pyupgrade 2.26.0

A tool to automatically upgrade syntax for newer versions.

pyupgrade

A tool (and pre-commit hook) to automatically upgrade syntax for newer versions of the language.

Installation

pip install pyupgrade

As a pre-commit hook

See pre-commit for instructions

Sample .pre-commit-config.yaml:

-   repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
    rev: v2.26.0
    hooks:
    -   id: pyupgrade

Implemented features

Set literals

set(())              # set()
set([])              # set()
set((1,))            # {1}
set((1, 2))          # {1, 2}
set([1, 2])          # {1, 2}
set(x for x in y)    # {x for x in y}
set([x for x in y])  # {x for x in y}

Dictionary comprehensions

dict((a, b) for a, b in y)    # {a: b for a, b in y}
dict([(a, b) for a, b in y])  # {a: b for a, b in y}

Generator expressions for some built-in functions (pep 289)

min([i for i in range(3)])  # min(i for i in range(3))
max([i for i in range(3)])  # max(i for i in range(3))
sum([i for i in range(3)])  # sum(i for i in range(3))
''.join([str(i) for i in range(3)])  # ''.join(str(i) for i in range(3))

Python2.7+ Format Specifiers

'{0} {1}'.format(1, 2)    # '{} {}'.format(1, 2)
'{0}' '{1}'.format(1, 2)  # '{}' '{}'.format(1, 2)

printf-style string formatting

Availability:

• Unless --keep-percent-format is passed.

'%s %s' % (a, b)                  # '{} {}'.format(a, b)
'%r %2f' % (a, b)                 # '{!r} {:2f}'.format(a, b)
'%(a)s %(b)s' % {'a': 1, 'b': 2}  # '{a} {b}'.format(a=1, b=2)

Unicode literals

Availability:

• File imports from __future__ import unicode_literals
• --py3-plus is passed on the commandline.

u'foo'      # 'foo'
u"foo"      # 'foo'
u'''foo'''  # '''foo'''

Invalid escape sequences

# strings with only invalid sequences become raw strings
'\d'    # r'\d'
# strings with mixed valid / invalid sequences get escaped
'\n\d'  # '\n\\d'
# `ur` is not a valid string prefix in python3
u'\d'   # u'\\d'

# this fixes a syntax error in python3.3+
'\N'    # r'\N'

# note: pyupgrade is timid in one case (that's usually a mistake)
# in python2.x `'\u2603'` is the same as `'\\u2603'` without `unicode_literals`
# but in python3.x, that's our friend ☃

is / is not comparison to constant literals

In python3.8+, comparison to literals becomes a SyntaxWarning as the success of those comparisons is implementation specific (due to common object caching).

x is 5      # x == 5
x is not 5  # x != 5
x is 'foo'  # x == 'foo'

ur string literals

ur'...' literals are not valid in python 3.x

ur'foo'         # u'foo'
ur'\s'          # u'\\s'
# unicode escapes are left alone
ur'\u2603'      # u'\u2603'
ur'\U0001f643'  # u'\U0001f643'

.encode() to bytes literals

'foo'.encode()           # b'foo'
'foo'.encode('ascii')    # b'foo'
'foo'.encode('utf-8')    # b'foo'
u'foo'.encode()          # b'foo'
'\xa0'.encode('latin1')  # b'\xa0'

Long literals

5L                            # 5
5l                            # 5
123456789123456789123456789L  # 123456789123456789123456789

Octal literals

0755  # 0o755
05    # 5

extraneous parens in print(...)

A fix for python-modernize/python-modernize#178

print(())                       # ok: printing an empty tuple
print((1,))                     # ok: printing a tuple
sum((i for i in range(3)), [])  # ok: parenthesized generator argument
print(("foo"))                  # print("foo")

unittest deprecated aliases

Rewrites deprecated unittest method aliases to their non-deprecated forms.

Availability:

• More deprecated aliases are rewritten with --py3-plus

 from unittest import TestCase


 class MyTests(TestCase):
     def test_something(self):
-        self.failUnlessEqual(1, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(1, 1)
-        self.assertEquals(1, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(1, 1)

super() calls

Availability:

• --py3-plus is passed on the commandline.

class C(Base):
    def f(self):
        super(C, self).f()   # super().f()

"new style" classes

Availability:

• --py3-plus is passed on the commandline.

rewrites class declaration

class C(object): pass     # class C: pass
class C(B, object): pass  # class C(B): pass

removes __metaclass__ = type declaration

-__metaclass__ = type

forced str("native") literals

Availability:

• --py3-plus is passed on the commandline.

str()       # "''"
str("foo")  # "foo"

.encode("utf-8")

Availability:

• --py3-plus is passed on the commandline.

"foo".encode("utf-8")  # "foo".encode()

# coding: ... comment

Availability:

• --py3-plus is passed on the commandline.

as of PEP 3120, the default encoding for python source is UTF-8

-# coding: utf-8
 x = 1

__future__ import removal

Availability:

• by default removes nested_scopes, generators, with_statement
• --py3-plus will also remove absolute_import / division / print_function / unicode_literals
• --py37-plus will also remove generator_stop

-from __future__ import with_statement

Remove unnecessary py3-compat imports

Availability:

• --py3-plus is passed on the commandline.

-from io import open
-from six.moves import map
-from builtins import object  # python-future

rewrite mock imports

Availability:

• --py3-plus is passed on the commandline.
• Unless --keep-mock is passed on the commandline.

-from mock import patch
+from unittest.mock import patch

yield => yield from

Availability:

• --py3-plus is passed on the commandline.

def f():
    for x in y:       # yield from y
        yield x

    for a, b in c:    # yield from c
        yield (a, b)

Python2 and old Python3.x blocks

Availability:

• --py3-plus is passed on the commandline.

# input
import sys
if sys.version_info < (3,):  # also understands `six.PY2` (and `not`), `six.PY3` (and `not`)
    print('py2')
else:
    print('py3')
# output
import sys
print('py3')

Availability:

• --py36-plus will remove Python <= 3.5 only blocks
• --py37-plus will remove Python <= 3.6 only blocks
• so on and so forth

# using --py36-plus for this example
# input
import sys
if sys.version_info < (3, 6):
    print('py3.5')
else:
    print('py3.6+')

if sys.version_info <= (3, 5):
    print('py3.5')
else:
    print('py3.6+')

if sys.version_info >= (3, 6):
    print('py3.6+')
else:
    print('py3.5')

# output
import sys
print('py3.6+')

print('py3.6+')

print('py3.6+')

Note that if blocks without an else will not be rewriten as it could introduce a syntax error.

remove six compatibility code

Availability:

• --py3-plus is passed on the commandline.

six.text_type             # str
six.binary_type           # bytes
six.class_types           # (type,)
six.string_types          # (str,)
six.integer_types         # (int,)
six.unichr                # chr
six.iterbytes             # iter
six.print_(...)           # print(...)
six.exec_(c, g, l)        # exec(c, g, l)
six.advance_iterator(it)  # next(it)
six.next(it)              # next(it)
six.callable(x)           # callable(x)
six.moves.range(x)        # range(x)
six.moves.xrange(x)       # range(x)

from six import text_type
text_type                 # str

@six.python_2_unicode_compatible  # decorator is removed
class C:
    def __str__(self):
        return u'C()'

class C(six.Iterator): pass              # class C: pass

class C(six.with_metaclass(M, B)): pass  # class C(B, metaclass=M): pass

@six.add_metaclass(M)   # class C(B, metaclass=M): pass
class C(B): pass

isinstance(..., six.class_types)    # isinstance(..., type)
issubclass(..., six.integer_types)  # issubclass(..., int)
isinstance(..., six.string_types)   # isinstance(..., str)

six.b('...')                            # b'...'
six.u('...')                            # '...'
six.byte2int(bs)                        # bs[0]
six.indexbytes(bs, i)                   # bs[i]
six.int2byte(i)                         # bytes((i,))
six.iteritems(dct)                      # dct.items()
six.iterkeys(dct)                       # dct.keys()
six.itervalues(dct)                     # dct.values()
next(six.iteritems(dct))                # next(iter(dct.items()))
next(six.iterkeys(dct))                 # next(iter(dct.keys()))
next(six.itervalues(dct))               # next(iter(dct.values()))
six.viewitems(dct)                      # dct.items()
six.viewkeys(dct)                       # dct.keys()
six.viewvalues(dct)                     # dct.values()
six.create_unbound_method(fn, cls)      # fn
six.get_unbound_function(meth)          # meth
six.get_method_function(meth)           # meth.__func__
six.get_method_self(meth)               # meth.__self__
six.get_function_closure(fn)            # fn.__closure__
six.get_function_code(fn)               # fn.__code__
six.get_function_defaults(fn)           # fn.__defaults__
six.get_function_globals(fn)            # fn.__globals__
six.raise_from(exc, exc_from)           # raise exc from exc_from
six.reraise(tp, exc, tb)                # raise exc.with_traceback(tb)
six.reraise(*sys.exc_info())            # raise
six.assertCountEqual(self, a1, a2)      # self.assertCountEqual(a1, a2)
six.assertRaisesRegex(self, e, r, fn)   # self.assertRaisesRegex(e, r, fn)
six.assertRegex(self, s, r)             # self.assertRegex(s, r)

# note: only for *literals*
six.ensure_binary('...')                # b'...'
six.ensure_str('...')                   # '...'
six.ensure_text('...')                  # '...'

open alias

Availability:

• --py3-plus is passed on the commandline.

-with io.open('f.txt') as f:
+with open('f.txt') as f:
     ...

redundant open modes

Availability:

• --py3-plus is passed on the commandline.

open("foo", "U")                      # open("foo")
open("foo", "Ur")                     # open("foo")
open("foo", "Ub")                     # open("foo", "rb")
open("foo", "rUb")                    # open("foo", "rb")
open("foo", "r")                      # open("foo")
open("foo", "rt")                     # open("foo")
open("f", "r", encoding="UTF-8")      # open("f", encoding="UTF-8")

OSError aliases

Availability:

• --py3-plus is passed on the commandline.

# input

# also understands:
# - IOError
# - WindowsError
# - mmap.error and uses of `from mmap import error`
# - select.error and uses of `from select import error`
# - socket.error and uses of `from socket import error`

try:
    raise EnvironmentError('boom')
except EnvironmentError:
    raise
# output
try:
    raise OSError('boom')
except OSError:
    raise

typing.Text str alias

Availability:

• --py3-plus is passed on the commandline.

-def f(x: Text) -> None:
+def f(x: str) -> None:
     ...

Unpacking list comprehensions

Availability:

• --py3-plus is passed on the commandline.

-foo, bar, baz = [fn(x) for x in items]
+foo, bar, baz = (fn(x) for x in items)

Unpacking argument list comprehensions

Availability:

• --py3-plus is passed on the commandline.

-foo(*[i for i in bar])
+foo(*(i for i in bar))

Rewrite xml.etree.cElementTree to xml.etree.ElementTree

Availability:

• --py3-plus is passed on the commandline.

-import xml.etree.cElementTree as ET
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
-from xml.etree.cElementTree import XML
+from xml.etree.ElementTree import XML

Rewrite type of primitive

Availability:

• --py3-plus is passed on the commandline.

-type('')
+str
-type(b'')
+bytes
-type(0)
+int
-type(0.)
+float

typing.NamedTuple / typing.TypedDict py36+ syntax

Availability:

• --py36-plus is passed on the commandline.

# input
NT = typing.NamedTuple('NT', [('a', int), ('b', Tuple[str, ...])])

D1 = typing.TypedDict('D1', a=int, b=str)

D2 = typing.TypedDict('D2', {'a': int, 'b': str})

# output

class NT(typing.NamedTuple):
    a: int
    b: Tuple[str, ...]

class D1(typing.TypedDict):
    a: int
    b: str

class D2(typing.TypedDict):
    a: int
    b: str

f-strings

Availability:

• --py36-plus is passed on the commandline.

'{foo} {bar}'.format(foo=foo, bar=bar)  # f'{foo} {bar}'
'{} {}'.format(foo, bar)                # f'{foo} {bar}'
'{} {}'.format(foo.bar, baz.womp)       # f'{foo.bar} {baz.womp}'
'{} {}'.format(f(), g())                # f'{f()} {g()}'

note: pyupgrade is intentionally timid and will not create an f-string if it would make the expression longer or if the substitution parameters are sufficiently complicated (as this can decrease readability).

subprocess.run: replace universal_newlines with text

Availability:

• --py37-plus is passed on the commandline.

-output = subprocess.run(['foo'], universal_newlines=True)
+output = subprocess.run(['foo'], text=True)

subprocess.run: replace stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE with capture_output=True

Availability:

• --py37-plus is passed on the commandline.

-output = subprocess.run(['foo'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+output = subprocess.run(['foo'], capture_output=True)

remove parentheses from @functools.lru_cache()

Availability:

• --py38-plus is passed on the commandline.

 import functools

[e-mail]_cache()
[e-mail]_cache
 def expensive():
     ...

replace @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None) with shorthand

Availability:

• --py39-plus is passed on the commandline.

 import functools

[e-mail]_cache(maxsize=None)
[e-mail]
 def expensive():
     ...

pep 585 typing rewrites

Availability:

• File imports from __future__ import annotations
  • Unless --keep-runtime-typing is passed on the commandline.
• --py39-plus is passed on the commandline.

-def f(x: List[str]) -> None:
+def f(x: list[str]) -> None:
     ...

pep 604 typing rewrites

Availability:

• File imports from __future__ import annotations
  • Unless --keep-runtime-typing is passed on the commandline.
• --py310-plus is passed on the commandline.

-def f() -> Optional[str]:
+def f() -> str | None:
     ...

-def f() -> Union[int, str]:
+def f() -> int | str:
     ...

remove quoted annotations

Availability:

• File imports from __future__ import annotations
• --py311-plus is passed on the commandline.

-def f(x: 'queue.Queue[int]') -> C:
+def f(x: queue.Queue[int]) -> C: