scattertext 0.0.2.4

An NLP libarary to help find interesting terms in small to medium-sized corpora.

[](https://travis-ci.org/JasonKessler/scattertext)
[](https://gitter.im/scattertext/Lobby)

#Scattertext 0.0.2.3

**Table of Contents**

- [Installation](#installation)
- [Overview](#overview)
- [Tutorial](#tutorial)
- [Advanced Uses](#advanced-uses)
- [Visualizing query-based categorical differences](#visualizing-query-based-categorical-differences)
- [Visualizing any kind of term score](#visualizing-any-kind-of-term-score)
- [Examples](#examples)
- [A note on chart layout](#a-note-on-chart-layout)
- [Presentations on Scattertext](#presentations-on-scattertext)
- [What's new](#whats-new)
- [Sources](#sources)

A tool for finding distinguishing terms in small-to-medium-sized
corpora, and presenting them in a sexy, interactive scatter plot with
non-overlapping term labels. Exploratory data analysis just
got more fun.

Feel free to use the Gitter community [gitter.im/scattertext](https://gitter.im/scattertext/Lobby) for help or to discuss the project.

##Installation
Install Python 3.4.+ I recommend using [Anaconda](https://www.continuum.io/downloads).

`$ pip install scattertext && python -m spacy.en.download`

##Citation
Kessler, Jason S. Scattertext: a Browser-Based Tool for Visualizing how Corpora Differ. arXiv. 2017.
```
@article{kessler2017scattertext,
title = {Scattertext: a Browser-Based Tool for Visualizing how Corpora Differ},
author = {Kessler, Jason~S.},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1607.04606},
year={2017}
}
```

##Overview

This is a tool that's intended for visualizing what words and phrases
are more characteristic of a category than others.

Consider this example:

[](https://jasonkessler.github.io/Conventions-Visualization.html)

Looking at this seem overwhelming. In fact, it's a relatively simple visualization of word use
during the 2012 political convention. Each dot corresponds to a word or phrase mentioned by Republicans or Democrats
during their conventions. The closer Fa dot is to the top of the plot, the more frequently it was used by
Democrats. The further right a dot, the more that word or phrase was used by Republicans. Words frequently
used by both parties, like "of" and "the" and even "Mitt" tend to occur in the upper-right-hand corner. Although very low
frequency words have been hidden to preserve computing resources, a word that neither party used, like "giraffe"
would be in the bottom-left-hand corner.

The interesting things happen close to the upper-left and lower-right corners. In the upper-left corner,
words like "auto" (as in auto bailout) and "millionaires" are frequently used by Democrats but infrequently or never used
by Republicans. Likewise, terms frequently used by Republicans and infrequently by Democrats occupy the
bottom-right corner. These include "big government" and "olympics", referring to the Salt Lake City Olympics in which
Gov. Romney was involved.

Terms are colored by their association. Those that are more associated with Democrats are blue, and those
more associated with Republicans red.

Terms (only unigrams for now) that are most characteristic of the both sets of documents are displayed
on the far-right of the visualization.

The inspiration for this visualization came from Dataclysm (Rudder, 2014).

Scattertext is designed to help you build these graphs and efficiently label points on them.

The documentation (including this readme) is a work in
progress. Please see the quickstart as well as the accompanying Juypter
notebooks, and poking around the code and tests should give you a good idea of how things work.

The library covers some novel and effective term-importance formulas, including **Scaled F-Score**. See slides [52](http://www.slideshare.net/JasonKessler/turning-unstructured-content-into-kernels-of-ideas/52) to [59](http://www.slideshare.net/JasonKessler/turning-unstructured-content-into-kernels-of-ideas/59) of the [Turning Unstructured Content into Kernels of Ideas](http://www.slideshare.net/JasonKessler/turning-unstructured-content-into-kernels-of-ideas/) talk for more details.

##Tutorial

###Help! I don't know Python but I still want to use Scattertext.
While you should learn Python fully use Scattertext, I've put some of the basic
functionality in a commandline tool. The tool is installed when you follow the procedure layed out
above.

Run `$ scattertext --help` from the commandline to see the full usage information. Here's a quick example of
how to use vanilla Scattertext on a CSV file. The file needs to have at least two columns,
one containing the text to be analyzed, and another containing the category. In the example CSV below,
the columns are text and party, respectively.

The example below processes the CSV file, and the resulting HTML visualization into cli_demo.html.

```bash
$ curl -s https://cdn.rawgit.com/JasonKessler/scattertext/master/scattertext/data/political_data.csv | head -2
party,speaker,text
democrat,BARACK OBAMA,"Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you so much.Thank you.Thank you so much. Thank you. Thank you very much, everybody. Thank you.
$ scattertext --datafile=https://cdn.rawgit.com/JasonKessler/scattertext/master/scattertext/data/political_data.csv \
> --text_column=text --category_column=party --metadata_column=speaker --positive_category=democrat \
> --category_display_name=Democratic --not_category_display_name=Republican --outputfile=cli_demo.html
```


###Using Scattertext as a text analysis library: finding characteristic terms and their associations

The following code creates a stand-alone HTML file that analyzes words
used by Democrats and Republicans in the 2012 party conventions, and outputs some notable
term associations.

First, import Scattertext and spaCy.

```pydocstring
>>> import scattertext as st
>>> import spacy
>>> from pprint import pprint
```

Next, assemble the data you want to analyze into a Pandas data frame. It should have
at least two columns, the text you'd like to analyze, and the category you'd like to
study. Here, the `text` column contains convention speeches while the `party` column
contains the party of the speaker. We'll eventually use the `speaker` column
to label snippets in the visualization.

```pydocstring
>>> convention_df = st.SampleCorpora.ConventionData2012.get_data()
>>> convention_df.iloc[0]
party democrat
speaker BARACK OBAMA
text Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you so ...
Name: 0, dtype: object
```

Turn the data frame into a Scattertext Corpus to begin analyzing it. To look for differences
in parties, set the `category_col` parameter to `'party'`, and use the speeches,
present in the `text` column, as the texts to analyze by setting the `text` col
parameter. Finally, pass a spaCy model in to the `nlp` argument and call `build()` to construct the corpus.

```pydocstring
# Turn it into a Scattertext Corpus
>>> nlp = spacy.en.English()
>>> corpus = st.CorpusFromPandas(convention_df,
... category_col='party',
... text_col='text',
... nlp=nlp).build()
```

Let's see characteristic terms in the corpus, and terms that are most associated Democrats and Republicans. See slides [52](http://www.slideshare.net/JasonKessler/turning-unstructured-content-into-kernels-of-ideas/52) to [59](http://www.slideshare.net/JasonKessler/turning-unstructured-content-into-kernels-of-ideas/59) of the [Turning Unstructured Content ot Kernels of Ideas](http://www.slideshare.net/JasonKessler/turning-unstructured-content-into-kernels-of-ideas/) talk for more details on these approaches.

Here are the terms that differentiate the corpus from a general English corpus.
```pydocstring
>>> print(list(corpus.get_scaled_f_scores_vs_background().index[:10]))
['obama',
'romney',
'barack',
'mitt',
'obamacare',
'biden',
'romneys',
'hardworking',
'bailouts',
'autoworkers']
```

Here are the terms that are most associated with Democrats:

```pydocstring
>>> term_freq_df = corpus.get_term_freq_df()
>>> term_freq_df['Democratic Score'] = \
... corpus.get_scaled_f_scores('democrat')
>>> pprint(list(term_freq_df.sort_values(by='Democratic Score',
... ascending=False).index[:10]))
['auto',
'america forward',
'auto industry',
'insurance companies',
'pell',
'last week',
'pell grants',
"women 's",
'platform',
'millionaires']
```

And Republicans:
```pydocstring
>>> term_freq_df['Republican Score'] = \
... corpus.get_scaled_f_scores('republican')
>>> pprint(list(term_freq_df.sort_values(by='Democratic Score',
... ascending=False).index[:10]))
['big government',
"n't build",
'mitt was',
'the constitution',
'he wanted',
'hands that',
'of mitt',
'16 trillion',
'turned around',
'in florida']
```

###Visualizing term associations

Now, let's write the scatter plot a stand-alone HTML file. We'll make the y-axis category "democrat", and name
the category "Democrat" with a capital "D" for presentation
purposes. We'll name the other category "Republican" with a capital "R". All documents in the corpus without
the category "democrat" will be considered Republican. We set the width of the visualization in pixels, and label
each excerpt with the speaker using the `metadata` parameter. Finally, we write the visualization to an HTML file.

```pydocstring
>>> html = st.produce_scattertext_explorer(corpus,
... category='democrat',
... category_name='Democratic',
... not_category_name='Republican',
... width_in_pixels=1000,
... metadata=convention_df['speaker'])
>>> open("Convention-Visualization.html", 'wb').write(html.encode('utf-8'))
```
Below is what the webpage looks like. Click it and wait a few minutes for the interactive version.
[](https://jasonkessler.github.io/Conventions-Visualization.html)

###Visualizing Empath topics and categories

In order to visualize Empath (Fast 2016) topics and categories instead of terms, we'll need to
create a `Corpus` of extracted topics and categories rather than unigrams and
bigrams. To do so, use the `FeatsOnlyFromEmpath` feature extractor. See the sourcecode for
examples of how to make your own.
```pydocstring
>>> corpus = st.CorpusFromParsedDocuments(convention_df,
... category_col='party',
... feats_from_spacy_doc=st.FeatsFromOnlyEmpath(),
... parsed_col='text').build()
```

When creating the visualization, pass the `use_non_text_features=True` argument into
`produce_scattertext_explorer`. This will instruct it to use the labeled Empath
topics and categories instead of looking for terms. Since the documents returned
when a topic or category label is clicked will be in order of the document-level
category-association strength, setting `use_full_doc=True` makes sense, unless you have
enormous documents. Otherwise, the first 300 characters will be shown.

```pydocstring
>>> html = st.produce_scattertext_explorer(corpus,
... category='democrat',
... category_name='Democratic',
... not_category_name='Republican',
... width_in_pixels=1000,
... metadata=convention_df['speaker'],
... use_non_text_features=True,
... use_full_doc=True)
>>> open("Convention-Visualization-Empath.html", 'wb').write(html.encode('utf-8'))
```

[](https://jasonkessler.github.io/Convention-Visualization-Empath.html)


##Advanced uses

###Visualizing query-based categorical differences
Word representations have recently become a hot topic in NLP. While lots of work has been done visualizing
how terms relate to one another given their scores
(e.g., [http://projector.tensorflow.org/](http://projector.tensorflow.org/)),
none to my knowledge has been done visualizing how we can use these to examine how
document categories differ.

In this example given a query term, "jobs", we can see how Republicans and
Democrats talk about it differently.

In this configuration of Scattertext, words are colored by their similarity to a query phrase.
This is done using [spaCy](https://spacy.io/)-provided GloVe word vectors (trained on
the Common Crawl corpus). The cosine distance between vectors is used,
with mean vectors used for phrases.

The calculation of the most similar terms associated with each category is a simple heuristic. First,
sets of terms closely associated with a category are found. Second, these terms are ranked
based on their similarity to the query, and the top rank terms are displayed to the right of the
scatterplot.

A term is considered associated if its p-value is less than 0.05. P-values are
determined using Monroe et al. (2008)'s difference in the weighted log-odds-ratios with an
uninformative Dirichlet prior. This is the only model-based method discussed in Monroe et al.
that does not rely on a large, in-domain background corpus. Since we are scoring
bigrams in addition to the unigrams scored by Monroe, the size of the corpus would have to be larger
to have high enough bigram counts for proper penalization. This function
relies the Dirichlet distribution's parameter alpha, a vector, which is uniformly set to 0.01.

Here is the Scattertext to produce such a visualization.

```pydocstring
>>> from scattertext word_similarity_explorer
>>> html = word_similarity_explorer(corpus,
... category='democrat',
... category_name='Democratic',
... not_category_name='Republican',
... target_term='jobs',
... minimum_term_frequency=5,
... pmi_filter_thresold=4,
... width_in_pixels=1000,
... metadata=convention_df['speaker'],
... alpha=0.01,
... max_p_val=0.05,
... save_svg_button=True)
>>> open("Convention-Visualization-Jobs.html", 'wb').write(html.encode('utf-8'))
```
[](https://jasonkessler.github.io/Convention-Visualization-Sparse.html)


###Visualizing any kind of term score

We can use Scattertext to visualize alternative types of word scores, and ensure that 0 scores are greyed out. Use the `sparse_explroer` function to acomplish this, and see its source code for more details.

```pydocstring
>>> from sklearn.linear_model import Lasso
>>> from scattertext sparse_explorer
>>> html = sparse_explorer(corpus,
... category='democrat',
... category_name='Democratic',
... not_category_name='Republican',
... scores = corpus.get_regression_coefs('democrat', Lasso(max_iter=10000)),
... minimum_term_frequency=5,
... pmi_filter_thresold=4,
... width_in_pixels=1000,
... metadata=convention_df['speaker'])
>>>
open('./Convention-Visualization-Sparse.html', 'wb').write(html.encode('utf-8'))
```

[](https://jasonkessler.github.io/Convention-Visualization-Sparse.html)

##Examples

I recommend you start with this example first. It explains some design decisions that were made in
Scattertext, and explains the strings of points. You can
find it [2012 Political Convention Exploration](http://bit.ly/scattertextdevelopment).

Scattertext can also be used to visualize **topic models**, analyze how **word vectors** and categories interact, and understand **document classification models**. You can see examples of all of these applied to [2016 Presidential Debate transcripts](https://bit.ly/scattertext2016debates).

Finally, we use the task of predicting a movie's revenue from the content of its reviews as an example of
tuning Scattertext. See the analysis at [Movie Reviews and Revenue](http://bit.ly/scattertextrevenuemovie).

##A note on chart layout

[Cozy: The Collection Synthesizer](https://github.com/uwplse/cozy) (Loncaric 2016) was used to help determine
which terms could be labeled without overlapping a circle or another label. It automatically built a data structure to efficiently store and query the locations of each circle and labeled term.

The script to build `rectangle-holder.js` was
```
fields ax1 : long, ay1 : long, ax2 : long, ay2 : long
assume ax1 < ax2 and ay1 < ay2
query findMatchingRectangles(bx1 : long, by1 : long, bx2 : long, by2 : long)
assume bx1 < bx2 and by1 < by2
ax1 < bx2 and ax2 > bx1 and ay1 < by2 and ay2 > by1
```

And it was called using
```
$ python2.7 src/main.py <script file name> --enable-volume-trees \
--js-class RectangleHolder --enable-hamt --enable-arrays --js rectangle_holder.js
```

##Presentations on Scattertext

* [Scattertext: A Tool for Visualizing Differences in Language
](http://www.slideshare.net/JasonKessler/scattertext-a-tool-for-visualizing-differences-in-language)


* [Turning Unstructured Content into Kernels of Ideas](https://www.slideshare.net/JasonKessler/turning-unstructured-content-into-kernels-of-ideas) for an introduction to the metrics and algorithms used.

##What's new
### 0.0.2.4
Added the command line tool, and fixed a bug related to Empath visualizations.

### 0.0.2.3
Ability to see how a particular term is discussed differently between categories
through the `word_similarity_explorer` function.

Specialized mode to view sparse term scores.

Fixed a bug that was caused by repeated values in background unigram counts.

Added true alphabetical term sorting in visualizations.

Added an optional save-as-SVG button.

### 0.0.2.2

Addition option of showing characteristic terms (from the full set of documents) being considered.
The option (`show_characteristic` in `produce_scattertext_explorer`) is on by default,
but currently unavailable for Chinese. If you know of a good Chinese wordcount list,
please let me know. The algorithm used to produce these is F-Score. See [this and the following slide](http://www.slideshare.net/JasonKessler/turning-unstructured-content-into-kernels-of-ideas/58) for more details

### 0.0.2.1.5

Added document and word count statistics to main visualization.

### 0.0.2.1.4

Added preliminary support for visualizing [Empath](https://github.com/Ejhfast/empath-client) (Fast 2016) topics categories instead of emotions. See the tutorial for more information.

### 0.0.2.1.3

Improved term-labeling.

### 0.0.2.1.1

Addition of `strip_final_period` param to `FeatsFromSpacyDoc` to deal with spaCy
tokenization of all-caps documents that can leave periods at the end of terms.

### 0.0.2.1.0

I've added support for Chinese, including the ChineseNLP class, which uses a RegExp-based
sentence splitter and [Jieba](https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba) for word
segmentation. To use it, see the `demo_chinese.py` file. Note that `CorpusFromPandas`
currently does not support ChineseNLP.

In order for the visualization to work, set the `chinese_mode` flat to `True` in
`produce_scattertext_explorer`.

##Sources
* 2012 Convention Data: scraped from [The New York Times.](http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/09/06/us/politics/convention-word-counts.html?_r=0)
* count_1w: Peter Norvig assembled this file (downloaded from [norvig.com](http://norvig.com/ngrams/count_1w.txt)). See http://norvig.com/ngrams/ for an explanation of how it was gathered from a very large corpus.
* hamlet.txt: William Shakespeare. From [shapespeare.mit.edu](http://shakespeare.mit.edu/hamlet/full.html)
* Inspiration for text scatter plots: Rudder, Christian. Dataclysm: Who We Are (When We Think No One's Looking). Random House Incorporated, 2014.
* Loncaric, Calvin. "Cozy: synthesizing collection data structures." Proceedings of the 2016 24th ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering. ACM, 2016.
* Fast, Ethan, Binbin Chen, and Michael S. Bernstein. "Empath: Understanding topic signals in large-scale text." Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2016.