pyswarming 1.1.0

A research toolkit for Swarm Robotics

pyswarming

pyswarming is a research toolkit for Swarm Robotics.

Installation

You can install pyswarming from PyPI using pip (Recommended):

pip install pyswarming

Dependencies

pyswarming's dependencies are: numpy and matplotlib.

Documentation

The official documentation is hosted on ReadTheDocs.

Algorithms covered

This library includes the following algorithms to be used in swarm robotics:

• Leaderless heading consensus: the collective performs heading consensus [^1];
• Inverse power: ajustable attraction and repulsion laws [^2];
• Spring: allows the robots to maintain a desired distance between them [^2];
• Force law: mimics the gravitational force [^3];
• Repulsive force: makes the individuals repulse each other [^4];
• Body force: introduces a body force that considers the radii of the robots [^4];
• Inter robot spacing: allows the robots to maintain a desired distance between them [^5];
• Dissipative: a dissipative force that reduces the "energy" of the robots [^5];
• Leader following: the collective performs heading consensus with a leader [^6];
• Collision avoidance: the robot stays away from neighbors in the vicinity [^7];
• Attraction alignment: the robot becomes attracted and aligned [^7];
• Preferred direction: the robot has a preference to move toward a preset direction [^7];
• Lennard-Jones: allows the formation of lattices [^8];
• Virtual viscosity: a viscous force that reduces the "oscillation" of the robots [^8];
• Modified attraction alignment: the robot becomes attracted and aligned by considering a “social importance” factor [^9];
• Heading consensus: the collective performs heading consensus [^10];
• Perimeter defense: the robots maximize the perimeter covered in an unknown environment [^10];
• Environment exploration: provides spatial coverage [^10];
• Aggregation: makes all the individuals aggregate collectively [^11];
• Alignment: the collective performs heading consensus [^11];
• Geofencing: attract the robots towards area A [^11];
• Repulsion: makes all the individuals repulse collectively [^11];
• Target: the robot goes to an specific target location [^11];
• Area coverage: using the Geofencing and Repulsion algorithms [^11];
• Collective navigation: using the Target and Repulsion algorithms [^11];
• Flocking: using the Aggregation, Repulsion and Alignment algorithms [^11];

[^1]: T. Vicsek, A. Czirók, E. Ben-Jacob, I. Cohen, and O. Shochet, “Novel Type of Phase Transition in a System of Self-Driven Particles,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 75, no. 6, pp. 1226–1229, Aug. 1995. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1226.

[^2]: J. H. Reif and H. Wang, “Social potential fields: A distributed behavioral control for autonomous robots,” Robot. Auton. Syst., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 171–194, May 1999. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8890(99)00004-4.

[^3]: W. M. Spears and D. F. Gordon, “Using artificial physics to control agents,” in Proceedings 1999 International Conference on Information Intelligence and Systems (Cat. No.PR00446), Bethesda, MD, USA: IEEE Comput. Soc, 1999, pp. 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIIS.1999.810278.

[^4]: D. Helbing, I. Farkas, and T. Vicsek, “Simulating dynamical features of escape panic,” Nature, vol. 407, no. 6803, pp. 487–490, Sep. 2000. https://doi.org/10.1038/35035023.

[^5]: N. E. Leonard and E. Fiorelli, “Virtual leaders, artificial potentials and coordinated control of groups,” presented at the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC.2001.980728.

[^6]: A. Jadbabaie, Jie Lin, and A. S. Morse, “Coordination of groups of mobile autonomous agents using nearest neighbor rules,” IEEE Trans. Autom. Control, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 988–1001, Jun. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.2003.812781.

[^7]: I. D. Couzin, J. Krause, N. R. Franks, and S. A. Levin, “Effective leadership and decision-making in animal groups on the move,” Nature, vol. 433, no. 7025, pp. 513–516, Feb. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03236.

[^8]: C. Pinciroli et al., “Lattice Formation in Space for a Swarm of Pico Satellites,” in Ant Colony Optimization and Swarm Intelligence, M. Dorigo, M. Birattari, C. Blum, M. Clerc, T. Stützle, and A. F. T. Winfield, Eds., in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5217. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008, pp. 347–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87527-7_36.

[^9]: R. Freeman and D. Biro, “Modelling Group Navigation: Dominance and Democracy in Homing Pigeons,” J. Navig., vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 33–40, Jan. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0373463308005080.

[^10]: M. Chamanbaz et al., “Swarm-Enabling Technology for Multi-Robot Systems,” Front. Robot. AI, vol. 4, Apr. 2017. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2017.00012.

[^11]: B. M. Zoss et al., “Distributed system of autonomous buoys for scalable deployment and monitoring of large waterbodies,” Auton. Robots, vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 1669–1689, Dec. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10514-018-9702-0.

Examples using pyswarming.swarm

# importing the swarm creator
import pyswarming.swarm as sw

Repulsion

my_swarm = sw.Swarm(10, # number of robots
                    0.5, # linear speed of each robot
                    1.0, # sampling time
                    [0.0, 0.0], # robots deployed randomly around x = 0.0, y = 0.0 (+- 5.0 meters)
                    [[-50.0, 50.0], [-50.0, 50.0]], # plot limits x_lim, y_lim
                    ['repulsion']) # list of behaviors
my_swarm.simulate()

Collective navigation

my_swarm = sw.Swarm(10, # number of robots
                    0.5, # linear speed of each robot
                    1.0, # sampling time
                    [0.0, 0.0], # robots deployed randomly around x = 0.0, y = 0.0 (+- 5.0 meters)
                    [[-50.0, 50.0], [-50.0, 50.0]], # plot limits x_lim, y_lim
                    ['repulsion']) # list of behaviors
my_swarm.behaviors_dict['r_out']['collective_navigation']['alpha'] = 2.0  # setting the strength of the repulsion
my_swarm.behaviors_dict['r_out']['collective_navigation']['T'] = np.array([-40, -40, 0]) # setting the target
my_swarm.simulate()

Target + Aggregation

my_swarm = sw.Swarm(10, # number of robots
                    0.5, # linear speed of each robot
                    1.0, # sampling time
                    [0.0, 0.0], # robots deployed randomly around x = 0.0, y = 0.0 (+- 5.0 meters)
                    [[-50.0, 50.0], [-50.0, 50.0]], # plot limits x_lim, y_lim
                    ['target','aggregation']) # list of behaviors
my_swarm.behaviors_dict['r_out']['target']['T'] = np.array([-40, -40, 0]) # setting the target
my_swarm.simulate()

Other Examples

Considering a swarm of robots, they can show different behaviors by using pyswarming. The following codes are simplified implementations, for detailed ones, see the Examples folder.

# importing the swarming behaviors
import pyswarming.behaviors as ps

# importing numpy to work with arrays
import numpy as np

Target

To simplify, considering just one robot.

# define the robot (x, y, z) position
r_i = np.asarray([0., 0., 0.])

# set the robot linear velocity
s_i = 1.0

# define a target (x, y, z) position
T = np.asarray([8., 8., 0.])

for t in range(15):

    # print the robot (x, y, z) position
    print(r_i)

    # update the robot (x, y, z) position
    r_i += s_i*ps.target(r_i, T)

Aggregation

Considering four robots.

# define each robot (x, y, z) position
r = np.asarray([[8., 8., 0.],
                [-8., 8., 0.],
                [8., -8., 0.],
                [-8., -8., 0.]])

# set the robot linear velocity
s_i = 1.0

for t in range(15):

    # print the robot (x, y, z) positions
    print(r)

    # update the robot (x, y, z) positions
    for r_ind in range(len(r)):
        r_i = r[r_ind]
        r_j = np.delete(r, np.array([r_ind]), axis=0)
        r[r_ind] += s_i*ps.aggregation(r_i, r_j)

Repulsion

Considering four robots.

# define each robot (x, y, z) position
r = np.asarray([[1., 1., 0.],
                [-1., 1., 0.],
                [1., -1., 0.],
                [-1., -1., 0.]])

# set the robot linear velocity
s_i = 1.0

for t in range(15):

    # print the robot (x, y, z) positions
    print(r)

    # update the robot (x, y, z) positions
    for r_ind in range(len(r)):
        r_i = r[r_ind]
        r_j = np.delete(r, np.array([r_ind]), axis=0)
        r[r_ind] += s_i*ps.repulsion(r_i, r_j, 3.0)

Aggregation + Repulsion

Considering four robots.

# define each robot (x, y, z) position
r = np.asarray([[8., 8., 0.],
                [-8., 8., 0.],
                [8., -8., 0.],
                [-8., -8., 0.]])

# set the robot linear velocity
s_i = 1.0

for t in range(15):

    # print the robot (x, y, z) positions
    print(r)

    # update the robot (x, y, z) positions
    for r_ind in range(len(r)):
        r_i = r[r_ind]
        r_j = np.delete(r, np.array([r_ind]), axis=0)
        r[r_ind] += s_i*(ps.aggregation(r_i, r_j) + ps.repulsion(r_i, r_j, 5.0))

Contributing to pyswarming

All kind of contributions are welcome:

• Improvement of code with new features, bug fixes, and bug reports
• Improvement of documentation
• Additional tests

Follow the instructions here for submitting a PR.

If you have any ideas or questions, feel free to open an issue.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by "Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES)", LOC/COPPE/UFRJ (Laboratory of Waves and Current - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro) and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), which are gratefully acknowledged.