resamp 1.7.4

A custom statistics library of resampling technqiues for chi-abs, boostrapping analysis and other statistical functions.

Resampling Techniques Library for Statistical measure

Library for resampling methods over Chi-Abs, correlation, power analysis, linear regression (beta value), relative risk -- LS 40 @UCLA Life science course

RESAMP Library Documentation

• Author: Vishanth Hari Raj
• GitHub Repository: https://github.com/vishanth10/resamp

resamp.py Version 1.6.8 Documentation Overview resamp.py is a comprehensive Python library designed for statistical analysis and resampling techniques. This document serves as a guide for utilizing the library's functions, including statistical tests, data analysis, and visualization tools. Installation To install resamp.py, run the following command in your terminal:

pip install statistics_library

Functions:

Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) median_absolute_deviation(data) Calculates the Median Absolute Deviation of a dataset.

• Parameters:
  • data (array-like or str): A 1D array or list containing the dataset, or a filename pointing to a CSV or Excel file containing a single column of numbers.
• Returns:
  • float: The Median Absolute Deviation of the dataset.
• Usage Example:

  mad = median_absolute_deviation([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
  print(mad)
  

Chi-Squared Test calculate_chi_squared(observed, expected) Calculates the chi-squared statistic given observed and expected frequencies.

• Parameters:
  • observed (DataFrame): Observed frequencies.
  • expected (DataFrame): Expected frequencies.
• Returns:
  • float: The chi-squared statistic. Bootstrap Chi Absolute bootstrap_chi_abs(observed_data, num_simulations=10000, with_replacement=True) Generates a bootstrap distribution of the chi absolute statistic for an n*n contingency table.
• Parameters:
  • observed_data (np.array or pd.DataFrame): Contingency table with observed frequencies.
  • num_simulations (int): Number of bootstrap samples to generate.
  • with_replacement (bool): Indicates whether sampling should be with replacement.
• Returns:
  • np.array: Bootstrap distribution of chi absolute values.

Relative Risk Analysis calculate_relative_risk_two_treatments(observed_data, event_row_index, treatment1_index, treatment2_index) Calculates the relative risk of an event between two treatments.

• Parameters:
  • observed_data (np.array): The observed data as a 2D array.
  • event_row_index (int): Row index for the event.
  • treatment1_index (int): Column index for the first treatment.
  • treatment2_index (int): Column index for the second treatment.
• Returns:
  • float: The relative risk.

Correlation Analysis permute_correlation(x, y, num_simulations=10000) Generates simulated correlation coefficients by permuting one variable.

• Parameters:
  • x (np.array): Values of variable 1.
  • y (np.array): Values of variable 2.
  • num_simulations (int): Number of permutations.
• Returns:
  • np.array: Simulated correlation coefficients.

Linear Regression Analysis bootstrap_confidence_interval(x, y, n_bootstrap=1000, confidence_level=99, return_type='both') Calculates bootstrap confidence intervals for the slope and intercept of a linear regression model.

• Parameters:
  • x, y (np.array): Predictor and response variables.
  • n_bootstrap (int): Number of bootstrap samples.
  • confidence_level (float): Confidence level for the interval.
  • return_type (str): Determines if the output is for 'slope', 'intercept', or 'both'.
• Returns:
  • dict: Confidence intervals for the slope and/or intercept.

Power Analysis power_analysis(...) Performs a power analysis to determine the required sample size for achieving a specified power level.

• Parameters:
  • obs_diff: the observed difference in medians or means between the two groups, depending on 'measure'.
  • group1: data for group 1.
  • group2: data for group 2.
  • num_simulations: number of simulations to perform.
  • alpha: significance level.
  • power_threshold: desired power level to achieve.
  • factor_limit: the maximum factor by which to increase the sample size.
  • measure: 'median' or 'mean', the statistical measure to use for comparison.
  • verbose: if True, print intermediate results.
• Returns:
  • required_sample_sizes: a tuple of the required sample sizes for group 1 and group 2 to achieve the desired power.
  • achieved_power: the power that was achieved with the returned sample sizes.

Usage Example for power_analysis

group1 = np.random.normal(5, 2, 100)
group2 = np.random.normal(5.5, 2, 100)
sample_sizes, achieved_power = power_analysis(obs_diff=0.5, group1=group1, group2=group2, alpha=0.05, power_threshold=0.8)
print(f'Required Sample Sizes: {sample_sizes}, Achieved Power: {achieved_power}')

#Function Usage

def mean_absolute_deviation(data):
    # Your implementation here

Calculates the mean absolute deviation of the provided dataset. Supports direct list input or file paths.

def calculate_chi_squared(observed, expected):
    # Your implementation here

Calculates the chi-squared statistic based on observed and expected frequencies.

def calculate_expected(observed):
    # Your implementation here

Calculates expected frequencies for a chi-squared test from observed data.

def bootstrap_chi_abs(observed_data, num_simulations=10000, with_replacement=True):
    # Your implementation here

Generates bootstrap samples for chi absolute statistics and calculates the chi absolute statistic for each sample.

def calculate_relative_risk_two_treatments(observed_data, event_row_index, treatment1_index, treatment2_index):
    # Your implementation here

Calculates the relative risk between two treatments.

def permute_correlation(x, y, num_simulations=10000):
    # Your implementation here

Performs permutation tests to calculate the null distribution of the correlation coefficient.

def bootstrap_confidence_interval(x, y, n_bootstrap=1000, confidence_level=99, return_type='both'):
    # Your implementation here

Calculates bootstrap confidence intervals for linear regression parameters.

def plot_bootstrap_lines(x, y, n_bootstrap=1000, original_slope=2, original_intercept=0):
    # Your implementation here

Plots regression lines for bootstrap samples and compares them with the original regression line.

def power_analysis(...):
    # Your implementation here

Performs a power analysis to determine the required sample sizes for achieving a specified power level.

Usage Example for mean_absolute_deviation

mad = mean_absolute_deviation([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print(f'Mean Absolute Deviation: {mad}')

Usage Example for calculate_chi_squared and calculate_expected

observed = np.array([[10, 10, 20], [20, 20, 10]])
expected = calculate_expected(observed)
chi_squared = calculate_chi_squared(observed, expected)
print(f'Chi-Squared Statistic: {chi_squared}')

Usage Example for bootstrap_chi_abs

bootstrap_results = bootstrap_chi_abs(observed_data, num_simulations=1000)
print('Bootstrap Chi Absolute Results:', bootstrap_results[:5])

Usage Example for calculate_relative_risk_two_treatments

relative_risk = calculate_relative_risk_two_treatments(observed_data, 0, 1, 2)
print(f'Relative Risk: {relative_risk}')

Usage Example for permute_correlation

x = np.random.rand(100)
y = 2 * x + np.random.normal(0, 1, 100)
simulated_correlations = permute_correlation(x, y, 10000)
print('Simulated Correlation Coefficients:', simulated_correlations[:5])

Usage Example for bootstrap_confidence_interval and plot_bootstrap_lines

x = np.random.rand(100)
y = 2 * x + np.random.normal(0, 1, 100)
confidence_interval = bootstrap_confidence_interval(x, y, 1000, 95, 'slope')
print(f'Confidence Interval for Slope: {confidence_interval}')
plot_bootstrap_lines(x, y)

Usage Example for power_analysis

group1 = np.random.normal(5, 2, 100)
group2 = np.random.normal(5.5, 2, 100)
sample_sizes, achieved_power = power_analysis(obs_diff=0.5, group1=group1, group2=group2, alpha=0.05, power_threshold=0.8)
print(f'Required Sample Sizes: {sample_sizes}, Achieved Power: {achieved_power}')

Additional Notes This documentation includes examples and explanations for key functions. Users are encouraged to refer to the inline comments within the resamp.py script for more detailed information on specific parameters and functionality. For complex statistical analyses, users should ensure their input data is correctly formatted and understand the statistical principles underlying their analyses. Contact For further assistance or to report issues, please contact the author, Vishanth Hari Raj, or the supervisor, Jane.

ANNEXURE I

Function Documentation

1. read_data The read_data function reads data from either a DataFrame or a file path. If the input is a DataFrame, it makes a copy. If it's a file path, it checks the file extension (.xls, .xlsx, .csv) and reads the data accordingly. It then applies pandas' to_numeric function to convert the data to numeric types, with non-numeric values coerced to NaN. Usage Example: data = read_data('path_to_file.csv') # For CSV files data = read_data('path_to_file.xlsx') # For Excel files data = read_data(dataframe) # For existing DataFrame

2. compare_dimensions This function compares the dimensions of the observed and expected datasets. If the dimensions don't match, it raises a ValueError. This ensures that further statistical calculations are valid. Usage Example: compare_dimensions(observed_data, expected_data) # Checks if dimensions of observed and expected data match

3. calculate_chi_squared Calculates the chi-squared statistic from observed and expected datasets. This is done by summing the squared differences between observed and expected values, divided by the expected values. Usage Example: chi_squared = calculate_chi_squared(observed_data, expected_data) # Returns the chi-squared statistic

4. calculate_expected Computes expected frequencies for a contingency table based on the observed data. It uses row and column sums to calculate these frequencies, assuming independence between rows and columns. Usage Example: expected_data = calculate_expected(observed_data) # Returns the expected frequencies

5. calculate_chi_abs This function calculates the chi absolute statistic for observed and expected data. If expected data is not provided, it calculates the expected data based on the observed data. Usage Example: chi_abs = calculate_chi_abs(observed_data, expected_data) # Calculates the chi absolute statistic

6. chi_abs_stat A wrapper function for calculate_chi_abs. It allows the user to provide only observed data, with an option to provide expected data. It handles dimension comparison and error logging. Usage Example: chi_abs = chi_abs_stat(observed_data, expected_data) # Calculates chi absolute statistic with optional expected data

7. calculate_p_value Calculates the p-value from a chi-squared statistic and degrees of freedom using the chi-squared survival function. Usage Example: p_value = calculate_p_value(chi_squared, dof) # Returns the p-value

8. chi_squared_stat Reads observed and expected data, checks their dimensions, calculates the chi-squared statistic, and then computes the p-value. Usage Example: chi_squared_value = chi_squared_stat(observed_data, expected_data) # Calculates chi-squared statistic

9. p_value_stat Reads observed and expected data, checks dimensions, calculates the chi-squared statistic, and then computes the p-value. Usage Example: p_value = p_value_stat(observed_data, expected_data) # Calculates the p-value for chi-squared statistic

10. convert_df_to_numpy Converts DataFrame data to numpy arrays for use in functions, particularly for bootstrapping. It returns a tuple of numpy arrays for observed and expected data. Usage Example: observed_array, expected_array = convert_df_to_numpy(df_observed, df_expected) # Converts DataFrame to numpy arrays

11. bootstrap_chi_abs_distribution Generates a bootstrap distribution of the chi absolute statistic for an n*n contingency table. Simulates new datasets and calculates the chi absolute for each, returning an array of these statistics. Usage Example: simulated_chi_abs = bootstrap_chi_abs_distribution(observed_data) # Returns array of simulated chi absolute statistics

12. calculate_p_value_bootstrap Calculates the p-value for the chi absolute statistic using bootstrap methods. Compares the observed chi absolute statistic against the distribution of simulated chi absolute values to compute the p-value. Usage Example: p_value = calculate_p_value_bootstrap(observed_chi_abs, simulated_chi_abs) # Calculates p-value using bootstrap method

13. plot_chi_abs_distribution Plots the distribution of simulated chi absolute values along with the observed chi absolute value. Shows the calculated p-value, providing a visual representation of the statistical analysis. Usage Example: plot_chi_abs_distribution(simulated_data, observed_data, p_value) # Plots distribution of chi absolute values

Extended:- Relative Risk Analysis Documentation This documentation provides an overview and usage guide for a set of Python functions designed to calculate the relative risk between two treatments, resample data for statistical analysis, calculate confidence intervals, and plot the distribution of relative risks. These functions are intended for statistical analysis in lifesciences research or any field requiring comparative risk assessment.

1. calculate_relative_risk_two_treatments Calculates the relative risk (RR) of an event occurring between two treatments. RR is a measure of the strength of association between an exposure and an outcome. Parameters:

• observed_data: 2D array of observed data.
• event_row_index: Index of the row corresponding to the event.
• treatment1_index: Column index for the first treatment.
• treatment2_index: Column index for the second treatment. Logic: The function sums the total occurrences for each treatment and calculates the probability of the event for each treatment. The relative risk is then the ratio of these probabilities. Usage Example: relative_risk = calculate_relative_risk_two_treatments(observed_data, 0, 1, 2)

2. resample_and_calculate_rr Performs resampling to calculate a distribution of relative risks through bootstrapping. Parameters:

• observed_data: 2D array of observed data.
• event_row_index: Index of the event row.
• reference_treatment_index: Index for the reference treatment column (default is 0).
• num_simulations: Number of bootstrap simulations to perform. Logic: Generates simulated datasets by resampling from the observed data, maintaining the original proportions. Calculates the relative risk for each simulated dataset to create a distribution of relative risks. Usage Example: simulated_rr = resample_and_calculate_rr(observed_data, 0, num_simulations=10000)

3. calculate_confidence_interval Calculates the 95% confidence interval for the relative risk from a distribution of simulated relative risks. Parameters:

• simulated_rr (np.array): Array of simulated relative risks.
• percentile (float, optional): The percentile for the confidence interval, defaulting to 95%. Logic: The function calculates the lower and upper bounds of the confidence interval based on the specified percentile using numpy's percentile function. This provides an estimate of the interval within which the true relative risk is expected to lie with 95% certainty. Usage Example: lower_bound, upper_bound = calculate_confidence_interval(simulated_rr, 95)

4. calculate_probabilities_for_each_treatment Calculates the probability of an event occurring for each treatment group. Parameters:

• observed_data (np.array or pd.DataFrame): The observed data.
• event_row_index (int): The row index for the event. Logic: For each treatment group, the function calculates the total counts and then determines the probability of the event. These probabilities are stored in a dictionary, providing a quick reference for each treatment's event probability. Usage Example: probabilities = calculate_probabilities_for_each_treatment(observed_data, 0)

5. plot_relative_risk_distribution Plots the distribution of simulated relative risks against the observed relative risk, including confidence intervals. Parameters:

• simulated_rr (np.array): Array of simulated relative risks.
• observed_rr (float): The observed relative risk. Logic: This function visualizes the distribution of simulated relative risks, highlighting the observed relative risk and marking the confidence intervals. It uses seaborn and matplotlib for plotting. Usage Example: plot_relative_risk_distribution(simulated_rr, observed_rr)

APPENDIX - II

bootstrap_chi_abs_distribution : The bootstrap_chi_abs_distribution function is designed for generating a bootstrap distribution of the chi absolute statistic for an n*n contingency table. This is crucial in statistical analysis, especially when assessing the significance of observed frequencies against expected frequencies in categorical data. Parameters:

• observed_data: Observed frequencies in an n*n contingency table, either a numpy array or pandas DataFrame.
• num_simulations: Number of bootstrap samples to generate.
• with_replacement: Boolean indicating whether sampling should be with replacement. Process:

1. Convert DataFrame to Numpy Array: If observed_data is a DataFrame, it's converted to a numpy array.
2. Determine Dimensions and Calculate Expected Frequencies: Calculates total rows, total columns, and expected frequencies.
3. Initialize Results Array: An array to store chi absolute statistics for each simulation.
4. Calculate Total Counts Per Column: Computes the total count of observations per column.
5. Create Pooled Data Array: Concatenates all categories for resampling.
6. Bootstrap Simulation Loop: Iterates num_simulations times, creating and analyzing simulated datasets.
7. Calculate Chi Absolute Statistic: Computes chi absolute statistic for each simulated dataset.
8. Return Results: Returns the array containing chi absolute statistics from all simulations. Usage: This function is used in statistical hypothesis testing to assess the significance of the observed data. By comparing the observed chi absolute statistic to a distribution generated through bootstrapping, one can infer the likelihood of observing such a statistic under the null hypothesis.

APPENDIX III