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Skitai App Engine For Microservices

Project description

At a Glance

Here’s a simple equation:

Skitai = Nginx + uWSGI + Flask + Aquests

And simple to run:

pip3 install skitai
python3 app.py -d

Your app will work for your thousands or miliions of customers.

Introduce

Skitai is a kind of branch of Medusa Web Server - A High-Performance Internet Server Architecture. Medusa is different from most other servers because it runs as a single process, multiplexing I/O with its various client and server connections within a single process/thread.

Skitai orients light-weight, simplicity and strengthen networking operations with your backend resources keeping very low costs. And it is being optimized for building and operating microservices.

  • Working as WSGI application server, Web, XML-RPC and reverse proxy and loadbancing server

  • Handling massive requests to your backend servers including RESTful API, RPCs and database engines - PostgreSQL, MongoDB and Redis - with asynchronous manner

  • HTTP/2.0 & HTML5 Websocket implemented

Conceptually, Skitai has been seperated into two components:

  1. Skitai App Engine Server, for WSGI apps

  2. Skito-Saddle, the small WSGI container integrated with Skitai. But you can also mount any WSGI apps and frameworks like Flask.

Skitai is not a just developing server like some frameworks provides. It is supporsed to work fine under real service situation by alone. And it makes your app take off to the world, just by appending a few lines on your app.

Installation

Requirements

Tested Python Versions

  • 3.4

  • 3.5

On win32, required pywin32 binary.

On posix, for compiling psycopg2 module, requires theses packages,

apt-get install libpq-dev python-dev

Installation

With pip

pip3 install skitai

From git

git clone https://gitlab.com/hansroh/skitai.git
cd skitai
python3 setup.py install

But generally you don’t need install alone. When you install Skitai App Engine, proper version of Skitai App Engine will be installed.

Enginize Your App with Skitai

Here’s a very simple WSGI app,

Basic Usage

#WSGI App

def app (env, start_response):
  start_response ("200 OK", [("Content-Type", "text/plain")])
  return 'Hello World'

app.use_reloader = True
app.debug = True

if __name__ == "__main__":

  import skitai

  skitai.mount ('/', app)
  skitai.run (
      address = "127.0.0.1",
      port = 5000
  )

At now, run this code from console.

python3 app.py

You can access this WSGI app by visiting http://127.0.0.1:5000/.

If you want to allow access to your public IPs, or specify port:

skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run (
  address = "0.0.0.0",
  port = 5000
)

skital.mount () spec is:

mount (mount_point, mount_object, app_name = “app”, pref = None)

  • mount_point

  • mount_object: app, app file path or module object

    skitai.mount ('/', app)
    skitai.mount ('/', 'app_v1/app.py', 'app')
    
    import wissen
    skitai.mount ('/', wissen, 'app')
    skitai.mount ('/', (wissen, 'app_v1.py'), 'app')

    In case module object, the module should support skitai exporting spec.

  • app_name: variable name of app

  • pref: supported by Saddle

Logging and Console Displaying For Developing/Debugging

If you do not specify log file path, all logs will be displayed in console, bu specifed all logs will be written into file.

skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run (
  address = "0.0.0.0",
  port = 5000,
  logpath = '/var/logs/skitai'
)

If you also want to view logs through console for spot developing, you run app.py with-v option.

python3 app.py -v

Run with Threads Pool

Skitai run defaultly multi-threading mode and number of threads are 4. If you want to change number of threads for handling WSGI app:

skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run (
  threads = 8
)

Run with Single-Thread

If you want to run Skitai with entirely single thread,

skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run (
  threads = 0
)

This features is limited by your WSGI container. If you use Skito-Saddle container, you can run with single threading mode by using Skito-Saddle’s async streaming response method. But you don’t and if you have plan to use Skitai ‘was’ requests services, you can’t single threading mode and you SHOULD run with multi-threading mode.

Run with Multiple Workers

Available on posix only

Skitai can run with multiple workers(processes) internally using fork for socket sharing.

skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run (
  port = 5000,
  workers = 4,
  threads = 8
)

Mount Multiple WSGI Apps And Static Directories

Here’s three WSGI app samples:

#WSGI App

def app1 (env, start_response):
  start_response ("200 OK", [("Content-Type", "text/plain")])
  return ['Hello World']

app1.use_reloader = True
app1.debug = True


# Flask App*
from flask import Flask
app2 = Flask(__name__)

app2.use_reloader = True
app2.debug = True

@app2.route("/")
def index ():
  return "Hello World"


# Skito-Saddle App
from skitai.saddle import Saddle
app3 = Saddle (__name__)

app3.use_reloader = True
app3.debug = True

@app3.route('/')
def index (was):
  return "Hello World"

Then place this code at bottom of above WSGI app.

if __name__ == "__main__":

  import skitai

  skitai.mount ('/t1', __file__, 'app1')
  skitai.mount ('/t2', __file__, 'app2')
  skitai.mount ('/t3', __file__, 'app3')
  skitai.mount ('/', 'static')
  skitai.run ()

These feature can be used for managing versions.

Let’s assume initail version of app file is app_v1.py.

app = Saddle (__name__)

@app.route('/')
def index (was):
  return "Hello World Ver.1"

And in same directory 2nd version of app file is app_v2.py.

app = Saddle (__name__)

@app.route('/')
def index (was):
  return "Hello World Ver.2"

Now service.py is like this:

import skitai

skitai.mount ('/', 'static')
skitai.mount ('/v1', 'app_v1')
skitai.mount ('/v2', 'app_v2')
skitai.run ()

Then run with:

python service.py

You can access ver.1 by http://127.0.0.1:5009/v1/ and vwe.2 by http://127.0.0.1:5009/v2/.

Note: Above 3 files is in the same directory and then both share templates directory. If you intend to seperate from app_v1 and app_v2, you should seperate app with directory like this:

service.py

app_v1/app.py
app_v1/templates
app_v1/static

app_v2/app.py
app_v2/templates
app_v2/static

and your service.py:

import skitai

skitai.mount ('/v1', 'app_v1/static'),
skitai.mount ('/v1', 'app_v1/app'),
skitai.mount ('/v2', 'app_v2/static'),
skitai.mount ('/v2', 'app_v2/app')
skitai.run ()

Mounting With Virtual Host

if __name__ == "__main__":

  import skitai
  skitai.mount ('/', 'site1.py', host = 'www.site1.com')
  skitai.mount ('/', 'site2.py', host = 'www.site2.com')
  skitai.run ()

Runtime App Preference

New in version 0.26

Usally, your app preference setting is like this:

app = Saddle(__name__)

app.use_reloader = True
app.debug = True
app.config ["prefA"] = 1
app.config ["prefB"] = 2

Skitai provide runtime preference setting.

import skitai

pref = skitai.pref ()
pref.use_reloader = 1
pref.debug = 1

pref.config ["prefA"] = 1
pref.config.prefB = 2

skitai.mount ("/v1", "app_v1/app.py", "app", pref)
skitai.run ()

Above pref’s all properties will be overriden on your app.

Runtime preference can be used with skitai initializing or complicated initializing process for your app.

You can create __init__.py at same directory with app. And bootstrap () function is needed.

__init__.py

import skitai
from . import cronjob

def bootstrap (pref):
  if pref.config.get ('enable_cron')
    skitai.cron ('*/10 * * * *', "%s >> /var/log/sitai/cron.log" % cronjob.__file__)
    skitai.mount ('/cron-log', '/var/log/sitai')

  with open (pref.config.urlfile, "r") as f:
    pref.config.urllist = []
    while 1:
      line = f.readline ().strip ()
      if not line: break
      pref.config.urllist.append (line.split ("\t", 4))

Setting Timeout

Keep alive timeout means seconds gap of each requests. For setting HTTP connection keep alive timeout,

skitai.set_keep_alive (2) # default = 30
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run ()

If you intend to use skitai as backend application server behind reverse proxy server like Nginx, it is recommended over 300.

Network timeout means seconds gap of data packet recv/sending events,

skitai.set_network_timeout (10) # default = 30
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run ()

Note that under massive traffic situation, meaning of keep alive timeout become as same as network timeout beacuse a clients requests are delayed by network/HW capability unintensionally.

Anyway, these timeout values are higher, lower response fail rate and longger response time. But if response time is over 10 seconds, you might consider loadbalancing things. Skitai’s default value 30 seconds is for lower failing rate under extreme situation.

Enabling HTTP/HTTPS Proxy

Make sure you really need proxy.

skitai.enable_proxy ()
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run ()

Run as Daemon

Available on posix only

For making a daemon,

python3 app.py start (or -d)

For stopping daemon,

python3 app.py stop (or -s)

Or for restarting daemon,

python3 app.py restart (or -r)

For automatic starting on system start, add a line to /etc/rc.local file like this:

su - ubuntu -c "/usr/bin/python3 /home/ubuntu/app.py -d"

exit 0

Run as Win32 Service

Available on win32 only, New in version 0.26.7

from skitai.saddle import Saddle
from skitai.win32service import ServiceFramework

class ServiceConfig (ServiceFramework):
  _svc_name_ = "SAE_EXAMPLE"
  _svc_display_name_ = "Skitai Example Service"
  _svc_app_ = __file__
  _svc_python_ = r"c:\python34\python.exe"

app = Saddle (__name__)

if __name__ == "__main__":
  skitai.mount ('/', app)
  skitai.set_service (ServiceConfig)
  skitai.run ()

Then at command line,

app.py install # for installing windows service
app.py start
app.py stop
app.py update # when service class is updated
app.py remove # removing from windwos service

Adding Backend Server Alias

Backend server can be defined like this: (alias_type, servers, role = “”, source = “”, ssl = False).

alias_types can be one of these:

  • All of HTTP based services like web, RPC, RESTful API

    • PROTO_HTTP

    • PROTO_HTTPS

  • Websocket

    • PROTO_WS: websocket

    • PROTO_WSS: SSL websocket

  • Database Engines

    • DB_PGSQL

    • DB_SQLITE3

    • DB_REDIS

    • DB_MONGODB

  • server: single or server list, server form is [ username : password @ server_address : server_port / database_name weight ]. if your username or password contains “@” characters, you should replace to ‘%40’

  • role (optional): it is valid only when cluster_type is http or https for controlling API access

  • source (optional): comma seperated ipv4/mask

  • ssl (optional): use SSL connection or not, PROTO_HTTPS and PROTO_WSS use SSL defaultly

Some examples,

skitai.alias (
  '@members',
  skitai.PROTO_HTTP,
  [ "username:password@members.example.com:5001" ],
  role = 'admin',
  source = '172.30.1.0/24,192.168.1/24'
)

skitai.alias (
  '@mypostgres',
  skitai.DB_POSTGRESQL,
  [
    "postgres:1234@172.30.0.1:5432/test 20",
    "postgres:1234@172.30.0.2:5432/test 10"
  ]
)

skitai.alias (
  '@mysqlite3',
  skitai.DB_SQLITE3,
  [
    "/var/tmp/db1",
    "/var/tmp/db2"
  ]
)

Run as HTTPS Server

To generate self-signed certification file:

; Create the Server Key and Certificate Signing Request
sudo openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 2048
sudo openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr

; Remove the Passphrase If you need
sudo cp server.key server.key.org
sudo openssl rsa -in server.key.org -out server.key

; Sign your SSL Certificate
sudo openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in server.csr -signkey server.key -out server.crt

Then,

skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.enable_ssl ('server.crt', 'server.key', 'your pass phrase')
skitai.run ()

If you want to redirect all HTTP requests to HTTPS,

skitai.enable_forward (80, 443)

skitai.mount ('/', app)
kitai.enable_ssl ('server.crt', 'server.key', 'your pass phrase')
skitai.run (port = 443)

About Mount Point & App Routing

If app is mounted to ‘/flaskapp’,

from flask import Flask
app = Flask (__name__)

@app.route ("/hello")
def hello ():
  return "Hello"

Above /hello can called, http://127.0.0.1:5000/flaskapp/hello

Also app should can handle mount point. In case Flask, it seems ‘url_for’ generate url by joining with env[“SCRIPT_NAME”] and route point, so it’s not problem. Skito-Saddle can handle obiously. But I don’t know other WSGI containers will work properly.

SMTP Delivery Agent

New in version 0.26

e-Mail sending service is executed seperated system process not threading. Every e-mail is temporary save to file system, e-Mail delivery process check new mail and will send. So there’s possibly some delay time.

You can send e-Mail in your app like this:

# email delivery service
e = was.email (subject, snd, rcpt)
e.set_smtp ("127.0.0.1:465", "username", "password", ssl = True)
e.add_content ("Hello World<div><img src='cid:ID_A'></div>", "text/html")
e.add_attachment (r"001.png", cid="ID_A")
e.send ()

With asynchronous email delivery service, can add default SMTP Server. If it is configured, you can skip e.set_smtp(). But be careful for keeping your smtp password.

skitai.enable_smtpda (
  '127.0.0.1:25', 'user', 'password',
  ssl = False, max_retry = 10, keep_days = 3
)
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run ()

All e-mails are saved into varpath and varpath is not specified default is /var/temp/skitai

Batch Task Scheduler

New in version 0.26

Sometimes app need batch tasks for minimum response time to clients. At this situateion, you can use taks scheduling tool of OS - cron, taks scheduler - or can use Skitai’s batch task scheduling service for consistent app management.

skitai.cron ("*/2 */2 * * *", "/home/apps/monitor.py  > /home/apps/monitor.log 2>&1")
skitai.cron ("9 2/12 * * *", "/home/apps/remove_pended_files.py > /dev/null 2>&1")
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run ()

Taks configuarion is very same with posix crontab.

Asccessing File Resources On Startup

Skitai’s working directory is where the script call skitai.run (). Even you run skitai at root directory,

/app/example/app.py -d

Skitai will change working directory to /app/example on startup.

So your file resources exist within skitai run script, you can access them by relative path,

monitor = skital.abspath ('package', 'monitor.py')
skitai.cron ("*/2 */2 * * *", "%s > /home/apps/monitor.log 2>&1" % monitor)

Also, you need absolute path on script,

skitai.getswd () # get skitai working directory

Enable Cache File System

If you make massive HTTP requests, you can cache contents by HTTP headers - Cache-Control and Expires. these configures will affect to ‘was’ request services, proxy and reverse proxy.

skitai.enable_cachefs (memmax = 10000000, diskmax = 100000000, path = '/var/tmp/skitai/cache')
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run ()

Default values are:

  • memmax: 0

  • diskmax: 0

  • path: None

Configure Max Age For Static Files

You can set max-age for static files’ respone header like,

Cache-Control: max-age=300
Expires: Sun, 06 Nov 2017 08:49:37 GMT

If max-age is only set to “/”, applied to all files. But you can specify it to any sub directories.

skitai.mount ('/', 'static')
skitai.set_max_age ("/", 300)
skitai.set_max_age ('/js', 0)
skitai.set_max_age ('/images', 3600)
skitai.run ()

Enable Cache File System

If you make massive HTTP requests, you can cache contents by HTTP headers - Cache-Control and Expires

skitai.enable_cachefs (path = '/var/skitai/cache', memmax = 0, diskmax = 0)
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run ()

Enabling API Gateway Server

Using Skitai’s reverse proxy feature, it can be used as API Gateway Server. All backend API servers can be mounted at gateway server with client authentification and transaction ID logging feature.

class Authorizer:
  def __init__ (self):
    self.tokens = {
      "12345678-1234-123456": ("hansroh", ["user", "admin"], 0)
    }

  # For Token
  def handle_token (self, handler, request):
    username, roles, expires = self.tokens.get (request.token)
    if expires and expires < time.time ():
      # remove expired token
      self.tokens.popitem (request.token)
      return handler.continue_request (request)
    handler.continue_request (request, username, roles)

  # For JWT Claim
  def handle_claim (self, handler, request):
    claim = request.claim
    expires = claim.get ("expires", 0)
    if expires and expires < time.time ():
      return handler.continue_request (request)
    handler.continue_request (request, claim.get ("user"), claim.get ("roles"))

@app.startup
def startup (wac):
  wac.handler.set_auth_handler (Authorizer ())

@app.route ("/")
def index (was):
  return "<h1>Skitai App Engine: API Gateway</h1>"


if __name__ == "__main__":
  import skitai

  skitai.alias (
    '@members', 'https', "members.example.com",
    role = 'admin', source = '172.30.1.0/24,192.168.1/24'
  )
  skitai.alias (
    '@photos', skitai.DB_SQLITE3, ["/var/tmp/db1", "/var/tmp/db2"]
  )
  skitai.mount ('/', app)
  skitai.mount ('/members', '@members')
  skitai.mount ('/photos', '@photos')
  skitai.enable_gateway (True, "8fa06210-e109-11e6-934f-001b216d6e71")
  skitai.run ()

Gateway use only bearer tokens like OAuth2 and JWT(Json Web Token) for authorization. And token issuance is at your own hands. But JWT creation,

from aquests.lib import jwt

secret_key = b"8fa06210-e109-11e6-934f-001b216d6e71"
token = jwt.gen_token (secret_key, {'user': 'Hans Roh', 'roles': ['user']}, "HS256")

Also Skitai create API Transaction ID for each API call, and this will eb explained in Skitai ‘was’ Service chapter.

Using Database Engine For Verifying Token

New in version 0.24.8

If you are not familar with Skitai ‘was’ request services, it would be better to skip and read later.

You can query for getting user information to database engines asynchronously. Here’s example for MongDB.

from skitai import was

class Authorizer:
  def handle_user (self, response, handler, request):
    username = response.data ['username']
    roles = response.data ['roles']
    expires = response.data ['expires']

    if expires and expires < time.time ():
      was.mongodb (
        "@my-mongodb", "mydb", callback = lambda x: None,
      ).delete ('tokens', {"token": request.token})
      handler.continue_request (request)
    else:
      handler.continue_request (request, username, roles)

  def handle_token (self, handler, request):
    was.mongodb (
      "@my-mongodb", "mydb", callback = (self.handle_user, (handler, request))
    ).findone ('tokens', {"token": request.token})

Skitai with Nginx / Squid

Here’s some helpful sample works for virtual hosting using Nginx / Squid.

Example Squid config file (squid.conf) is like this:

http_port 80 accel defaultsite=www.carsales.com

cache_peer 127.0.0.1 parent 5000 0 no-query originserver name=jeans
acl jeans-domain dstdomain www.jeans.com
http_access allow jeans-domain
cache_peer_access jeans allow jeans-domain
cache_peer_access jeans deny all

For Nginx might be 2 config files (I’m not sure):

proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Connection "";

upstream backend {
      server 127.0.0.1:5000;
      keepalive 100;
}

server {
      listen 80;
      server_name www.jeans.com;

      location / {
              proxy_pass http://backend;
              add_header X-Backend Skitai App Engine;
      }

      location /assets/ {
              alias /home/ubuntu/yolocast/statics/assets/;
      }
}

Self-Descriptive App

Skitai’s one of philasophy is self-descriptive app. This means that you once make your app, this app can be run without any configuration or config files (at least, if you need own your resources/log files directoring policy). Your app contains all configurations for not only its own app but also Skitai. As a result, you can just install Skitai with pip, and run your app.py immediately.

pip3 install skitai
# if your app has dependencies
pip3 install -Ur requirements.txt
python3 app.py

Skitai App Examples

Also please visit to Skitai app examples.

Export API From Your Module Through Skitai

If your module need export APIs or web pages, you can include app in your module for Skitai App Engine.

Let’s assume your package name is ‘unsub’.

Your app should be located at unsub/export/skitai/app.py

Then users uses your module can mount on skitai by like this,

import unsub

pref = skitai.pref ()
pref.config.urlfile = skitai.abspath ('resources', 'urllist.txt')

skitai.mount ("/v1", unsub, "app", pref)
skitai.run ()

If your app filename is not app.py but app_v1.py for version management,

skitai.mount ("/v1", (unsub, "app_v1.py"), "app", pref)

If your app need bootstraping or capsulizing complicated initialize process from simple user settings, write code to unsub/export/skitai/__init__.py.

import skitai

def bootstrap (pref):
  if pref.config.get ('enable_cron'):
    from . import cronjob
    skitai.cron ('*/10 * * * *', cronjob.__file__)

  with open (pref.config.urlfile, "r") as f:
    urllist = []
    while 1:
      line = f.readline ().strip ()
      if not line: break
      urllist.append (line.split ("\t", 4))
    pref.config.urllist = urllist

Example

Wissen RESTful API is an WSGI implementation for Wissen with Skitai App Engine.

Skitai ‘was’ Services

‘was’ means (Skitai) WSGI Application Support.

WSGI container like Flask, need to import ‘was’:

from skitai import was

@app.route ("/")
def hello ():
  was.get ("http://...")
  ...

But Saddle WSGI container integrated with Skitai, use just like Python ‘self’.

It will be easy to understand think like that:

  • Skitai is Python class instance

  • ‘was’ is ‘self’ which first argument of instance method

  • Your app functions are methods of Skitai instance

@app.route ("/")
def hello (was, name = "Hans Roh"):
  was.get ("http://...")
  ...

Simply just remember, if you use WSGI container like Flask, Bottle, … - NOT Saddle - and want to use Skitai asynchronous services, you should import ‘was’. Usage is exactly same. But for my convinient, I wrote example codes Saddle version mostly.

Async Requests Service To Backend Servers

Most importance service of ‘was’ is making requests to HTTP, REST, RPC and several database engines. And this is mostly useful for fast Server Side Rendering with outside resources.

The modules is related theses features from aquests and you could read aquests usage first.

I think it just fine explains some differences with aquests.

First of all, usage is somewhat different because aquests is used within threadings on skitai. Skitai takes some threading advantages and compromise with them for avoiding callback heaven.

Usage

At aquests,

import aquests

def display_result (response):
  print (reponse.data)

aquests.configure (callback = display_result, timeout = 3)

aquests.get (url)
aquests.post (url, {"user": "Hans Roh", "comment": "Hello"})
aquests.fetchall ()

At Skitai,

def request (was):
  req1 = was.get (url)
  req2 = was.post (url, {"user": "Hans Roh", "comment": "Hello"})
  respones1 = req1.getwait (timeout = 3)
  response2 = req2.getwait (timeout = 3)
  return [respones1.data, respones2.data]

The significant differnce is calling getwait (timeout) for getting response data.

PostgreSQL query at aquests,

import aquests

def display_result (response):
  for row in response.data:
    row.city, row.t_high, row.t_low

aquests.configure (callback = display_result, timeout = 3)

dbo = aquests.postgresql ("127.0.0.1:5432", "mydb")
dbo.excute ("SELECT city, t_high, t_low FROM weather;")
aquests.fetchall ()

At Skitai,

def query (was):
  dbo = was.postgresql ("127.0.0.1:5432", "mydb")
  s = dbo.excute ("SELECT city, t_high, t_low FROM weather;")

  response = s.getwait (2)
  for row in response.data:
    row.city, row.t_high, row.t_low

If you needn’t returned data and just wait for completing query,

dbo = was.postgresql ("127.0.0.1:5432", "mydb")
req = dbo.execute ("INSERT INTO CITIES VALUES ('New York');")
req.wait (2)

If failed, exception will be raised.

Here’re addtional methods and properties above response obkect compared with aquests’ response one.

  • cache (timeout): response caching

  • status: it indicate requests processed status and note it is not related response.status_code.

    • 0: Initial Default Value

    • 1: Operation Timeout

    • 2: Exception Occured

    • 3: Normal Terminated

Methods List

All supoorted request methods are:

  • Web/API related

    • was.get ()

    • was.delete ()

    • was.options ()

    • was.post (): also available shortcuts postform, postxml, postjson, postnvp

    • was.put (): also available shortcuts putform, putxml, putjson, putnvp

    • was.patch (): also available shortcuts patchform, patchxml, patchjson, patchnvp

  • RPCs

    • was.rpc (): XMLRPC

    • was.grpc (): gRPC

  • Database Engines

    • was.postgresql ()

    • was.mongodb ()

    • was.redis ()

    • was.sqlite3 ()

  • Websocket

    • was.ws ()

    • was.wss ()

Usage At Single Threaded Environment

If you run Skitai with single threaded mode, you can’t use req.wait(), req.getwait() or req.getswait(). Instead you should use callback for this, and Skitai provide async response.

def promise_handler (promise, response):
  promise.settle (response.content)

@app.route ("/index")
def promise_example (was):
  promise = was.promise (promise_handler)
  promise.get (None, "https://pypi.python.org/pypi/skitai")
  return promise

Unfortunately this feature is available on Skito-Saddle WSGI container only (It means Flask or other WSGI container users can only use Skitai with multi-threading mode).

For more detail usage will be explained ‘Skito-Saddle Async Streaming Response’ chapter and you could skip now.

Load-Balancing

Skitai support load-balancing requests.

If server members are pre defined, skitai choose one automatically per each request supporting fail-over.

Then let’s request XMLRPC result to one of mysearch members.

@app.route ("/search")
def search (was, keyword = "Mozart"):
  s = was.rpc.lb ("@mysearch/rpc2").search (keyword)
  results = s.getwait (5)
  return result.data

if __name__ == "__main__":
  import skitai

  skitai.alias (
    '@mysearch',
     skitai.PROTO_HTTP,
     ["s1.myserver.com:443", "s2.myserver.com:443"]
  )
  skitia.mount ("/", app)
  skitai.run ()

It just small change from was.rpc () to was.rpc.lb ()

Note: If @mysearch member is only one, was.get.lb (“@mydb”) is equal to was.get (“@mydb”).

Note2: You can mount cluster @mysearch to specific path as proxypass like this:

if __name__ == "__main__":
  import skitai

  skitai.alias (
    '@mysearch',
     skitai.PROTO_HTTP,
     ["s1.myserver.com:443", "s2.myserver.com:443"]
  )
  skitia.mount ("/", app)
  skitia.mount ("/search", '@mysearch')
  skitai.run ()

It can be accessed from http://127.0.0.1:5000/search, and handled as load-balanced proxypass.

This sample is to show loadbalanced querying database. Add mydb members to config file.

@app.route ("/query")
def query (was, keyword):
  dbo = was.postgresql.lb ("@mydb")
  req = dbo.execute ("SELECT * FROM CITIES;")
  result = req.getwait (2)

 if __name__ == "__main__":
  import skitai

  skitai.alias (
      '@mydb',
     skitai.PGSQL,
     [
       "s1.yourserver.com:5432/mydb/user/passwd",
       "s2.yourserver.com:5432/mydb/user/passwd"
     ]
  )
  skitia.mount ("/", app)
  skitai.run ()

Map-Reducing

Basically same with load_balancing except Skitai requests to all members per each request.

@app.route ("/search")
def search (was, keyword = "Mozart"):
  stub = was.rpc.map ("@mysearch/rpc2")
  req = stub.search (keyword)
  results = req.getswait (2)

  all_results = []
  for result in results:
     all_results.extend (result.data)
  return all_results

There are 2 changes:

  1. from was.rpc.lb () to was.rpc.map ()

  2. from s.getwait () to s.getswait () for multiple results, and results is iterable.

Caching Result

By default, all HTTP requests keep server’s cache policy given by HTTP response header (Cache-Control, Expire etc). But you can control cache as your own terms including even database query results.

Every results returned by getwait(), getswait() can cache.

s = was.rpc.lb ("@mysearch/rpc2").getinfo ()
result = s.getwait (2)
if result.status_code == 200:
      result.cache (60) # 60 seconds

s = was.rpc.map ("@mysearch/rpc2").getinfo ()
results = s.getswait (2)
# assume @mysearch has 3 members
if results.status_code == [200, 200, 200]:
  result.cache (60)

Although code == 200 alredy implies status == 3, anyway if status is not 3, cache() will be ignored. If cached, it wil return cached result for 60 seconds.

New in version 0.15.28

If you getwait with reraise argument, code can be simple.

s = was.rpc.lb ("@mysearch/rpc2").getinfo ()
content = s.getswait (2, reraise = True).data
s.cache (60)

Please note cache () method is both available request and result objects.

You can control number of caches by your system memory before running app.

skitai.set_max_rcache (300)
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run ()

New in version 0.14.9

For expiring cached result by updating new data:

refreshed = False
if was.request.command == "post":
  ...
  refreshed = True

s = was.rpc.lb (
      "@mysearch/rpc2",
      use_cache = not refreshed and True or False
).getinfo ()
result = s.getwait (2)
if result.status_code == 200:
      result.cache (60) # 60 seconds

API Transaction ID

New in version 0.21

For tracing REST API call, Skitai use global/local transaction IDs.

If a client call a API first, global transaction ID (gtxnid) is assigned automatically like ‘GTID-C4676-R67’ and local transaction ID (ltxnid) is ‘1000’.

You call was.get (), was.post () or etc, both IDs will be forwarded via HTTP request header. Most important thinng is that gtxnid is never changed by client call, but ltxnid will be changed per API call.

when client calls gateway API or HTML, ltxnid is 1000. And if it calls APIs internally, ltxnid will increase to 2001, 2002. If ltxnid 2001 API calls internal sub API, ltxnid will increase to 3002, and ltxnid 2002 to 3003. Briefly 1st digit is call depth and rest digits are sequence of API calls.

This IDs is logged to Skitai request log file like this.

2016.12.30 18:05:06 [info] 127.0.0.1:1778 127.0.0.1:5000 GET / \
HTTP/1.1 200 0 32970 \
GTID-C3-R8 1000 - - \
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1;) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/50.0" \
4ms 3ms

Focus 3rd line above log message. Then you can trace a series of API calls from each Skitai instance’s log files for finding some kind of problems.

In next chapters’ features of ‘was’ are only available for Skito-Saddle WSGI container. So if you have no plan to use Saddle, just skip.

Utility Methods of ‘was’

This chapter’s ‘was’ services are also avaliable for all WSGI middelwares.

  • was.status () # HTML formatted status information like phpinfo() in PHP.

  • was.tojson (object)

  • was.fromjson (string)

  • was.toxml (object, usedatetime = 0) # XMLRPC

  • was.fromxml (string) # XMLRPC

  • was.togrpc (object) # gRPC

  • was.fromgrpc (message, obj) # gRPC

  • was.restart () # Restart Skitai App Engine Server, but this only works when processes is 1 else just applied to current worker process.

  • was.shutdown () # Shutdown Skitai App Engine Server, but this only works when processes is 1 else just applied to current worker process.

HTML5 Websocket

New in version 0.11

The HTML5 WebSockets specification defines an API that enables web pages to use the WebSockets protocol for two-way communication with a remote host.

Skitai can be HTML5 websocket server and any WSGI containers can use it.

But I’m not sure my implemetation is right way, so it is experimental and could be changable.

First of all, see conceptual client side java script for websocket using Vuejs.

<div id="app">
  <ul>
    <li v-for="log in logs" v-html="log.text"></li>
  </ul>
  <input type="Text" v-model="msg" @keyup.enter="push (msg); msg='';">
</div>

<script>
vapp = new Vue({
  el: "#app",
  data: {
    ws_uri: "ws://www.yourserver.com/websocket",
    websocket: null,
    out_buffer: [],
    logs: [],
    msg = '',
  },

  methods: {

    push: function (msg) {
      if (!msg) {
        return
      }
      this.out_buffer.push (msg)
      if (this.websocket == null) {
        this.connect ()
      } else {
        this.send ()
      }
    },

    handle_read: function (evt)  {
      this.log_info(evt.data)
    },

    log_info: function (msg) {
      if (this.logs.length == 10000) {
        this.logs.shift ()
      }
      this.logs.push ({text: msg})
    },

    connect: function () {
      this.log_info ("connecting to " + this.ws_uri)
      this.websocket = new WebSocket(this.ws_uri)
      this.websocket.onopen = this.handle_connect
      this.websocket.onmessage = this.handle_read
      this.websocket.onclose = this.handle_close
      this.websocket.onerror = this.handle_error
    },

    send: function () {
      for (var i = 0; i < this.out_buffer.length; i++ ) {
        this.handle_write (this.out_buffer.shift ())
      }
    },

    handle_write: function (msg) {
      this.log_info ("SEND: " + msg)
      this.websocket.send (msg)
    },

    handle_connect: function () {
      this.log_info ("connected")
      this.send ()
    },

    handle_close: function (evt)  {
      this.websocket.close()
      this.websocket = null
      this.log_info("DISCONNECTED")
    },

    handle_error: function (evt)  {
      this.log_info('ERROR: ' + evt.data)
    },

  },

  mounted: function () {
    this.push ('Hello!')
  },

})

</script>

If your WSGI app enable handle websocket, it should give initial parameters to Skitai like this,

def websocket (was, message):
  if was.wshasevent ():
    if was.wsinit ():
      return was.wsconfig (
        websocket design specs,
        keep_alive_timeout = 60,
        message_encoding = None
      )

websocket design specs can be choosen one of 4.

WS_SIMPLE

  • Thread pool manages n websocket connection

  • It’s simple request and response way like AJAX

  • Low cost on threads resources, but reposne cost is relatvley high than the others

WS_THREADSAFE (New in version 0.26)

  • Mostly same as WS_SIMPLE

  • Message sending is thread safe

  • Most case you needn’t this option, but you create uourself one or more threads using websocket.send () method you need this for your convinience

WS_GROUPCHAT (New in version 0.24)

  • Thread pool manages n websockets connection

  • Chat room model

keep alive timeout is seconds.

message_encoding

Websocket messages will be automatically converted to theses objects. Note that option is only available with Skito-Saddle WSGI container.

  • WS_MSG_JSON

  • WS_MSG_XMLRPC

WWW-Authenticate

Some browsers do not support WWW-Authenticate on websocket like Safari, then Skitai currently disables WWW-Authenticate for websocket, so you should be careful for requiring secured messages.

General Usages

Handling websocket has 2 parts - event handling and message handling.

Websocket Events

Currently websocket has 3 envets.

  • skitai.WS_EVT_INIT: in handsahking progress

  • skitai.WS_EVT_OPEN: just after websocket configured

  • skitai.WS_EVT_CLOSE: client websocket channel disconnected

When event occured, message is null string, so WS_EVT_CLOSE is not need handle, but WS_EVT_OPEN would be handled - normally just return None value.

At Flask, use like this.

event = request.environ.get ('websocket.event')
if event:
  if event == skitai.WS_EVT_INIT:
    return request.environ ['websocket.config'] = (...)
  elif event == skitai.WS_EVT_OPEN:
    return ''
  elif event == skitai.WS_EVT_CLOSE:
    return ''
  elif event:
    return '' # should return null string

At Skito-Saddle, handling events is more simpler,

if was.wshasevent ():
  if was.wsinit ():
    return was.wsconfig (spec, timeout, message_type)
  elif was.wsopened ():
    return
  elif was.wsclosed ():
    return
  return

Handling Message

Message is received by first arg (at below exapmle, message arg), and you response for this by returning value.

@app.route ("/websocket/echo")
def echo (was, message):
  return "ECHO:" + message

Full Example

Websocket method MUST have both of event and message handling parts.

Let’s see full example, client can connect by ws://localhost:5000/websocket/echo.

from skitai.saddle import Saddle
import skitai

app = Saddle (__name__)
app.debug = True
app.use_reloader = True

@app.route ("/websocket/echo")
def echo (was, message):
  #-- event handling
  if was.wshasevent ():
    if was.wsinit ():
      return was.wsconfig (skitai.WS_SIMPLE, 60)
    elif was.wsopened ():
      return "Welcome Client %s" % was.wsclient ()
    return
  #-- message handling

  return "ECHO:" + message

For getting another args, just add args behind message arg.

num_sent = {}

@app.route ("/websocket/echo")
def echo (was, message, clinent_name):
  global num_sent
  client_id = was.wsclient ()

  if was.wshasevent ():
    if was.wsinit ():
      num_sent [client_id] = 0
      return was.wsconfig (skitai.WS_SIMPLE, 60)
    elif was.wsopened ():
      return
    elif was.wsclosed ():
      del num_sent [client_id]
      return
    return

  num_sent [client_id] += 1
  return "%s said:" % (clinent_name, message)

Now client can connect by ws://localhost:5000/websocket/chat?client_name=stevemartine.

Once websocket configured by was.wsconfig (), whenever message is arrived from this websocket connection, called this echo method. And you can use all was services as same as other WSGI methods.

was.wsclient () is equivalent to was.env.get (‘websocket.client’) and has numeric unique client id.

For Flask Users

At Flask, Skitai can’t know which variable name receive websocket message, then should specify.

from flask import Flask, request
import skitai

app = Flask (__name__)
app.debug = True
app.use_reloader = True

@app.route ("/websocket/echo")
def echo ():
  event = request.environ.get ('websocket.event')
  client_id = request.environ.get ('websocket.client')

  if event == skitai.WS_EVT_INIT:
    request.environ ["websocket.config"] = (skitai.WS_SIMPLE, 60, ("message",))
    return ""
  elif event == skitai.WS_EVT_OPEN:
    return "Welcome %d" % client_id
  elif event:
    return ""
  return "ECHO:" + request.args.get ("message")

In this case, variable name is (“message”,), It means take websocket’s message as “message” arg.

If returned object is python str type, websocket will send messages as text tpye, if bytes type, as binary. But Flask’s return object is assumed as text type.

Also note, at flask, you should not return None, so you should return null string, if you do not want to send any message.

Send Messages Through Websocket Directly

It needn’t return message, but you can send directly multiple messages through was.websocket,

@app.route ("/websocket/echo")
def echo (was, message):
  if was.wsinit ():
    return was.wsconfig (skitai.WS_SIMPLE, 60)
  elif was.wshasevent (): # ignore all events
    return

  was.websocket.send ("You said," + message)
  was.websocket.send ("I said acknowledge")

This way is very useful for Flask users, because Flask’s return object is bytes, so Skitai try to decode with utf-8 and send message as text type. If Flask users want to send binary data, just send bytes type.

@app.route ("/websocket/echo")
def echo ():
  event = request.environ.get ('websocket.event')
  if event == skitai.WS_EVT_INIT:
    request.environ ["websocket.config"] = (skitai.WS_SIMPLE, 60, ("message",))
    retrurn ''
  elif event:
    return ''

  request.environ ["websocket"].send (
    ("You said, %s" % message).encode ('iso8859-1')
  )

Use Message Encoding

For your convinient, message automatically load and dump object like JSON. But this feature is only available with Skito-Saddle.

@app.route ("/websocket/json")
def json (was, message):
  if was.wsinit ():
    return was.wsconfig (skitai.WS_SIMPLE, 60, skitai.WS_MSG_JSON)
  elif was.wshasevent ():
    return

  return dbsearch (message ['query'], message ['offset'])

JSON message is automatically loaded to Python object, and returning object also will dump to JSON.

Currently you can use WS_MSG_JSON and WS_MSG_XMLRPC. And I guess streaming and multi-chatable gRPC over websocket also possible, I am testing it.

Simple Data Request & Response

Here’s a echo app for showing simple request-respone.

Client can connect by ws://localhost:5000/websocket/chat.

@app.route ("/websocket/echo")
def echo (was, message):
  if was.wsinit ():
    return was.wsconfig (skitai.WS_SIMPLE, 60)
  elif was.wshasevent ():
    return

  return "ECHO:" + message

First args (message) are essential. Although you need other args, you must position after this essential arg.

Thread Safe Websocket

Here’s a websocket app example creating sub thread(s),

class myProgram:
  def __init__ (self, websocket):
    self.websocket = websocket
    self.__active = 0
    self.__lock = trheading.Lock ()

  def run (self):
    while 1:
      with self.lock:
        active = self.__active
      if not active: break
      self.websocket.send ('Keep running...')
      time.sleep (1)
    self.websocket.send ('Terminated')

  def handle_command (self, cmd):
    if cmd == "start":
      with self.lock:
        self.__active = 1
      threading.Thread (self.run).start ()

    elif cmd == "stop":
      with self.lock:
        self.__active = 0
      self.websocket.send ('Try to stop...')

    else:
      self.websocket.send ('I cannot understand your command')

app = Saddle (__name__)

@app.startup
def startup (wac):
  wac.register ('wspool', {})

@app.route ("/websocket/run")
def run (was, message):
  if was.wshasevent ():
    if was.wsinit ():
      was.wsconfig (skitai.WS_THREADSAFE, 7200)
    elif was.wsopened ():
      was.wspool [id (was.websocket)] = myProgram (was.websocket)
    elif was.wsclosed ():
      ukey = id (was.websocket)
      if ukey in was.wspool:
        was.wspool [ukey].kill ()
        del was.wspool [ukey]
    return

  runner = was.hounds [id (was.websocket)]
  runner.handle_command (m)

Group Chat Websocket

This is just extension of Simple Data Request & Response. Here’s simple multi-users chatting app.

This feature will NOT work on multi-processes run mode.

Many clients can connect by ws://localhost:5000/websocket/chat?roomid=1. and can chat between all clients.

@app.route ("/chat")
def chat (was, message, room_id):
  client_id = was.wsclient ()
  if was.wshasevent ():
    if was.wsinit ():
      return was.wsconfig (skitai.WS_GROUPCHAT, 60)
    elif was.wsopened ():
      return "Client %s has entered" % client_id
    elif was.wsclosed ():
      return "Client %s has leaved" % client_id
    return

  return "Client %s Said: %s" % (client_id, message)

In this case, first 2 args (message, room_id) are essential.

For sending message to specific client_id,

clients = list (was.websocket.clients.keys ())
was.websocket.send ('Hi', clients [0])
# OR
return 'Hi', clients [0]

At Flask, should setup for variable names you want to use,

if request.environ.get ("websocket.event") == skitai.WS_EVT_INIT:
  request.environ ["websocket.config"] = (
    skitai.WS_GROUPCHAT,
    60,
    ("message", "room_id")
  )
  return ""

Request Handling with Skito-Saddle

Saddle is WSGI container integrated with Skitai App Engine.

Flask and other WSGI container have their own way to handle request. So If you choose them, see their documentation.

And note below objects and methods ARE NOT WORKING in any other WSGI containers except Saddle.

Before you begin, recommended Saddle App’s directory structure is like this:

  • service.py: Skitai runner

  • app.py: File, Main app

  • package: Directory, Module package for helping app like config.py, model.py etc…

  • statics: Directory, Place static files like css, js, images. This directory should be mounted for using

  • templates: Directory, Jinaja and Chameleon template files

  • resources: Directory, Various files as app need like sqlite db file. In you app, you use these files, you can access file in resources by app.get_resource (“db”, “sqlite3.db”) like os.path.join manner.

Access Saddle App

You can access all Saddle object from was.app.

  • was.app.debug

  • was.app.use_reloader

  • was.app.config # use for custom configuration like was.app.config.my_setting = 1

  • was.app.securekey

  • was.app.session_timeout = None

  • was.app.authorization = “digest”

  • was.app.authenticate = False

  • was.app.realm = None

  • was.app.users = {}

  • was.app.jinja_env

  • was.app.build_url () is equal to was.ab ()

Currently was.app.config has these properties and you can reconfig by setting new value:

  • was.app.config.max_post_body_size = 5 * 1024 * 1024

  • was.app.config.max_cache_size = 5 * 1024 * 1024

  • was.app.config.max_multipart_body_size = 20 * 1024 * 1024

  • was.app.config.max_upload_file_size = 20000000

Debugging and Reloading App

If debug is True, all errors even server errors is shown on both web browser and console window, otherhwise shown only on console.

If use_reloader is True, Skito-Saddle will detect file changes and reload app automatically, otherwise app will never be reloaded.

from skitai.saddle import Saddle

app = Saddle (__name__)
app.debug = True # output exception information
app.use_reloader = True # auto realod on file changed

App Package

If app.use_reloader is True, all module of package - sub package directory of app.py - will be reloaded automatically if file is modified.

Saddle will watch default package directory: ‘package’ and ‘contrib’

If you use other packages and need to reload,

app = Saddle (__name__)
app.add_package ('mylib', 'corplib')

Routing

Basic routing is like this:

@app.route ("/hello")
def hello_world (was):
  return was.render ("hello.htm")

For adding some restrictions:

@app.route ("/hello", methods = ["GET"], content_types = ["text/xml"])
def hello_world (was):
  return was.render ("hello.htm")

If method is not GET, Saddle will response http error code 405 (Method Not Allowed), and content-type is not text/xml, 415 (Unsupported Content Type).

Request

Reqeust object provides these methods and attributes:

  • was.request.method # upper case GET, POST, …

  • was.request.command # lower case get, post, …

  • was.request.uri

  • was.request.version # HTTP Version, 1.0, 1.1

  • was.request.scheme # http or https

  • was.request.body

  • was.request.headers # case insensitive dictioanry

  • was.request.args # dictionary contains url/form parameters

  • was.request.routed_function

  • was.request.routable # {‘methods’: [“POST”, “OPTIONS”], ‘content_types’: [“text/xml”] }

  • was.request.split_uri () # (script, param, querystring, fragment)

  • was.request.json () # load request body as json

  • was.request.get_header (“content-type”) # case insensitive

  • was.request.get_headers () # retrun header all list

  • was.request.get_body ()

  • was.request.get_scheme () # http or https

  • was.request.get_remote_addr ()

  • was.request.get_user_agent ()

  • was.request.get_content_type ()

  • was.request.get_main_type ()

  • was.request.get_sub_type ()

Response

Basically, just return contents.

@app.route ("/hello")
def hello_world (was):
  return was.render ("hello.htm")

If you need set additional headers or HTTP status,

@app.route ("/hello")
def hello (was):
  return was.response ("200 OK", was.render ("hello.htm"), [("Cache-Control", "max-age=60")])

def hello (was):
  return was.response (body = was.render ("hello.htm"), headers = [("Cache-Control", "max-age=60")])

def hello (was):
  was.response.set_header ("Cache-Control", "max-age=60")
  return was.render ("hello.htm")

Above 3 examples will make exacltly same result.

Sending specific HTTP status code,

def hello (was):
  return was.response ("404 Not Found", was.render ("err404.htm"))

def hello (was):
  # if body is not given, automaticcally generated with default error template.
  return was.response ("404 Not Found")

If app raise exception, traceback information will be displayed only app.debug = True. But you intentionally send it inspite of app.debug = False:

# File
@app.route ("/raise_exception")
def raise_exception (was):
  try:
      raise ValueError ("Test Error")
  except:
      return was.response ("500 Internal Server Error", exc_info = sys.exc_info ())

You can return various objects.

# File
@app.route ("/streaming")
def streaming (was):
  return was.response ("200 OK", open ("mypicnic.mp4", "rb"), headers = [("Content-Type", "video/mp4")])

# Generator
def build_csv (was):
  def generate():
    for row in iter_all_rows():
      yield ','.join(row) + '\n'
  return was.response ("200 OK", generate (), headers = [("Content-Type", "text/csv")])

All available return types are:

  • String, Bytes, Unicode

  • File-like object has ‘read (buffer_size)’ method, optional ‘close ()’

  • Iterator/Generator object has ‘next() or _next()’ method, optional ‘close ()’ and shoud raise StopIteration if no more data exists.

  • Something object has ‘more()’ method, optional ‘close ()’

  • Classes of skitai.lib.producers

  • List/Tuple contains above objects

  • XMLRPC dumpable object for if you want to response to XMLRPC

The object has ‘close ()’ method, will be called when all data consumed, or socket is disconnected with client by any reasons.

  • was.response (status = “200 OK”, body = None, headers = None, exc_info = None)

  • was.response.set_status (status) # “200 OK”, “404 Not Found”

  • was.response.get_status ()

  • was.response.set_headers (headers) # [(key, value), …]

  • was.response.get_headers ()

  • was.response.set_header (k, v)

  • was.response.get_header (k)

  • was.response.del_header (k)

  • was.response.hint_promise (uri) # New in version 0.16.4, only works with HTTP/2.x and will be ignored HTTP/1.x

Useful Response Shortcuts

When In cases you want to retrun JSON, XMLRPC, gRPC or local file content, below methods will be useful.

@app.route ("/")
def getjson (was):
  return was.jstream ({'mydata': 'myvalue'})

@app.route ("/<filename>")
def getfile (was, filename):
  return was.fstream ('/data/%s' % filename)
  • was.jstream (obj) # shortcut for was.response (“200 OK”, was.tojson (obj), [(“Content-Type”, “application/json”)])

  • was.xstream (obj, usedatetime = 0) # shortcut for was.response (“200 OK”, was.toxml (obj), [(“Content-Type”, “text/xml”)])

  • was.gstream (obj) # shortcut for was.response (“200 OK”, was.togrpc (obj), [(“Content-Type”, “application/grpc”)])

  • was.fstream (abspath, mimetype = ‘application/octet-stream’) # return file stream object

Async Promise Response

New in version 0.24.8

If you use was’ requests services, and they’re expected taking a long time to fetch, you can use async response.

  • Async promise response has advantage at multi threads environment returning current thread to thread pool early for handling the other requests

  • Async promise response should be used at single thread evironment. If you run Skitai with threads = 0, you can’t use wait(), getwait() or getswiat() for receiving response for HTTP/DBO requests.

  • Unlike general promises, Skitai promise handle multiple funtions with only single handler.

def promise_handler (promise, resp):
  if resp.status_code == 200:
    promise [resp.reqid]  = proxy.render (
      '%s.html' % resp.reqid,
      data = response.json ()
    )
  else:
    promise [resp.reqid] = '<div>Error in %s</div>' % resp.reqid

  if promise.fulfilled ():
    promise.settle (proxy.render ("final.html"))
    # or just join response data
    # promise.settle (proxy ['skitai'] + "<hr>" + proxy ['aquests'])

@app.route ("/promise")
def promise (was):
  promise = was.promise (promise_handler)
  promise.get ('skitai', "https://pypi.python.org/pypi/skitai")
  promise.get ('aquests', "https://pypi.python.org/pypi/aquests")
  return promise

‘skitai.html’ Jinja2 template used in render() is,

<div>{{ r.url }} </div>
<div>{{ r.text }}</div>

‘example.html’ Jinja2 template used in render() is,

<div>{{ skitai }}</div>
<hr>
<div>{{ aquests }}</div>

And you can use almost was.* objects at render() and render() like was.request, was.app, was.ab or was.g etc. But remember that response header had been already sent so you cannot use aquests features and connot set new header values like cookie or mbox (but reading is still possible).

Above proxy can make requests as same as was object except first argument is identical request name (reqid). Compare below things.

This identifier can handle responses at executing callback. reqid SHOULD follow Python variable naming rules because might be used as template variable.

You MUST call Promise.settle (content_to_send) finally, and if you have chunk content to send, you can call Promise.send(chunk_content_to_send) for sending middle part of contents before calling settle ().

New in version 0.25.2

You can set meta data dictionary per requests if you need.

def promise_handler (promise, response):
  due = time.time () - response.meta ['created']
  promise.send (response.content)
  promise.send ('Fetch in %2.3f seconds' % due)
  promise.settle () # Should call

@app.route ("/promise")
def promise (was):
  promise = was.promise (promise_handler)
  promise.get ('req-0', "http://my-server.com", meta = {'created': time.time ()})
  return was.response ("200 OK", promise, [('Content-Type', 'text/plain')])

But it is important that meta arg should be as keyword arg, and DON’T use ‘reqid’ as meta data key. ‘reqid’ is used internally.

Creating async response proxy:

  • was.promise (promise_handler, prolog = None, epilog = None): return Promise, prolog and epilog is like html header and footer

response_handler should receive 2 args: response for your external resource request and Promise.

Note: It’s impossible requesting map-reduce requests at async response mode.

collect_producer has these methods.

  • Promise.get (reqid, url, …), post (reqid, url, data, …) and etc

  • Promise.set (name, data): save data for generating full contents

  • Promise.pending (): True if numer of requests is not same as responses

  • Promise.fulfilled (): True if numer of requests is same as responses

  • Promise.settled (): True if settle () is called

  • Promise.rejected (): ignore all response after called

  • Promise.render (template_file, single dictionary object or keyword args, …): render each response, if no args render with promise’s data set before

  • Promise.send (content_to_send): push chunk data to channel

  • Promise.settle (content_to_send = None)

  • Promise.reject (content_to_send = None)

HTTP/2.0 Server Push

New in version 0.16

Skiai supports HTPT2 both ‘h2’ protocl over encrypted TLS and ‘h2c’ for clear text (But now Sep 2016, there is no browser supporting h2c protocol).

Basically you have nothing to do for HTTP2. Client’s browser will handle it except HTTP2 server push.

For using it, you just call was.response.hint_promise (uri) before return response data. It will work only client browser support HTTP2, otherwise will be ignored.

@app.route ("/promise")
def promise (was):

  was.response.hint_promise ('/images/A.png')
  was.response.hint_promise ('/images/B.png')

  return was.response (
    "200 OK",
    (
      'Promise Sent<br><br>'
      '<img src="/images/A.png">'
      '<img src="/images/B.png">'
    )
  )

Getting URL Parameters

@app.route ("/hello")
def hello_world (was, num = 8):
  return num
# http://127.0.0.1:5000/hello?num=100

@app.route ("/hello/<int:num>")
def hello_world (was, num = 8):
  return str (num)
  # http://127.0.0.1:5000/hello/100

Also you can access as dictionary object ‘was.request.args’.

num = was.request.args.get ("num", 0)

for fancy url building, available param types are:

  • int

  • float

  • path: /download/<int:major_ver>/<path>, should be positioned at last like /download/1/version/1.1/win32

  • If not provided, assume as string. and all space char replaced to “_’

Getting Form Parameters

Getting form is not different from the way for url parameters, but generally form parameters is too many to use with each function parameters, can take from single args **form or take mixed with named args and **form both.

@app.route ("/hello")
def hello (was, **form):
      return "Post %s %s" % (form.get ("userid", ""), form.get ("comment", ""))

@app.route ("/hello")
def hello_world (was, userid, **form):
      return "Post %s %s" % (userid, form.get ("comment", ""))

Building URL

If your app is mounted at “/math”,

@app.route ("/add")
def add (was, num1, num2):
  return int (num1) + int (num2)

was.app.build_url ("add", 10, 40) # returned '/math/add?num1=10&num2=40'

# BUT it's too long to use practically,
# was.ab is acronym for was.app.build_url
was.ab ("add", 10, 40) # returned '/math/add?num1=10&num2=40'
was.ab ("add", 10, num2=60) # returned '/math/add?num1=10&num2=60'

@app.route ("/hello/<name>")
def hello (was, name = "Hans Roh"):
  return "Hello, %s" % name

was.ab ("hello", "Your Name") # returned '/math/hello/Your_Name'

Access Environment Variables

was.env is just Python dictionary object.

if "HTTP_USER_AGENT" in was.env:
  ...
was.env.get ("CONTENT_TYPE")

Jinja2 Template Engine

Although You can use any template engine, Skitai provides was.render() which uses Jinja2 template engine. For providing arguments to Jinja2, use dictionary or keyword arguments.

return was.render ("index.html", choice = 2, product = "Apples")

#is same with:

return was.render ("index.html", {"choice": 2, "product": "Apples"})

#BUT CAN'T:

return was.render ("index.html", {"choice": 2}, product = "Apples")

Directory structure sould be:

  • /project_home/app.py

  • /project_home/templates/index.html

At template, you can use all ‘was’ objects anywhere defautly. Especially, Url/Form parameters also can be accessed via ‘was.request.args’.

{{ was.cookie.username }} choices item {{ was.request.args.get ("choice", "N/A") }}.

<a href="{{ was.ab ('checkout', choice) }}">Proceed</a>

Also ‘was.g’ is can be useful in case threr’re lots of render parameters.

was.g.product = "Apple"
was.g.howmany = 10

return was.render ("index.html")

And at jinja2 template,

{% set g = was.g }} {# make shortcut #}
Checkout for {{ g.howmany }} {{ g.product }}{{g.howmany > 1 and "s" or ""}}

If you want modify Jinja2 envrionment, can through was.app.jinja_env object.

def generate_form_token ():
  ...

was.app.jinja_env.globals['form_token'] = generate_form_token

New in version 0.15.16

Added new app.jinja_overlay () for easy calling app.jinja_env.overlay ().

Recently JS HTML renderers like Vue.js, React.js have confilicts with default jinja mustache variable. In this case you mightbe need change it.

app = Saddle (__name__)
app.debug = True
app.use_reloader = True
app.jinja_overlay (
  variable_start_string = "{{",
  variable_end_string = "}}",
  block_start_string = "{%",
  block_end_string = "%}",
  comment_start_string = "{#",
  comment_end_string = "#}",
  line_statement_prefix = "%",
  line_comment_prefix = "%%"
)

if you set same start and end string, please note for escaping charcter, use double escape. for example ‘#’, use ‘##’ for escaping.

Warning: Current Jinja2 2.8 dose not support double escaping (##) but it will be applied to runtime patch by Saddle. So if you use app.jinja_overlay, you have compatible problems with official Jinja2.

Chameleon Template Engine

New in version 0.26.6

For using Chameleon template engine, you just make template file extention with ‘.pt’ or ‘.ptal’ (Page Template or Page Template Attribute Language).

I personally prefer Chameleon with Vue.js for HTML rendering.

return was.render (
  "index.ptal",
  dashboard = [
    {'population': 235642, 'school': 34, 'state': 'NY', 'nation': 'USA'},
    {'population': 534556, 'school': 54, 'state': 'BC', 'nation': 'Canada'},
     ]
   )

Here’s example part of index.ptal.

${ was.request.args ['query'] }

<tr tal:repeat="each dashboard">
  <td>
    <a tal:define="entity_name '%s, %s' % (each ['state'], each ['nation'])"
       tal:attributes="href was.ab ('entities', was.request.args ['level'], each ['state'])"
       tal:content="entity_name">
    </a>
  </td>
  <td tal:content="each ['population']" />
  <td>${ each ['schools'] }</td>
</tr>

Custom Error Template

New in version 0.26.7

@app.errorhandler (404)
def not_found (was, error):
  return was.render ('404.htm', error = error)

Template file 404.html is like this:

<h1>{{ error.code }} {{ error.message }}</h1>
<p>{{ error.detail }}</p>
<hr>
<div>URL: {{ error.url }}</div>
<div>Time: {{ error.time }}</div>

Note that custom error templates can not be used before routing to the app.

Access Session

was.session has almost dictionary methods.

To enable session for app, random string formatted securekey should be set for encrypt/decrypt session values.

WARN: securekey should be same on all skitai apps at least within a virtual hosing group, Otherwise it will be serious disaster.

app.securekey = "ds8fdsflksdjf9879dsf;?<>Asda"
app.session_timeout = 1200 # sec

@app.route ("/session")
def hello_world (was, **form):
  if "login" not in was.session:
    was.session.set ("user_id", form.get ("hansroh"))
    # or
    was.session ["user_id"] = form.get ("hansroh")
  • was.session.set (key, val)

  • was.session.get (key, default = None)

  • was.session.source_verified (): If current IP address matches with last IP accesss session

  • was.session.getv (key, default = None): If not source_verified (), return default

  • was.session.remove (key)

  • was.session.clear ()

  • was.session.kyes ()

  • was.session.values ()

  • was.session.items ()

  • was.session.has_key ()

  • was.session.iterkyes ()

  • was.session.itervalues ()

  • was.session.iteritems ()

Messaging Box

Like Flask’s flash feature, Skitai also provide messaging tool.

@app.route ("/msg")
def msg (was):
  was.mbox.send ("This is Flash Message", "flash")
  was.mbox.send ("This is Alert Message Kept by 60 seconds on every request", "alram", valid = 60)
  return was.redirect (was.ab ("showmsg", "Hans Roh"), status = "302 Object Moved")

@app.route ("/showmsg")
def showmsg (was, name):
  return was.render ("msg.htm", name=name)

A part of msg.htm is like this:

Messages To {{ name }},
<ul>
      {% for message_id, category, created, valid, msg, extra in was.mbox.get () %}
              <li> {{ mtype }}: {{ msg }}</li>
      {% endfor %}
</ul>

Default value of valid argument is 0, which means if page called was.mbox.get() is finished successfully, it is automatically deleted from mbox.

But like flash message, if messages are delayed by next request, these messages are save into secured cookie value, so delayed/long term valid messages size is limited by cookie specificatio. Then shorter and fewer messsages would be better as possible.

‘was.mbox’ can be used for general page creation like handling notice, alram or error messages consistently. In this case, these messages (valid=0) is consumed by current request, there’s no particular size limitation.

Also note valid argument is 0, it will be shown at next request just one time, but inspite of next request is after hundred years, it will be shown if browser has cookie values.

@app.before_request
def before_request (was):
  if has_new_item ():
    was.mbox.send ("New Item Arrived", "notice")

@app.route ("/main")
def main (was):
  return was.render ("news.htm")

news.htm like this:

News for {{ was.g.username }},
<ul>
      {% for mid, category, created, valid, msg, extra in was.mbox.get ("notice", "news") %}
              <li class="{{category}}"> {{ msg }}</li>
      {% endfor %}
</ul>
  • was.mbox.send (msg, category, valid_seconds, key=val, …)

  • was.mbox.get () return [(message_id, category, created_time, valid_seconds, msg, extra_dict)]

  • was.mbox.get (category) filtered by category

  • was.mbox.get (key, val) filtered by extra_dict

  • was.mbox.source_verified (): If current IP address matches with last IP accesss mbox

  • was.mbox.getv (…) return get () if source_verified ()

  • was.mbox.search (key, val): find in extra_dict. if val is not given or given None, compare with category name. return [message_id, …]

  • was.mbox.remove (message_id)

Named Session & Messaging Box

New in version 0.15.30

You can create multiple named session and mbox objects by mount() methods.

was.session.mount (
  name = None, securekey = None,
  path = None, domain = None, secure = False, http_only = False,
  session_timeout = None
 )

was.mbox.mount (
  name = None, securekey = None,
  path = None, domain = None, secure = False, http_only = False
)

For example, your app need isolated session or mbox seperated default session for any reasons, can create session named ‘ADM’ and if this session or mbox is valid at only /admin URL.

@app.route("/")
def index (was):
  was.session.mount ("ADM", SECUREKEY_STRING, path = '/admin')
  was.session.set ("admin_login", True)

  was.mbox.mount ("ADM", SECUREKEY_STRING, path = '/admin')
  was.mbox.send ("10 data has been deleted", 'warning')

SECUREKEY_STRING needn’t same with app.securekey. And path, domain, secure, http_only args is for session cookie, you can mount any named sessions or mboxes with upper cookie path and upper cookie domain. In other words, to share session or mbox with another apps, path should be closer to root (/).

@app.route("/")
def index (was):
  was.session.mount ("ADM", SECUREKEY_STRING, path = '/')
  was.session.set ("admin_login", True)

Above ‘ADM’ sesion can be accessed by all mounted apps because path is ‘/’.

Also note was.session.mount (None, SECUREKEY_STRING) is exactly same as mounting default session, but in this case SECUREKEY_STRING should be same as app.securekey.

mount() is create named session or mbox if not exists, exists() is just check wheather exists named session already.

if not was.session.exists (None):
  return "Your session maybe expired or signed out, please sign in again"

if not was.session.exists ("ADM"):
  return "Your admin session maybe expired or signed out, please sign in again"

File Upload

FORM = """
  <form enctype="multipart/form-data" method="post">
  <input type="hidden" name="submit-hidden" value="Genious">
  <p></p>What is your name? <input type="text" name="submit-name" value="Hans Roh"></p>
  <p></p>What files are you sending? <br />
  <input type="file" name="file">
  </p>
  <input type="submit" value="Send">
  <input type="reset">
</form>
"""

@app.route ("/upload")
def upload (was, *form):
  if was.request.command == "get":
    return FORM
  else:
    file = form.get ("file")
    if file:
      file.save ("d:\\var\\upload", dup = "o") # overwrite

‘file’ object’s attributes are:

  • file.path: temporary saved file full path

  • file.name: original file name posted

  • file.size

  • file.mimetype

  • file.remove ()

  • file.save (into, name = None, mkdir = False, dup = “u”)

    • if name is None, used file.name

    • dup:

      • u - make unique (default)

      • o - overwrite

App and Method Decorators and was.g

Method decorators called automatically when each method is requested in a app.

@app.before_request
def before_request (was):
  if not login ():
    return "Not Authorized"

@app.finish_request
def finish_request (was):
  was.g.user_id
  was.g.user_status
  ...

@app.failed_request
def failed_request (was, exc_info):
  was.g.user_id
  was.g.user_status
  ...

@app.teardown_request
def teardown_request (was):
  was.g.resouce.close ()
  ...

@app.route ("/view-account")
def view_account (was, userid):
  was.g.user_id = "jerry"
  was.g.user_status = "active"
  was.g.resouce = open ()
  return ...

For this situation, ‘was’ provide was.g that is empty class instance. was.g is valid only in current request. After end of current request.

If view_account is called, Saddle execute these sequence:

try:
  try:
    content = before_request (was)
    if content:
      return content
    content = view_account (was, *args, **karg)

  except:
    content = failed_request (was, sys.exc_info ())
    if content is None:
      raise

  else:
    finish_request (was)

finally:
  teardown_request (was)

return content

Be attention, failed_request’s 2nd arguments is sys.exc_info (). Also finish_request and teardown_request (NOT failed_request) should return None (or return nothing).

If you handle exception with failed_request (), return custom error content, or exception will be reraised and Saddle will handle exception.

New in version 0.14.13

@app.failed_request
 def failed_request (was, exc_info):
   # releasing resources
   return was.response (
       "501 Server Error",
       was.render ("err501.htm", msg = "We're sorry but something's going wrong")
   )

Also there’re another kind of decorator group, App decorators.

@app.startup
def startup (wac):
  logger = wac.logger.get ("app")
  # OR
  logger = wac.logger.make_logger ("login", "daily")
  config = wac.config
  wac.register ("loginengine", SNSLoginEngine (logger))
  wac.register ("searcher", FulltextSearcher (wac.numthreads))

@app.onreload
def onreload (wac):
  wac.loginengine.reset ()

@app.shutdown
def shutdown (wac):
  wac.searcher.close ()

  wac.unregister ("loginengine")
  wac.unregister ("searcher")

‘wac’ is Python Class object of ‘was’, so mainly used for sharing Skitai server-wide object via was.object.

And you can access numthreads, logger, config from wac.

As a result, myobject can be accessed by all your current app functions even all other apps mounted on Skitai.

# app mounted to 'abc.com/members'
@app.route ("/")
def index (was):
  was.loginengine.get_user_info ()
  was.searcher.query ("ipad")

# app mounted to 'abc.com/register'
@app.route ("/")
def index (was):
  was.loginengine.check_user_to ("facebook")
  was.searcher.query ("ipad")

# app mounted to 'def.com/'
@app.route ("/")
def index (was):
  was.searcher.query ("news")

Note: The way to mount with host, see ‘Mounting With Virtual Host’ chapter below.

It maybe used like plugin system. If a app which should be mounted loads pulgin-like objects, theses can be used by Skitai server wide apps via was.object1, was.object2,…

These methods will be called,

  1. startup: when app imported on skitai server started

  2. onreload: when app.use_reloader is True and app is reloaded

  3. shutdown: when skitai server is shutdowned

CORS (Cross Origin Resource Sharing) and Preflight

For allowing CORS, you should do 2 things:

  • set app.access_control_allow_origin

  • allow OPTIONS methods for routing

app = Saddle (__name__)
app.access_control_allow_origin = "*"
app.access_control_max_age = 3600

@app.route ("/post", methods = ["POST", "OPTIONS"])
def post (was):
  args = was.request.json ()
  return was.jstream ({...})

If you want function specific CORS,

app = Saddle (__name__)

@app.route (
 "/post", methods = ["POST", "OPTIONS"],
 access_control_allow_origin = "*",
 access_control_max_age = 3600
)
def post (was):
  args = was.request.json ()
  return was.jstream ({...})

Using External Resources With App Decorator

New in version 0.26

If you have databases or API servers, and want to create cache object on app starting, you can use wac.backend (). But youn can only use with pre-aliased upstream servers only.

app.cache = {}
def create_cache (res):
  for row in res.data:
    app.cache ['STATENAMES'][row.code] = row.name

@app.startup
def startup (wac):
  wac.backend ('sqlite3', '@mydb', callback = create_cache).execute ("select code, name from states;")
  # or use REST API
  wac.backend ('get', '@myapi/v1/states', callback = create_cache)
  # or use RPC
  wac.backend ('rpc', '@myrpc/rpc2', callback = create_cache).get_states ()

Now you can access cache by was.app.cache or app.cache.

wac.backend () is a sort of low level method for making requests before wac is instantialized.

  • wac.backend (method, alias_uri = None, data = None, auth = None, headers = None, meta = None, callback = None, timeout = 10)

    • method: can be all of was’ request methods like postgresql, sqlite3, redis, get, post, pus, rpc … etc

WWW-Authenticate

Changed in version 0.15.21

  • removed app.user and app.password

  • add app.users object has get(username) methods like dictionary

Saddle provide simple authenticate for administration or perform access control from other system’s call.

Authentication On Entire App

app = Saddle (__name__)

app.authorization = "digest"
app.realm = "Partner App Area of mysite.com"
app.users = {"app": ("iamyourpartnerapp", 0, {'role': 'root'})}
app.authenticate = True

@app.route ("/hello/<name>")
def hello (was, name = "Hans Roh"):
  return "Hello, %s" % name

If app.authenticate is True, all routes of app require authorization (default is False).

Authentication On Specific Methods Only

Otherwise you can make some routes requirigng authorization like this:

# False is default, you can omit this line
app.authenticate = False

@app.route ("/hello/<name>", authenticate = True)
def hello (was, name = "Hans Roh"):
  return "Hello, %s" % name

User Collection

The return of app.users.get (username) can be:

  • (str password, boolean encrypted, obj userinfo)

  • (str password, boolean encrypted)

  • str password

If you use encrypted password, you should use digest authorization and password should encrypt by this way:

from hashlib import md5

encrypted_password = md5 (
      ("%s:%s:%s" % (username, realm, password)).encode ("utf8")
).hexdigest ()

If authorization is successful, app can access username and userinfo vi was.request.user.

  • was.request.user.name

  • was.request.user.realm

  • was.request.user.info

If your server run with SSL, you can use app.authorization = “basic”, otherwise recommend using “digest” for your password safety.

Building for Larger App

You have 2 options for extending your app scale.

  1. Mount multiple microservices

  2. Mount saddlery on saldde

Mount Multiple Microservices

I personally recommend this way by current developing trend.

import skitai

skitai.run (
  mount = [
    ('/service', ('/service/app', 'app')),
    ('/service/trade', ('/service/trade/app', 'app')),
    ('/service/intro', ('/service/intro/app', 'app')),
    ('/service/admin', ('/service/admin/app', 'app')),
    ('/', '/service/static')
  ]
)

And your pysical directory structure is,

/service/app.py
/service/templates/*.html
/service/apppackages/*.py

/service/trade/app.py
/service/trade/templates/*.html
/service/trade/apppackages/*.py

/service/intro/app.py
/service/intro/templates/*.html
/service/intro/apppackages/*.py

/service/admin/app.py
/service/admin/templates/*.html
/service/admin/apppackages/*.py

/service/static/images
/service/static/js
/service/static/css

This structure make highly focus on each microservices and make easy to move or apply scaling by serivce traffic increment.

Mount Saddlery On Saddle

If your app is very large or want to manage codes by categories, you can seperate your app.

admin.py

from skitai.saddle import Saddlery
part = Saddlery ()

@part.route ("/<name>")
def hello (was):
  # can build other module's method url
  return was.ab ("index", 1, 2)

app.py

from skitai.saddle import Saddle
from . import admin

app = Saddle (__name__)
app.debug = True
app.use_reloader = True
app.mount ("/admin", admin, "part")

@app.route ("/")
def index (was, num1, num2):
  return was.ab ("hello", "Hans Roh") # url building

Now, hello function’s can be accessed by ‘/[app mount point]/admin/Hans_Roh’.

App’s configs like debug & use_reloader, etc, will be applied to packages except decorators.

Note: was.app is always main Saddle app NOT current Saddlery sub app.

Saddlery can have own sub saddlery and decorators.

from skitai.saddle import Saddlery
from . import admin_sub

part = Saddlery () # mount point
# Saddlery also can have sub Saddlery
part.mount ("/admin/sub", admin_sub, "app")

@part.startup
def startup (wac):
  wac.register ("loginengine", SNSLoginEngine ())
  wac.register ("searcher", FulltextSearcher ())

@part.shutdown
def shutdown (wac):
  wac.searcher.close ()

  wac.unregister ("loginengine")
  wac.unregister ("searcher")

@part.before_request
def before_request (was):
  if not login ():
    return "Not Authorized"

@part.teardown_request
def teardown_request (was):
  was.g.resouce.close ()
  ...

@part.route ("/<name>")
def hello (was):
  # can build other module's method url
  return was.ab ("index", 1, 2)

In this case, app and sub-app’s method decorators are nested executed in this order.

app.before_request()
  sub-app.before_request()
    hello()
  sub-app.finish_request() or package.failed_request()
  sub-app.teardown_request ()
app.finish_request() or app.failed_request()
app.teardown_request ()

Saddlery and Jinja2 Templates

was.render (template_path) always find templates directory where app.py exists, even if admin.py is located in sub directory with package form. This is somewhat conflicated but I think it’s more easier way to maintain template files and template include policy. Remeber one app can have one templates directoty. But you can seperate into templates files by sub directory. For example:

/app.py
/admin.py
/members/__init__.py
/static
/templates/includes/header.html
/templates/includes/footer.html
/templates/app/index.html
/templates/admin/index.html
/templates/members/index.html

But if you want to use independent templates under own templates directory:

from skitai.saddle import Saddlery

part = Saddlery (__name__)

@part.route ("/<name>")
def hello (was):
  return was.render2 ("show.htm", name = name)

Implementing XMLRPC Service

Client Side:

import aquests

stub = aquests.rpc ("http://127.0.0.1:5000/rpc")
stub.add (10000, 5000)
fetchall ()

Server Side:

@app.route ("/add")
def index (was, num1, num2):
  return num1 + num2

Is there nothing to diffrence? Yes. Saddle app methods are also used for XMLRPC service if return values are XMLRPC dumpable.

Implementing gRPC Service

Client Side:

import aquests
import route_guide_pb2

stub = aquests.grpc ("http://127.0.0.1:5000/routeguide.RouteGuide")
point = route_guide_pb2.Point (latitude=409146138, longitude=-746188906)
stub.GetFeature (point)
aquests.fetchall ()

Server Side:

import route_guide_pb2

@app.route ("/GetFeature")
def GetFeature (was, point):
  feature = get_feature(db, point)
if feature is None:
  return route_guide_pb2.Feature(name="", location=point)
else:
  return feature

if __name__ == "__main__":
  skitai.run (
    mount = [('/routeguide.RouteGuide', app)
  )

For more about gRPC and route_guide_pb2, go to gRPC Basics - Python.

Note: I think I don’t understand about gRPC’s stream request and response. Does it means chatting style? Why does data stream has interval like GPS data be handled as stream type? If it is chat style stream, is it more efficient that use proto buffer on Websocket protocol? In this case, it is even possible collaborating between multiple gRPC clients.

Logging and Traceback

If Skitai run with -v option, app and exceptions are displayed at your console, else logged at files.

@app.route ("/")
def sum ():
  was.log ("called index", "info")
  try:
    ...
  except:
      was.log ("exception occured", "error")
      was.traceback ()
  was.log ("done index", "info")

Note inspite of you do not handle exception, all app exceptions will be logged automatically by Saddle. And it includes app importing and reloading exceptions.

  • was.log (msg, category = “info”)

  • was.traceback (id = “”) # id is used as fast searching log line for debug, if not given, id will be Global transaction ID/Local transaction ID

Project Purpose

Skitai App Engine’s original purpose is to serve python fulltext search engine Wissen which is my another pypi work. And I found that it is possibly useful for building and serving websites.

Anyway, I am modifying my codes to optimizing for enabling service on Linux machine with relatvely poor H/W (ex. AWS t2.nano instance) and making easy to auto-scaling provided cloud computing service like AWS.

If you need lots of outside http(s) resources connecting jobs and use PostgreSQL, it might be worth testing and participating this project.

Also note it might be more efficient that circumstance using Gevent WSGI Server + Flask. They have well documentation and already tested by lots of users.

Change Log

0.26 (May 2017)

  • 0.26.7

    • add custom error template on Saddle

    • add win32 service tools

    • change class method name from make_request () to backend ()

    • retry once if database is disconnected by keep-live timeout

    • drop wac.make_dbo () and wac.make_stub ()

  • 0.26.6.1

    • add wac.make_dbo (), wac.make_stub () and wac.make_request ()

    • wac.ajob () has been removed

    • change repr name from wasc to wac

  • 0.26.6

    • websocket design spec, WEBSOCKET_DEDICATE_THREADSAFE has been removed and WEBSOCKET_THREADSAFE is added

    • fix websocket, http2, https proxy tunnel timeout, related set_network_timeout () is recently added

  • 0.26.4.1: add set_network_timeout (timoutout = 30) and change default keep alive timeout from 2 to 30

  • 0.26.4: fix incomplete sending when resuested with connection: close header

  • 0.26.3.7: enforce response to HTTP version 1.1 for 1.0 CONNECT with 1.0 request

  • 0.26.3.5: revert multiworkers

  • 0.26.3.2: fix multiworkers

  • 0.26.3.1: update making for self-signing certification

  • 0.26.3: add skitai.enable_forward

  • 0.26.2.1: remove was.promise.render_all (), change method name from was.promise.push () to send ()

  • 0.26.2: change name from was.aresponse to was.promise

  • 0.26.1.1: add skitai.abspath (*args)

  • 0.26.1: fix proxy & proxypass, add was.request.scheme and update examples

  • change development status to Beta

  • fix Saddlery routing

  • disable WWW-Authenticate on websocket protocol

  • support CORS (Cross Origin Resource Sharing)

  • support PATCH method

  • runtime app preferences and add __init__.bootstrap (preference)

  • fix route caching

  • auto reload sub modules in package directory, if app.use_reloader = True

  • new was.request.json ()

  • integrated with skitaid package, single app file can contain all configure options

  • level down developement status to alpha

  • fix sqlite3 closing

0.25 (Feb 2017)

  • 0.25.7: fix fancy url, non content-type header post/put request

  • 0.25.6: add Chameleon template engine

  • 0.25.5: app.jinja_overlay ()’s default args become jinja2 default

  • 0.25.4.8: fix proxy retrying

  • 0.25.4 license changed from BSD to MIT, fix websocket init at single thread

  • 0.25.3 handler of promise args spec changed, class name is cahnged from AsyncResponse to Promise

  • 0.25.2 fix promise exception handling, promise can send streaming chunk data

  • 0.25.1 change app.jinja_overlay () default values and number of args, remove raw line statement

  • project name chnaged: Skitai Library => Skitai App Engine

0.24 (Jan 2017)

  • 0.24.9 bearer token handler spec changed

  • 0.24.8 add async response, fix await_fifo bug

  • 0.24.7 fix websocket shutdown

  • 0.24.5 eliminate client arg from websocket config

  • 0.24.5 eliminate event arg from websocket config

  • fix proxy tunnel

  • fix websocket cleanup

  • change websocket initializing, not lower version compatible

  • WEBSOCKET_MULTICAST deprecated, and new WEBSOCKET_GROUPCHAT does not create new thread any more

0.23 (Jan 2017)

  • ready_producer_fifo only activated when proxy or reverse proxy is enabled, default deque will be used

  • encoding argument was eliminated from REST call

  • changed RPC, DBO request spec

  • added gRPC as server and client

  • support static files with http2

  • fix POST method on reverse proxying

0.22 (Jan 2017)

  • 0.22.7 fix was.upload(), was.post*()

  • 0.22.5 fix xml-rpc service

  • 0.22.4 fix proxy

  • 0.22.3

    • fix https REST, XML-RPC call

    • fix DB pool

  • 0.22

    • Skitai REST/RPC call now uses HTTP2 if possible

    • Fix HTTP2 opening with POST method

    • Add logging on disconnecting of Websocket, HTTP2, Proxy Tunnel channels

    • See News

0.21 (Dec 2016)

  • 0.21.17 - fix JWT base64 padding problem

  • 0.21.8 - connected with MongoDB asynchronously

  • 0.21.3 - add JWT (JSON Web Token) handler, see Skitai WSGI App Engine Daemon

  • 0.21.2 - applied global/local-transaction-ID to app logging: was.log (msg, logtype), was.traceback ()

  • 0.21 - change request log format, add global/local-transaction-ID to log file for backtrace

0.20 (Dec 2016)

  • 0.20.15 - minor optimize asynconnect, I wish

  • 0.20.14 - fix Redis connector’s threading related error

  • 0.20.4 - add Redis connector

  • 0.20 - add API Gateway access handler

0.19 (Dec 2016)

  • Reengineering was.request methods, fix disk caching

0.18 (Dec 2016)

  • 0.18.11 - default content-type of was.post(), was.put() has been changed from ‘application/x-www-form-urlencoded’ to ‘application/json’. if you use this method currently, you SHOULD change method name to was.postform()

  • 0.18.7 - response contents caching has been applied to all was.request services (except websocket requests).

0.17 (Oct 2016)

0.16 (Sep 2016)

  • 0.16.20 fix SSL proxy and divide into package for proxy & websocket_handler

  • 0.16.19 fix HTTP2 cookie

  • 0.16.18 fix handle large request body

  • 0.16.13 fix thread locking for h2.Connection

  • 0.16.11 fix pushing promise and response on Firefox

  • 0.16.8 fix pushing promise and response

  • 0.16.6 add several configs to was.app.config for limiting post body size from client

  • 0.16.5 add method: was.response.hint_promise (uri) for sending HTP/2 PUSH PROMISE frame

  • 0.16.3 fix flow control window

  • 0.16.2 fix HTTP/2 Uprading for “http” URIs (RFC 7540 Section 3.2)

  • 0.16 HTTP/2.0 implemented with hyper-h2

0.15 (Mar 2016)

  • fixed fancy URL <path> routing

  • add Websocket design spec: WEBSOCKET_DEDICATE_THREADSAFE

  • fixed Websocket keep-alive timeout

  • fixed fancy URL routing

  • ‘was.cookie.set()’ method prototype has been changed.

  • added Named Session & Messaging Box

  • fix select error when closed socket, thanks to spam-proxy-bots

  • add mimetypes for .css .js

  • fix debug output

  • fix asynconnect.maintern

  • fix loosing end of compressed content

  • fix app reloading, @shutdown

  • fix XMLRPC response and POST length

  • add was.mbox.search (), change spec was.mbox.get ()

  • fix routing bugs & was.ab()

  • add saddle.Saddlery class for app packaging

  • @app.startup, @app.onreload, @app.shutdown arguments has been changed

0.14 (Feb 2016)

  • fix proxy occupies CPU on POST method failing

  • was.log(), was.traceback() added

  • fix valid time in message box

  • changed @failed_request arguments and can return custom error page

  • changed skitaid.py command line options, see ‘skitaid.py –help’

  • batch task scheduler added

  • e-mail sending fixed

  • was.session.getv () added

  • was.response spec. changed

  • SQLite3 DB connection added

0.13 (Feb 2016)

  • was.mbox, was.g, was.redirect, was.render added

  • SQLite3 DB connection added

0.12 (Jan 2016) - Re-engineering ‘was’ networking, PostgreSQL & proxy modules

0.11 (Jan 2016) - Websocket implemeted

0.10 (Dec 2015) - WSGI support

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