RF-DETR: SOTA Real-Time Object Detection Model

RF-DETR is a real-time, transformer-based object detection model architecture developed by Roboflow and released under the Apache 2.0 license.

RF-DETR is the first real-time model to exceed 60 AP on the Microsoft COCO benchmark alongside competitive performance at base sizes. It also achieves state-of-the-art performance on RF100-VL, an object detection benchmark that measures model domain adaptability to real world problems. RF-DETR is comparable speed to current real-time objection models.

RF-DETR is small enough to run on the edge, making it an ideal model for deployments that need both strong accuracy and real-time performance.

Results

We validated the performance of RF-DETR on both Microsoft COCO and the RF100-VL benchmarks.

News

• 2025/03/20: We release RF-DETR real-time object detection model. Code and checkpoint for RF-DETR-large and RF-DETR-base are available.

Installation

pip install rfdetr

Prediction

RF-DETR comes out of the box with a checkpoint trained from the Microsoft COCO dataset.

import io
import requests
import supervision as sv
from PIL import Image
from rfdetr import RFDETRBase

model = RFDETRBase()

url = "https://media.roboflow.com/notebooks/examples/dog-2.jpeg"

image = Image.open(io.BytesIO(requests.get(url).content))
detections = model.predict(image, threshold=0.5)

annotated_image = image.copy()
annotated_image = sv.BoxAnnotator().annotate(annotated_image, detections)
annotated_image = sv.LabelAnnotator().annotate(annotated_image, detections)

sv.plot_image(annotated_image)

Training

Dataset structure

RF-DETR expects the dataset to be in COCO format. Divide your dataset into three subdirectories: train, valid, and test. Each subdirectory should contain its own _annotations.coco.json file that holds the annotations for that particular split, along with the corresponding image files. Below is an example of the directory structure:

dataset/
├── train/
│   ├── _annotations.coco.json
│   ├── image1.jpg
│   ├── image2.jpg
│   └── ... (other image files)
├── valid/
│   ├── _annotations.coco.json
│   ├── image1.jpg
│   ├── image2.jpg
│   └── ... (other image files)
└── test/
    ├── _annotations.coco.json
    ├── image1.jpg
    ├── image2.jpg
    └── ... (other image files)

Roboflow allows you to create object detection datasets from scratch or convert existing datasets from formats like YOLO, and then export them in COCO JSON format for training. You can also explore Roboflow Universe to find pre-labeled datasets for a range of use cases.

Fine-tuning

You can fine-tune RF-DETR from pre-trained COCO checkpoints. By default, the RF-DETR-B checkpoint will be used. To get started quickly, please refer to our fine-tuning Google Colab notebook.

from rfdetr import RFDETRBase

model = RFDETRBase()

model.train(dataset_dir=<DATASET_PATH>, epochs=10, batch_size=4, grad_accum_steps=4, lr=1e-4)

Result checkpoints

During training, two model checkpoints (the regular weights and an EMA-based set of weights) will be saved in the specified output directory. The EMA (Exponential Moving Average) file is a smoothed version of the model’s weights over time, often yielding better stability and generalization.

Load and run fine-tuned model

from rfdetr import RFDETRBase

model = RFDETRBase(pretrain_weights=<CHECKPOINT_PATH>)

detections = model.predict(<IMAGE_PATH>)

License

Both the code and the weights pretrained on the COCO dataset are released under the Apache 2.0 license.

Acknowledgements

Our work is built upon LW-DETR, DINOv2, and Deformable DETR. Thanks to their authors for their excellent work!

Citation

If you find our work helpful for your research, please consider citing the following BibTeX entry.

@software{rf-detr,
  author = {Robinson, Isaac and Robicheaux, Peter and Popov, Matvei},
  license = {Apache-2.0},
  title = {RF-DETR},
  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/roboflow/rf-detr}},
  year = {2025},
  note = {SOTA Real-Time Object Detection Model}
}

Contribution

We welcome and appreciate all contributions! If you notice any issues or bugs, have questions, or would like to suggest new features, please open an issue or pull request. By sharing your ideas and improvements, you help make RF-DETR better for everyone.