PyScalapack 0.3.17

python wrapper for scalapack

PyScalapack is a Python wrapper for ScaLAPACK. To use PySCALAPACK, users must provide the path to the ScaLAPACK dynamic shared library, which is loaded by ctypes.CDLL by default.

Install

Please either copy or create a soft link for the directory in the site-packages directory. Alternatively, users can utilize pip to install the PyScalapack package by running the command pip install PyScalapack.

Documents

Load ScaLAPACK

The ScaLAPACK dynamic shared library should be loaded prior to engaging in any further operations.

import PyScalapack

scalapack = PyScalapack("libscalapack.so")

If the ScaLAPACK dynamic shared library reside outside the default path, users must supply their absolute paths. In case ScaLAPACK functions are distributed across multiple cdecl convention dynamic shared libraries, include them all when invoking PySCALAPACK. For instance, use PySCALAPACK("libmkl_core.so", ...). To override the default loader ctypes.CDLL, add a keyword-only argument called loader to PySCALAPACK, which is particularly helpful when working with non-cdecl convention shared libraries.

Create a context

Create a BLACS context to facilitate subsequent BLACS or ScaLAPACK operations. A context informs ScaLAPACK on how a distributed matrix is positioned among various processes. Establishing a context is mandatory for creating a BLACS matrix. Only three parameters are required: layout (either column major or row major), the number of rows in the process grid, and the number of columns in the process grid. Set the layout to b'C' for column major or b'R' for row major.

To ensure efficient use of resources and prevent idle processes, make sure the product of nprow and npcol is equal to the number of processes. If the product of nprow and npcol surpasses the number of processes, a fatal error arises. When the product of nprow and npcol is smaller than the number pf processes, some processes may be excluded from the context. These excluded processes are marked as invalid within the context. To check if the current process is valid, users can examine the context.valid attribute. Alternatively, they can also utilize boolean operations such as bool(context).

The context in PyScalapack has several attributes including:

• layout: layout of the process grid, it is either 'R' for row major or 'C' for column major;
• nprow: row number of the process grid;
• npcol: column number of the process grid;
• rank: rank of the current process;
• size: size of the process grid;
• ictx: the raw context handle from BLACS;
• myrow: row index of the current process;
• mycol: column index of the current process;
• valid: whether the current process is valid, it equals rank < nprol * npcol.

Most of these attributes are of type ctypes bool or ctypes int. To obtain their Python values, users can access them using the value attribute, like context.nprow.value.

import PyScalapack

scalapack = PyScalapack("libscalapack.so")

with scalapack(layout=b'C', nprow=1, npcol=1) as context:
    for key, value in context.__dict__.items():
	print(f"{key} = {value}")

scalapack = <PyScalapack.Scalapack object at 0x7f6242fa0210>
layout = c_char(b'C')
nprow = c_int(1)
npcol = c_int(1)
rank = c_int(0)
size = c_int(1)
ictxt = c_int(0)
myrow = c_int(0)
mycol = c_int(0)
valid = True

Users can utilize the function context.barrier(scope=b'A') to synchronize all processes within the process grid. Additionally, calling with scope=b'R' will synchronize all processes in the same row of the process grid, while invoking context.barrier with scope=b'C' will synchronize all processes in the same column of the process grid.

Create an array

Utilize context.array to generate a block-cyclic distributed array. The matrix's shape relies on the arguments m and n, whereas the block size for distribution among processes is set by mb and nb. Once an array is created, each process will have its own local matrix dimensions, which can be accessed through local_m and local_n.

import numpy as np
import PyScalapack

scalapack = PyScalapack(
    "libmpi.so",
    "libmkl_core.so",
    "libmkl_sequential.so",
    "libmkl_intel_lp64.so",
    "libmkl_blacs_intelmpi_lp64.so",
    "libmkl_scalapack_lp64.so",
)

with scalapack(b'C', 2, 2) as context:
    array = context.array(
	m=23,
	n=47,
	mb=5,
	nb=5,
	dtype=np.float64,
    )
    if context.rank.value == 0:
	print(f"Matrix dimension is ({array.m}, {array.n})")
    print(f"Matrix local dimension at process " +  #
	  f"({context.myrow.value}, {context.mycol.value})" +  #
	  f" is ({array.local_m}, {array.local_n})")

Matrix dimension is (23, 47)
Matrix local dimension at process (0, 0) is (13, 25)
Matrix local dimension at process (1, 0) is (10, 25)
Matrix local dimension at process (0, 1) is (13, 22)
Matrix local dimension at process (1, 1) is (10, 22)

The user can create a new empty matrix with the desired scalar type by specifying dtype. Alternatively, they can provide an existing distributed matrix by passing local matrix to data argument, making sure that the local dimensions of the matrix remains accurate across all processes. Regardless of how the array was generated, users can access the local matrix data by using array.data, and retrieve the scalar type via array.dtype.

import numpy as np
import PyScalapack

scalapack = PyScalapack("libscalapack.so")

with scalapack(b'C', 1, 1) as context:
    array = context.array(
	m=128,
	n=512,
	mb=1,
	nb=1,
	data=np.zeros([128, 512], order='F'),
    )
    print(f"Matrix dimension is ({array.m}, {array.n})")
    print(f"Matrix local dimension is " +  #
	  f"({array.local_m}, {array.local_n})")

with scalapack(b'R', 1, 1) as context:
    array = context.array(
	m=128,
	n=512,
	mb=1,
	nb=1,
	data=np.zeros([128, 512], order='C'),
    )
    print(f"Matrix dimension is ({array.m}, {array.n})")
    print(f"Matrix local dimension is " +  #
	  f"({array.local_m}, {array.local_n})")

Matrix dimension is (128, 512)
Matrix local dimension is (128, 512)
Matrix dimension is (128, 512)
Matrix local dimension is (128, 512)

When passing a given local matrix, make sure the NumPy array order matches the context layout. Use 'F' for column major layout and 'C' for row major layout.

Redistribute matrix

Within ScaLAPACK, the p?gemr2d subroutine serves as a tool for redistributing matrix. To redistribute a matrix from one context to another with p?gemr2d in ScaLAPACK, users should furnish the matrix's dimensions, details about both matrices (which can be acquired via scalapack_params()), and one raw BLACS context handle to the subroutine.

import numpy as np
import PyScalapack

scalapack = PyScalapack(
    "libmpi.so",
    "libmkl_core.so",
    "libmkl_sequential.so",
    "libmkl_intel_lp64.so",
    "libmkl_blacs_intelmpi_lp64.so",
    "libmkl_scalapack_lp64.so",
)

with (
	scalapack(b'C', 1, 2) as context1,
	scalapack(b'C', 2, 1) as context2,
):
    m = 2
    n = 2
    array1 = context1.array(m, n, 1, 1, dtype=np.float64)
    array1.data[...] = np.random.randn(*array1.data.shape)
    print(f"rank={context1.rank.value} before " +  #
	  f"redistribute {array1.data.reshape([-1])}")
    array2 = context2.array(m, n, 1, 1, dtype=np.float64)
    scalapack.pgemr2d["D"](
	*(m, n),
	*array1.scalapack_params(),
	*array2.scalapack_params(),
	context1.ictxt,
    )
    print(f"rank={context2.rank.value} after " +  #
	  f"redistribute {array2.data.reshape([-1])}")

rank=0 before redistribute [0.90707631 1.18754568]
rank=0 after redistribute [0.90707631 0.75556488]
rank=1 before redistribute [ 0.75556488 -0.4480556 ]
rank=1 after redistribute [ 1.18754568 -0.4480556 ]

Call ScaLAPACK function

Here's an example that demonstrates calling pdgemm and comparing its result to a similar calculation performed by NumPy. We create two contexts, context serves as the primary one while context0 acts as a supplemental context containing solely rank-0 processes tailored for data redistribution. Initially, we produce a random matrix within context0 and redistribute it to context. Post-redistribution, we invoke pdgemm to execute matrix multiplication within context. Following this operation, we redistribute the resulting product back to context0 and contrast it with the computation derived using NumPy.

import numpy as np
import PyScalapack

scalapack = PyScalapack(
    "libmpi.so",
    "libmkl_core.so",
    "libmkl_sequential.so",
    "libmkl_intel_lp64.so",
    "libmkl_blacs_intelmpi_lp64.so",
    "libmkl_scalapack_lp64.so",
)

L1 = 128
L2 = 512
with (
	scalapack(b'C', 2, 2) as context,
	scalapack(b'C', 1, 1) as context0,
):
    array0 = context0.array(L1, L2, 1, 1, dtype=np.float64)
    if context0:
	array0.data[...] = np.random.randn(*array0.data.shape)

    array = context.array(L1, L2, 1, 1, dtype=np.float64)
    scalapack.pgemr2d["D"](
	*(L1, L2),
	*array0.scalapack_params(),
	*array.scalapack_params(),
	context.ictxt,
    )

    result = context.array(L1, L1, 1, 1, dtype=np.float64)
    scalapack.pdgemm(
	b'N',
	b'T',
	*(L1, L1, L2),
	scalapack.d_one,
	*array.scalapack_params(),
	*array.scalapack_params(),
	scalapack.d_zero,
	*result.scalapack_params(),
    )

    result0 = context0.array(L1, L1, 1, 1, dtype=np.float64)
    scalapack.pgemr2d["D"](
	*(L1, L1),
	*result.scalapack_params(),
	*result0.scalapack_params(),
	context.ictxt,
    )

    if context0:
	error = result0.data - array0.data @ array0.data.T
	print(np.linalg.norm(error))

2.931808596345247e-12

Call LAPACK function

This package also offers a convenient interface for easily invoking LAPACK/BLAS functions. The subsequent code demonstrates an instance of calling dgemm. Users must additionally create an trivial context and create single-process ScaLAPACK array prior to invoking LAPACK/BLAS functions.

import numpy as np
import PyScalapack

scalapack = PyScalapack("libscalapack.so")

L1 = 128
L2 = 512
with scalapack(b'C', 1, 1) as context:
    array = context.array(L1, L2, 1, 1, dtype=np.float64)
    array.data[...] = np.random.randn(*array.data.shape)

    result = context.array(L1, L1, 1, 1, dtype=np.float64)
    scalapack.dgemm(
	b'N',
	b'T',
	*(L1, L1, L2),
	scalapack.d_one,
	*array.lapack_params(),
	*array.lapack_params(),
	scalapack.d_zero,
	*result.lapack_params(),
    )

    diff = result.data - array.data @ array.data.T
    print(np.linalg.norm(diff))

0.0

Generic variables and functions

As ScaLAPACK functions require scalar arguments of raw C types such as c_int or c_float, we have defined several constant variables, including zero = ctypes.c_int(0), one = ctypes.c_int(1), and neg_one = ctypes.c_int(-1). The floating one and zero are also named as ?_one and ?_zero, where ? represents c, d, c or z. f_one and f_zero allow you to obtain the floating-point constant variables, depending on chosen scalar type.

import PyScalapack

scalapack = PyScalapack("libscalapack.so")

print(scalapack.f_one["D"] == scalapack.d_one)
print(scalapack.f_zero["Z"] == scalapack.z_zero)

True
True

Some functions like p?gemm can be chosen with pgemm[char], where char represents S, D, C or Z. But not all functions have this mapping because it's mapped manually based on our current needs. Users can either map additional ScaLAPACK functions on their own, report issues, or submit pull requests.

import PyScalapack

scalapack = PyScalapack("libscalapack.so")

print(scalapack.pgemm["D"] == scalapack.pdgemm)

True