinearRing is self closing.

Polygon

A two-dimensional figure bounded by a linear ring

A polygon has a non-zero area. It may have one or more negative-space “holes” which are also bounded by linear rings. If any rings cross each other, the geometry is invalid and operations on it may fail.

Attributes

exteriorLinearRing

The ring which bounds the positive space of the polygon.

interiorssequence

A sequence of rings which bound all existing holes.

maybe_valid: boolean

When a polygon has obvious problems such as self crossing lines or holes that are outside the exterior bounds this will return False. Even if this returns True the geometry may still be invalid, but if this returns False you do have a problem.

MultiPoint

A collection of one or more points.

Attributes

geomssequence

A sequence of Points.

MultiLineString

A collection of one or more line strings.

A MultiLineString has non-zero length and zero area.

Attributes

geomssequence

A sequence of LineStrings

MultiPolygon

A collection of one or more polygons.

Attributes

geomssequence

A sequence of Polygon instances

GeometryCollection

A heterogenous collection of geometries (Points, LineStrings, LinearRings and Polygons).

Attributes

geomssequence

A sequence of geometry instances

Please note: GEOMETRYCOLLECTION isn’t supported by the Shapefile or GeoJSON format. And this sub-class isn’t generally supported by ordinary GIS sw (viewers and so on). So it’s very rarely used in the real GIS professional world.

Example

>>> from pygeoif import geometry
>>> p = geometry.Point(1.0, -1.0)
>>> p2 = geometry.Point(1.0, -1.0)
>>> geoms = [p, p2]
>>> c = geometry.GeometryCollection(geoms)
>>> [geom for geom in geoms]
[Point(1.0, -1.0), Point(1.0, -1.0)]

Feature

Aggregates a geometry instance with associated user-defined properties.

Attributes

geometryobject

A geometry instance

propertiesdict

A dictionary linking field keys with values associated with with geometry instance

Example

>>> from pygeoif import Point, Feature
>>> p = Point(1.0, -1.0)
>>> props = {'Name': 'Sample Point', 'Other': 'Other Data'}
>>> a = Feature(p, props)
>>> a.properties
{'Name': 'Sample Point', 'Other': 'Other Data'}
>>> a.properties['Name']
'Sample Point'

FeatureCollection

A heterogenous collection of Features

Attributes

features: sequence

A sequence of feature instances

Example

>>> from pygeoif import Point, Feature, FeatureCollection
>>> p = Point(1.0, -1.0)
>>> props = {'Name': 'Sample Point', 'Other': 'Other Data'}
>>> a = Feature(p, props)
>>> p2 = Point(1.0, -1.0)
>>> props2 = {'Name': 'Sample Point2', 'Other': 'Other Data2'}
>>> b = Feature(p2, props2)
>>> features = [a, b]
>>> c = FeatureCollection(features)
>>> [feature for feature in c]
[Feature(Point(1.0, -1.0), {'Name': 'Sample Point', 'Other': 'Other Data'},...]

Functions

shape

Create a pygeoif feature from an object that provides the __geo_interface__ or any GeoJSON compatible dictionary.

>>> from shapely.geometry import Point
>>> from pygeoif import geometry, shape
>>> shape(Point(0,0))
Point(0.0, 0.0)

from_wkt

Create a geometry from its WKT representation

>>> from pygeoif import from_wkt
>>> p = from_wkt('POINT (0 1)')
>>> print(p)
POINT (0.0 1.0)

signed_area

Return the signed area enclosed by a ring using the linear time algorithm at http://www.cgafaq.info/wiki/Polygon_Area. A value >= 0 indicates a counter-clockwise oriented ring.

orient

Returns a copy of a polygon with exteriors and interiors in the right orientation.

if ccw is True than the exterior will be in counterclockwise orientation and the interiors will be in clockwise orientation, or the other way round when ccw is False.

box

Return a rectangular polygon with configurable normal vector.

mapping

Return the __geo_interface__ dictionary.

Development

Installation

You can install PyGeoIf from pypi using pip:

pip install pygeoif

Testing

Install the requirements with pip install -r test-requirements.txt and run the unit and static tests with:

pytest pygeoif
pytest --doctest-glob="README.rst"
yesqa pygeoif/*.py
black pygeoif
flake8 pygeoif
mypy pygeoif

pre-commit

Install the pre-commit hook with:

pip install pre-commit
pre-commit install

and check the code with:

pre-commit run --all-files

Acknowledgments

The tests were improved with mutmut which discovered some nasty edge cases.

Changelog

1.1 (2023/10/13)

• Fix nested MultiGeometries

• Improve type annotations

• Add Python 3.12 to supported versions

• Last version to support Python 3.7

1.0 (2022/09/29)

• Add type annotations

• refactor

• changes to keep functionality and interface close to shapely

• remove support for python 2

• minimum python version is 3.7

• rename as_shape to shape

• add box factory

• format with black

• reconstruct objects from their representation

• Parse WKT that is not in upper case.

• Centroid for LinearRings

• Convex Hull

• implement equality __eq__ operator (==)

• is_empty and bool

• drop duplicate points when creating LineStrings

0.7 (2017/05/04)

• fix broken multipolygon [mindflayer]

• add “bbox” to __geo_interface__ output [jzmiller1]

0.6 (2015/08/04)

• Add id to feature [jzmiller1]

0.5 (2015/07/13)

• Add __iter__ method to FeatureCollection and GeometryCollection [jzmiller1].

• add pypy and pypy3 and python 3.4 to travis.

• Add tox configuration for performing local testing [Ian Lee].

• Add Travis continuous deployment.

0.4 (2013/10/25)

• after a year in production promote it to Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable

• MultiPolygons return tuples as the __geo_interface__

0.3.1 (2012/11/15)

• specify minor python versions tested with Travis CI

• fix for signed area

0.3 (2012/11/14)

• add GeometryCollection

• len(Multi*) and len(GeometryCollection) returns the number of contained Geometries

• add orient function to get clockwise or counterclockwise oriented polygons

• add signed_area function

• add _set_orientation method to lineStrings, Polygons and MultiPolygons

0.2.1 (2012/08/02)

• as_shape also accepts an object that is neither a dictionary nor has a __geo_interface__ but can be converted into a __geo_interface__ compliant dictionary

0.2 (2012/08/01)

• change license to LGPL

• add wkt as a property

• as_shape also accepts a __geo_interface__ compliant dictionary

• test with python3

0.1 (2012/07/27)

• initial release