ruff 0.0.72

An extremely fast Python linter, written in Rust.

ruff

An extremely fast Python linter, written in Rust.

Linting the CPython codebase from scratch.

• ⚡️ 10-100x faster than existing linters
• 🐍 Installable via pip
• 🤝 Python 3.10 compatibility
• 🛠️ pyproject.toml support
• 📦 ESLint-inspired cache support
• 🔧 ESLint-inspired --fix support
• 👀 TypeScript-inspired --watch support
• ⚖️ Near-complete parity with the built-in Flake8 rule set

Read the launch blog post.

Installation and usage

Installation

Available as ruff on PyPI:

pip install ruff

Usage

To run ruff, try any of the following:

ruff path/to/code/to/check.py
ruff path/to/code/
ruff path/to/code/*.py

You can run ruff in --watch mode to automatically re-run on-change:

ruff path/to/code/ --watch

ruff also works with pre-commit:

repos:
  - repo: https://github.com/charliermarsh/ruff-pre-commit
    rev: v0.0.72
    hooks:
      - id: lint

Configuration

ruff is configurable both via pyproject.toml and the command line.

For example, you could configure ruff to only enforce a subset of rules with:

[tool.ruff]
line-length = 88
select = [
    "F401",
    "F403",
]

Alternatively, on the command-line:

ruff path/to/code/ --select F401 --select F403

See ruff --help for more:

ruff: An extremely fast Python linter.

Usage: ruff [OPTIONS] <FILES>...

Arguments:
  <FILES>...

Options:
  -v, --verbose
          Enable verbose logging
  -q, --quiet
          Disable all logging (but still exit with status code "1" upon detecting errors)
  -e, --exit-zero
          Exit with status code "0", even upon detecting errors
  -w, --watch
          Run in watch mode by re-running whenever files change
  -f, --fix
          Attempt to automatically fix lint errors
  -n, --no-cache
          Disable cache reads
      --select <SELECT>
          List of error codes to enable
      --extend-select <EXTEND_SELECT>
          Like --select, but adds additional error codes on top of the selected ones
      --ignore <IGNORE>
          List of error codes to ignore
      --extend-ignore <EXTEND_IGNORE>
          Like --ignore, but adds additional error codes on top of the ignored ones
      --exclude <EXCLUDE>
          List of paths, used to exclude files and/or directories from checks
      --extend-exclude <EXTEND_EXCLUDE>
          Like --exclude, but adds additional files and directories on top of the excluded ones
      --per-file-ignores <PER_FILE_IGNORES>
          List of mappings from file pattern to code to exclude
      --format <FORMAT>
          Output serialization format for error messages [default: text] [possible values: text, json]
      --show-files
          See the files ruff will be run against with the current settings
      --show-settings
          See ruff's settings
      --add-noqa
          Enable automatic additions of noqa directives to failing lines
      --dummy-variable-rgx <DUMMY_VARIABLE_RGX>
          Regular expression matching the name of dummy variables
      --target-version <TARGET_VERSION>
          The minimum Python version that should be supported
  -h, --help
          Print help information
  -V, --version
          Print version information

Excluding files

Exclusions are based on globs, and can be either:

• Single-path patterns, like .mypy_cache (to exclude any directory named .mypy_cache in the tree), foo.py (to exclude any file named foo.py), or foo_*.py (to exclude any file matching foo_*.py ).
• Relative patterns, like directory/foo.py (to exclude that specific file) or directory/*.py (to exclude any Python files in directory). Note that these paths are relative to the project root (e.g., the directory containing your pyproject.toml).

Ignoring errors

To omit a lint check entirely, add it to the "ignore" list via --ignore or --extend-ignore, either on the command-line or in your project.toml file.

To ignore an error in-line, ruff uses a noqa system similar to Flake8. To ignore an individual error, add # noqa: {code} to the end of the line, like so:

# Ignore F841.
x = 1  # noqa: F841

# Ignore E741 and F841.
i = 1  # noqa: E741, F841

# Ignore _all_ errors.
x = 1  # noqa

Note that, for multi-line strings, the noqa directive should come at the end of the string, and will apply to the entire body, like so:

"""Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
"""  # noqa: E501

ruff supports several (experimental) workflows to aid in noqa management.

First, ruff provides a special error code, M001, to enforce that your noqa directives are "valid", in that the errors they say they ignore are actually being triggered on that line (and thus suppressed). You can run ruff /path/to/file.py --extend-select M001 to flag unused noqa directives.

Second, ruff can automatically remove unused noqa directives via its autofix functionality. You can run ruff /path/to/file.py --extend-select M001 --fix to automatically remove unused noqa directives.

Third, ruff can automatically add noqa directives to all failing lines. This is useful when migrating a new codebase to ruff. You can run ruff /path/to/file.py --add-noqa to automatically add noqa directives to all failing lines, with the appropriate error codes.

Compatibility with Black

ruff is compatible with Black out-of-the-box, as long as the line-length setting is consistent between the two.

As a project, ruff is designed to be used alongside Black and, as such, will defer implementing stylistic lint rules that are obviated by autoformatting.

Parity with Flake8

ruff's goal is to achieve feature parity with Flake8 when used (1) without plugins, (2) alongside Black, and (3) on Python 3 code.

Under those conditions, ruff implements 44 out of 60 rules. (ruff is missing: 14 rules related to string .format calls, 1 rule related to docstring parsing, and 1 rule related to redefined variables.)

ruff also implements some of the most popular Flake8 plugins natively, including:

• flake8-builtins
• flake8-super
• flake8-print
• flake8-comprehensions (12/16)
• flake8-bugbear (3/32)
• flake8-docstrings (37/48)
• pyupgrade (8/34)

Beyond rule-set parity, ruff suffers from the following limitations vis-à-vis Flake8:

1. ruff does not yet support a few Python 3.9 and 3.10 language features, including structural pattern matching and parenthesized context managers.
2. Flake8 has a plugin architecture and supports writing custom lint rules.

Rules

The ✅ emoji indicates a rule is enabled by default.

The 🛠 emoji indicates that a rule is automatically fixable by the --fix command-line option.

Code	Name	Message
E402	ModuleImportNotAtTopOfFile	Module level import not at top of file	✅
E501	LineTooLong	Line too long (89 > 88 characters)	✅
E711	NoneComparison	Comparison to None should be cond is None	✅
E712	TrueFalseComparison	Comparison to True should be cond is True	✅
E713	NotInTest	Test for membership should be not in	✅
E714	NotIsTest	Test for object identity should be is not	✅
E721	TypeComparison	Do not compare types, use isinstance()	✅
E722	DoNotUseBareExcept	Do not use bare except	✅
E731	DoNotAssignLambda	Do not assign a lambda expression, use a def	✅
E741	AmbiguousVariableName	Ambiguous variable name: ...	✅
E742	AmbiguousClassName	Ambiguous class name: ...	✅
E743	AmbiguousFunctionName	Ambiguous function name: ...	✅
E902	IOError	IOError: ...	✅
E999	SyntaxError	SyntaxError: ...	✅
W292	NoNewLineAtEndOfFile	No newline at end of file	✅
F401	UnusedImport	... imported but unused	✅	🛠
F402	ImportShadowedByLoopVar	Import ... from line 1 shadowed by loop variable	✅
F403	ImportStarUsed	from ... import * used; unable to detect undefined names	✅
F404	LateFutureImport	from __future__ imports must occur at the beginning of the file	✅
F405	ImportStarUsage	... may be undefined, or defined from star imports: ...	✅
F406	ImportStarNotPermitted	from ... import * only allowed at module level	✅
F407	FutureFeatureNotDefined	Future feature ... is not defined	✅
F541	FStringMissingPlaceholders	f-string without any placeholders	✅
F601	MultiValueRepeatedKeyLiteral	Dictionary key literal repeated	✅
F602	MultiValueRepeatedKeyVariable	Dictionary key ... repeated	✅
F621	ExpressionsInStarAssignment	Too many expressions in star-unpacking assignment	✅
F622	TwoStarredExpressions	Two starred expressions in assignment	✅
F631	AssertTuple	Assert test is a non-empty tuple, which is always True	✅
F632	IsLiteral	Use == and != to compare constant literals	✅
F633	InvalidPrintSyntax	Use of >> is invalid with print function	✅
F634	IfTuple	If test is a tuple, which is always True	✅
F701	BreakOutsideLoop	break outside loop	✅
F702	ContinueOutsideLoop	continue not properly in loop	✅
F704	YieldOutsideFunction	yield or yield from statement outside of a function/method	✅
F706	ReturnOutsideFunction	return statement outside of a function/method	✅
F707	DefaultExceptNotLast	An except: block as not the last exception handler	✅
F722	ForwardAnnotationSyntaxError	Syntax error in forward annotation: ...	✅
F821	UndefinedName	Undefined name ...	✅
F822	UndefinedExport	Undefined name ... in __all__	✅
F823	UndefinedLocal	Local variable ... referenced before assignment	✅
F831	DuplicateArgumentName	Duplicate argument name in function definition	✅
F841	UnusedVariable	Local variable ... is assigned to but never used	✅
F901	RaiseNotImplemented	raise NotImplemented should be raise NotImplementedError	✅
A001	BuiltinVariableShadowing	Variable ... is shadowing a python builtin
A002	BuiltinArgumentShadowing	Argument ... is shadowing a python builtin
A003	BuiltinAttributeShadowing	Class attribute ... is shadowing a python builtin
B011	DoNotAssertFalse	Do not assert False (python -O removes these calls), raise AssertionError()		🛠
B014	DuplicateHandlerException	Exception handler with duplicate exception: ValueError		🛠
B025	DuplicateTryBlockException	try-except block with duplicate exception Exception
C400	UnnecessaryGeneratorList	Unnecessary generator - rewrite as a list comprehension
C401	UnnecessaryGeneratorSet	Unnecessary generator - rewrite as a set comprehension
C402	UnnecessaryGeneratorDict	Unnecessary generator - rewrite as a dict comprehension
C403	UnnecessaryListComprehensionSet	Unnecessary list comprehension - rewrite as a set comprehension
C404	UnnecessaryListComprehensionDict	Unnecessary list comprehension - rewrite as a dict comprehension
C405	UnnecessaryLiteralSet	Unnecessary <list/tuple> literal - rewrite as a set literal
C406	UnnecessaryLiteralDict	Unnecessary <list/tuple> literal - rewrite as a dict literal
C408	UnnecessaryCollectionCall	Unnecessary <dict/list/tuple> call - rewrite as a literal
C409	UnnecessaryLiteralWithinTupleCall	Unnecessary <list/tuple> literal passed to tuple() - remove the outer call to tuple()
C410	UnnecessaryLiteralWithinListCall	Unnecessary <list/tuple> literal passed to list() - rewrite as a list literal
C414	UnnecessaryDoubleCastOrProcess	Unnecessary <list/reversed/set/sorted/tuple> call within <list/set/sorted/tuple>().
C415	UnnecessarySubscriptReversal	Unnecessary subscript reversal of iterable within <reversed/set/sorted>()
T201	PrintFound	print found		🛠
T203	PPrintFound	pprint found		🛠
U001	UselessMetaclassType	__metaclass__ = type is implied		🛠
U002	UnnecessaryAbspath	abspath(__file__) is unnecessary in Python 3.9 and later		🛠
U003	TypeOfPrimitive	Use str instead of type(...)		🛠
U004	UselessObjectInheritance	Class ... inherits from object		🛠
U005	DeprecatedUnittestAlias	assertEquals is deprecated, use assertEqual instead		🛠
U006	UsePEP585Annotation	Use list instead of List for type annotations		🛠
U007	UsePEP604Annotation	Use X | Y for type annotations		🛠
U008	SuperCallWithParameters	Use super() instead of super(__class__, self)		🛠
D100	PublicModule	Missing docstring in public module
D101	PublicClass	Missing docstring in public class
D102	PublicMethod	Missing docstring in public method
D103	PublicFunction	Missing docstring in public function
D104	PublicPackage	Missing docstring in public package
D105	MagicMethod	Missing docstring in magic method
D106	PublicNestedClass	Missing docstring in public nested class
D107	PublicInit	Missing docstring in init
D200	FitsOnOneLine	One-line docstring should fit on one line
D205	NoBlankLineAfterSummary	1 blank line required between summary line and description
D209	NewLineAfterLastParagraph	Multi-line docstring closing quotes should be on a separate line
D210	NoSurroundingWhitespace	No whitespaces allowed surrounding docstring text
D212	MultiLineSummaryFirstLine	Multi-line docstring summary should start at the first line
D213	MultiLineSummarySecondLine	Multi-line docstring summary should start at the second line
D300	UsesTripleQuotes	Use """triple double quotes"""
D400	EndsInPeriod	First line should end with a period
D402	NoSignature	First line should not be the function's 'signature'
D403	FirstLineCapitalized	First word of the first line should be properly capitalized
D404	NoThisPrefix	First word of the docstring should not be This
D415	EndsInPunctuation	First line should end with a period, question mark, or exclamation point
D418	SkipDocstring	Function decorated with @overload shouldn't contain a docstring
D419	NonEmpty	Docstring is empty
D201	NoBlankLineBeforeFunction	No blank lines allowed before function docstring (found 1)
D202	NoBlankLineAfterFunction	No blank lines allowed after function docstring (found 1)
D211	NoBlankLineBeforeClass	No blank lines allowed before class docstring
D203	OneBlankLineBeforeClass	1 blank line required before class docstring
D204	OneBlankLineAfterClass	1 blank line required after class docstring
D405	CapitalizeSectionName	Section name should be properly capitalized ("returns")
D413	BlankLineAfterLastSection	Missing blank line after last section ("Returns")
D410	BlankLineAfterSection	Missing blank line after section ("Returns")
D411	BlankLineBeforeSection	Missing blank line before section ("Returns")
D406	NewLineAfterSectionName	Section name should end with a newline ("Returns")
D407	DashedUnderlineAfterSection	Missing dashed underline after section ("Returns")
D408	SectionUnderlineAfterName	Section underline should be in the line following the section's name ("Returns")
D409	SectionUnderlineMatchesSectionLength	Section underline should match the length of its name ("Returns")
D412	NoBlankLinesBetweenHeaderAndContent	No blank lines allowed between a section header and its content ("Returns")
D414	NonEmptySection	Section has no content ("Returns")
M001	UnusedNOQA	Unused noqa directive		🛠

Integrations

PyCharm

ruff can be installed as an External Tool in PyCharm. Open the Preferences pane, then navigate to "Tools", then "External Tools". From there, add a new tool with the following configuration:

ruff should then appear as a runnable action:

GitHub Actions

GitHub Actions has everything you need to run ruff out-of-the-box:

name: CI
on: push
jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - name: Install Python
        uses: actions/setup-python@v4
        with:
          python-version: "3.10"
      - name: Install dependencies
        run: |
          python -m pip install --upgrade pip
          pip install ruff
      - name: Run ruff
        run: ruff .

Development

ruff is written in Rust (1.63.0). You'll need to install the Rust toolchain for development.

Assuming you have cargo installed, you can run:

cargo run resources/test/fixtures
cargo fmt
cargo clippy
cargo test

Deployment

ruff is distributed on PyPI, and published via maturin.

See: .github/workflows/release.yaml.

Benchmarking

First, clone CPython. It's a large and diverse Python codebase, which makes it a good target for benchmarking.

git clone --branch 3.10 https://github.com/python/cpython.git resources/test/cpython

Add this pyproject.toml to the CPython directory:

[tool.ruff]
line-length = 88
extend-exclude = [
    "Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/bom.py",
    "Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/crlf.py",
    "Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/different_encoding.py",
    "Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/false_encoding.py",
    "Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/py2_test_grammar.py",
    "Lib/test/bad_coding2.py",
    "Lib/test/badsyntax_3131.py",
    "Lib/test/badsyntax_pep3120.py",
    "Lib/test/encoded_modules/module_iso_8859_1.py",
    "Lib/test/encoded_modules/module_koi8_r.py",
    "Lib/test/test_fstring.py",
    "Lib/test/test_grammar.py",
    "Lib/test/test_importlib/test_util.py",
    "Lib/test/test_named_expressions.py",
    "Lib/test/test_patma.py",
    "Lib/test/test_source_encoding.py",
    "Tools/c-analyzer/c_parser/parser/_delim.py",
    "Tools/i18n/pygettext.py",
    "Tools/test2to3/maintest.py",
    "Tools/test2to3/setup.py",
    "Tools/test2to3/test/test_foo.py",
    "Tools/test2to3/test2to3/hello.py",
]

Next, to benchmark the release build:

cargo build --release

hyperfine --ignore-failure --warmup 10 --runs 100 \
  "./target/release/ruff ./resources/test/cpython/ --no-cache" \
  "./target/release/ruff ./resources/test/cpython/"

Benchmark 1: ./target/release/ruff ./resources/test/cpython/ --no-cache
  Time (mean ± σ):     297.4 ms ±   4.9 ms    [User: 2460.0 ms, System: 67.2 ms]
  Range (min … max):   287.7 ms … 312.1 ms    100 runs

  Warning: Ignoring non-zero exit code.

Benchmark 2: ./target/release/ruff ./resources/test/cpython/
  Time (mean ± σ):      79.6 ms ±   7.3 ms    [User: 59.7 ms, System: 356.1 ms]
  Range (min … max):    62.4 ms … 111.2 ms    100 runs

  Warning: Ignoring non-zero exit code.

To benchmark against the ecosystem's existing tools:

hyperfine --ignore-failure --warmup 5 \
  "./target/release/ruff ./resources/test/cpython/ --no-cache" \
  "pylint --recursive=y resources/test/cpython/" \
  "pyflakes resources/test/cpython" \
  "autoflake --recursive --expand-star-imports --remove-all-unused-imports --remove-unused-variables --remove-duplicate-keys resources/test/cpython" \
  "pycodestyle resources/test/cpython" \
  "flake8 resources/test/cpython" \
  "python -m scripts.run_flake8 resources/test/cpython"

In order, these evaluate:

• ruff
• Pylint
• PyFlakes
• autoflake
• pycodestyle
• Flake8
• Flake8, with a hack to enable multiprocessing on macOS

(You can poetry install from ./scripts to create a working environment for the above.)

Benchmark 1: ./target/release/ruff ./resources/test/cpython/ --no-cache
  Time (mean ± σ):     297.9 ms ±   7.0 ms    [User: 2436.6 ms, System: 65.9 ms]
  Range (min … max):   289.9 ms … 314.6 ms    10 runs

  Warning: Ignoring non-zero exit code.

Benchmark 2: pylint --recursive=y resources/test/cpython/
  Time (mean ± σ):     37.634 s ±  0.225 s    [User: 36.728 s, System: 0.853 s]
  Range (min … max):   37.201 s … 38.106 s    10 runs

  Warning: Ignoring non-zero exit code.

Benchmark 3: pyflakes resources/test/cpython
  Time (mean ± σ):     40.950 s ±  0.449 s    [User: 40.688 s, System: 0.229 s]
  Range (min … max):   40.348 s … 41.671 s    10 runs

  Warning: Ignoring non-zero exit code.

Benchmark 4: autoflake --recursive --expand-star-imports --remove-all-unused-imports --remove-unused-variables --remove-duplicate-keys resources/test/cpython
  Time (mean ± σ):     11.562 s ±  0.160 s    [User: 107.022 s, System: 1.143 s]
  Range (min … max):   11.417 s … 11.917 s    10 runs

Benchmark 5: pycodestyle resources/test/cpython
  Time (mean ± σ):     67.428 s ±  0.985 s    [User: 67.199 s, System: 0.203 s]
  Range (min … max):   65.313 s … 68.496 s    10 runs

  Warning: Ignoring non-zero exit code.

Benchmark 6: flake8 resources/test/cpython
  Time (mean ± σ):     116.099 s ±  1.178 s    [User: 115.217 s, System: 0.845 s]
  Range (min … max):   114.180 s … 117.724 s    10 runs

  Warning: Ignoring non-zero exit code.

Benchmark 7: python -m scripts.run_flake8 resources/test/cpython
  Time (mean ± σ):     20.477 s ±  0.349 s    [User: 142.372 s, System: 1.504 s]
  Range (min … max):   20.107 s … 21.183 s    10 runs

Summary
  './target/release/ruff ./resources/test/cpython/ --no-cache' ran
   38.81 ± 1.05 times faster than 'autoflake --recursive --expand-star-imports --remove-all-unused-imports --remove-unused-variables --remove-duplicate-keys resources/test/cpython'
   68.74 ± 1.99 times faster than 'python -m scripts.run_flake8 resources/test/cpython'
  126.33 ± 3.05 times faster than 'pylint --recursive=y resources/test/cpython/'
  137.46 ± 3.55 times faster than 'pyflakes resources/test/cpython'
  226.35 ± 6.23 times faster than 'pycodestyle resources/test/cpython'
  389.73 ± 9.92 times faster than 'flake8 resources/test/cpython'

License

MIT

Contributing

Contributions are welcome and hugely appreciated. To get started, check out the contributing guidelines.