python-iso639 2024.4.27

ISO 639 language codes, names, and other associated information

python-iso639

python-iso639 is a Python package for ISO 639 language codes, names, and other associated information.

Current features:

• A representation of languages mapped across ISO 639-1, 639-2, and 639-3.
• Functionality to "guess" what a language is for a given unknown language code or name.

Installation

pip install python-iso639

Usage

python-iso639 revolves around a Language class. Instances of Language have attributes and methods that you will find useful.

Note that while the package name registered on PyPI is python-iso639, the actual import name during runtime is iso639 (which means you should do import iso639 in your Python code).

Creating Language Instances

Create a Language instance by one of the methods.

from_part3, with an ISO 639-3 code

>>> import iso639
>>> lang1 = iso639.Language.from_part3('fra')
>>> type(lang1)
<class 'iso639.language.Language'>
>>> lang1
Language(part3='fra', part2b='fre', part2t='fra', part1='fr', scope='I', type='L', name='French', comment=None, other_names=None, macrolanguage=None, retire_reason=None, retire_change_to=None, retire_remedy=None, retire_date=None)

From Another ISO 639 Code Set or a Reference Name

>>> lang2 = iso639.Language.from_part2b('fre')  # ISO 639-2 (bibliographic)
>>> lang3 = iso639.Language.from_part2t('fra')  # ISO 639-2 (terminological)
>>> lang4 = iso639.Language.from_part1('fr')  # ISO 639-1
>>> lang5 = iso639.Language.from_name('French')  # ISO 639-3 reference language name

A LanguageNotFoundError is Raised for Invalid Inputs

>>> iso639.Language.from_part3('Fra')  # The user input is case-sensitive!
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
LanguageNotFoundError: 'Fra' isn't an ISO language code or name
>>>
>>> iso639.Language.from_name("unknown language")
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
LanguageNotFoundError: 'unknown language' isn't an ISO language code or name

Accessing Attributes

>>> lang1
Language(part3='fra', part2b='fre', part2t='fra', part1='fr', scope='I', type='L', name='French', comment=None, other_names=None, macrolanguage=None, retire_reason=None, retire_change_to=None, retire_remedy=None, retire_date=None)
>>> lang1.part3
'fra'
>>> lang1.name
'French'

Comparison

>>> lang1 == lang2 == lang3 == lang4 == lang5  # All are French
True
>>> lang6 = iso639.Language.from_part3('spa')  # Spanish
>>> lang1 == lang6  # French vs. Spanish
False
>>> 'French' == lang1.name == lang2.name == lang3.name == lang4.name == lang5.name
True
>>> lang6.name
'Spanish'

Guess a Language: Classmethod match

You don't know which code set or name your input is from? Use the match classmethod:

>>> lang1 = iso639.Language.match('fra')
>>> lang2 = iso639.Language.match('fre')
>>> lang3 = iso639.Language.match('fr')
>>> lang4 = iso639.Language.match('French')
>>> lang1 == lang2 == lang3 == lang4
True

The classmethod match is particularly useful for consistently accessing a specific attribute from unknown inputs, e.g., the ISO 639-3 code.

>>> 'fra' == lang1.part3 == lang2.part3 == lang3.part3 == lang4.part3
True

If there's no match, a LanguageNotFoundError is raised, which you may want to catch:

>>> try:
...     lang = iso639.Language.match('not gonna find a match')
... except iso639.LanguageNotFoundError:
...     print("no match found!")
... 
no match found!

Macrolanguages and Alternative Names

>>> language = iso639.Language.match('yue')
>>> language.name
'Yue Chinese'  # also commonly known as Cantonese
>>> language.macrolanguage
'zho'  # Chinese
>>> language.other_names
[Name(print='Yue Chinese', inverted='Chinese, Yue')]
>>> for name in language.other_names:
...     print(f'{name.print} | {name.inverted}')
...
Yue Chinese | Chinese, Yue

Retired Language Codes:

>>> language = iso639.Language.match('bvs')
>>> language.part3
'bvs'
>>> language.name
'Belgian Sign Language'
>>> language.status
'R'  # (R)etired
>>> language.retire_reason
'S'  # (S)plit
>>> language.retire_change_to is None
True
>>> language.retire_remedy
'Split into Langue des signes de Belgique Francophone [sfb], and Vlaamse Gebarentaal [vgt]'
>>> language.retire_date
datetime.date(2007, 7, 18)

Into the Weeds

Attributes of a Language Instance

A Language instance has the following attributes:

Attribute	Data type	Can it be None?	Description
part3	str	✗	ISO 639-3 code
part2b	str	✓	ISO 639-2 code (bibliographic)
part2t	str	✓	ISO 639-2 code (terminological)
part1	str	✓	ISO 639-1 code
scope	str	✗	One of {(I)ndividual, (M)acrolanguage, (S)pecial}
type	str	✓	One of {(A)ncient, (C)onstructed, (E)xtinct, (H)istorical, (L)iving, (S)pecial} [1]
status	str	✗	One of {(A)ctive, (R)etired}, describing the ISO 639-3 code
name	str	✗	Reference language name in ISO 639-3
comment	str	✓	Comment from ISO 639-3
other_names	List[Name]	✓	Other print and inverted names [2]
macrolanguage	str	✓	Macrolanguage
retire_reason	str	✓	Retirement reason, one of {(C)hange, (D)uplicate, (N)on-existent, (S)plit, (M)erge}
retire_change_to	str	✓	ISO 639-3 code to which this language can be changed, if retirement reason is one of {(C)hange, (D)uplicate, (M)erge}
retire_remedy	str	✓	Instructions for updating this retired language code
retire_date	datetime.date	✓	The date the retirement became effective

[1] If the ISO 639-3 code is retired, then the type attribute is None, because its value is not clearly discernible from the SIL data source.

[2] A Name instance has the attributes print and inverted, for the print name and inverted name, respectively. If reference name, print name, and inverted name are all the same, then that particular (print name, inverted name) pair is excluded from the other_names attribute. For example, for Spanish (ISO 639-3: spa), one (print name, inverted name) pair is (Spanish, Spanish) from the SIL data source, but this pair is excluded from its list of other_names.

How Language.match Matches the Language

At a high level, Language.match assumes the input is more likely to be a language code rather than a language name. Beyond that, the precise order in matching is as follows:

• ISO 639-3 codes (among the active codes)
• ISO 639-2 (bibliographic) codes
• ISO 639-2 (terminological) codes
• ISO 639-1 codes
• ISO 639-3 codes (among the retired codes)
• ISO 639-3 reference language names
• ISO 639-3 alternative language names (the "print" ones)
• ISO 639-3 alternative language names (the "inverted" ones)

Only exact matching is done (there's no fuzzy string matching of any sort). As soon as a match is found, Language.match returns a Language instance. If there isn't a match, a LanguageNotFoundError is raised.

Language is a dataclass

The Language class is a dataclass. All functionality of dataclasses applies to Language and its instances, e.g., dataclasses.asdict:

>>> import dataclasses, iso639
>>> language = iso639.Language.match('fra')
>>> dataclasses.asdict(language)
{'part3': 'fra', 'part2b': 'fre', 'part2t': 'fra', 'part1': 'fr', 'scope': 'I', 'type': 'L', 'status': 'A', 'name': 'French', 'comment': None, 'other_names': None, 'macrolanguage': None, 'retire_reason': None, 'retire_change_to': None, 'retire_remedy': None, 'retire_date': None}

Constants

• DATA_LAST_UPDATED: The release date of the included language code data from SIL

  >>> import iso639
  >>> iso639.DATA_LAST_UPDATED
  datetime.date(2024, 4, 15)
  

• ALL_LANGUAGES: The list of all Language objects based on the included language code data

  >>> import iso639
  >>> type(iso639.ALL_LANGUAGES)
  <class 'list'>
  >>> len(iso639.ALL_LANGUAGES)
  7920
  >>> iso639.ALL_LANGUAGES[0]
  Language(part3='aaa', scope='I', type='L', status='A', name='Ghotuo', ...)
  

Links

• Author: Jackson L. Lee
• Source code: https://github.com/jacksonllee/iso639

License and Data Source

The python-iso639 code is released under an Apache 2.0 license. Please see LICENSE.txt for details.

The data source that backs this package is the language code tables published by SIL. Note that SIL resources have their terms of use. For exactly how the data is included in the package, see the script at scripts/create_languages_db.py.

Why Another ISO 639 Package?

Both packages iso639 and iso-639 exist on PyPI. However, as of this writing (May 2022), they were last updated in 2016 and don't seem to be maintained anymore for updating the language codes. pycountry is a great package, but what if you want a more lightweight package with just the language codes only and not the other stuff? :-)

If you ever notice that the upstream ISO 639-3 tables from SIL have been updated and yet this package isn't using the latest data, please ping me by opening a GitHub issue.