Skitai App Engine
Project description
At a Glance
Here’s a simple equation:
Skitai = Nginx + uWSGI + Flask + Aquests
And simple to run:
pip3 install skitai
python3 app.py -d
Your app will work for your thousands or miliions of customers.
What For
Skitai App engine provides one of most simplest way to:
Serve WSGI apps like Flask, Django
Export RESTful API for your apps or functions
Build high performance app/web service with asynchronous backend upstreams & cache control
Introduce
Skitai is a kind of branch of Medusa Web Server - A High-Performance Internet Server Architecture. Medusa is different from most other servers because it runs as a single process, multiplexing I/O with its various client and server connections within a single process/thread.
Skitai orients light-weight, simplicity and strengthen networking operations with your backend resources keeping very low costs.
Working as WSGI application server, Web, XML-RPC and reverse proxy and loadbancing server
Handling massive requests to your backend servers including RESTful API, RPCs and database engines - PostgreSQL, MongoDB and Redis - with asynchronous manner
HTTP/2.0 & HTML5 Websocket implemented
Conceptually, Skitai has been seperated into two components:
Skitai App Engine Server, for WSGI apps
Skito-Saddle, the small WSGI container integrated with Skitai. But you can also mount any WSGI apps and frameworks like Flask (I cannot sure).
Skitai is not a just developing server like some frameworks provides. It is supporsed to work fine under real service situation by alone. And it makes your app take off to the world, just by appending a few lines on your app.
Installation
Requirements
Python 3.4+
On win32, required pywin32 binary.
On posix, for compiling psycopg2 module, requires theses packages,
apt-get install libpq-dev python-dev
Installation
With pip
pip3 install skitai
From git
git clone https://gitlab.com/hansroh/skitai.git
cd skitai
python3 setup.py install
But generally you don’t need install alone. When you install Skitai App Engine, proper version of Skitai App Engine will be installed.
Enginize Your App with Skitai
Here’s a very simple WSGI app,
Basic Usage
Mount Static Directories
Your myproject/app.py,
if __name__ == "__main__":
import skitai
skitai.mount ('/', '/home/www')
skitai.mount ('/uploads', '/var/www/uploads')
skitai.mount ('/uploads/bigfiles', '/data/www/bifgiles')
skitai.run (
address = "127.0.0.1",
port = 5000
)
At command line,
python3 app.py
For checking processes,
$ ps -ef | grep skitai
ubuntu 25219 1 0 08:25 ? 00:00:00 skitai(myproject/app): master
ubuntu 25221 25219 1 08:25 ? 00:00:00 skitai(myproject/app): worker #0
Mount WSGI App
#WSGI App
def app (env, start_response):
start_response ("200 OK", [("Content-Type", "text/plain")])
return 'Hello World'
app.use_reloader = True
app.debug = True
if __name__ == "__main__":
import skitai
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run (
address = "127.0.0.1",
port = 5000
)
At now, run this code from console.
python3 app.py
You can access this WSGI app by visiting http://127.0.0.1:5000/.
If you want to allow access to your public IPs, or specify port:
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run (
address = "0.0.0.0",
port = 5000
)
skital.mount () spec is:
mount (mount_point, mount_object, app_name = “app”, pref = None)
mount_point
mount_object: app, app file path or module object
skitai.mount ('/', app) skitai.mount ('/', 'app_v1/app.py', 'app') import wissen skitai.mount ('/', wissen, 'app') skitai.mount ('/', (wissen, 'app_v1.py'), 'app')
In case module object, the module should support skitai exporting spec.
app_name: variable name of app
pref: run time app config, pref will override app.config
Mount Django App
Basically same as other apps.
Let’s assume your Django app project is ‘/mydjango’ and skitai app engine script is ‘/app.py’.
pref = skitai.pref ()
pref.use_reloader = True
pref.debug = True
# and mount static dir used bt Django
skitai.mount ("/static", "mydjango/static")
# finally mount django wsgi.py and project root path to append sys.path by path param.
skitai.mount (
"/",
"mydjango/mydjango/wsgi.py",
"application",
pref
)
Note that if app is smae location with django manage.py, you need not path param.
Also note that if you set pref.use_reloader = True, it is possible to replace Django development server (manage,py runserver), But it will work on posix only, because Skitai reloads Django app by restart worker process, Win32 version doesn’t support.
Logging and Console Displaying For Developing/Debugging
If you do not specify log file path, all logs will be displayed in console, bu specifed all logs will be written into file.
First of all, you should create log directory,
sudo mkdir /var/log/skitai
sudo chown ubuntu:ubuntu
Your request log file willl be placed to: /var/log/skitai/ubuntu/<script path hash>/request.log.
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.enalbe_file_logging ()
skitai.run (
address = "0.0.0.0",
port = 5000
)
If you also want to view logs through console for spot developing, you run app.py with-v option.
python3 app.py -v
Run with Threads Pool
Skitai run defaultly multi-threading mode and number of threads are 4. If you want to change number of threads for handling WSGI app:
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run (
threads = 8
)
Run with Single-Thread
If you want to run Skitai with entirely single thread,
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run (
threads = 0
)
This features is limited by your WSGI container. If you use Skito-Saddle container, you can run with single threading mode by using Skito-Saddle’s async streaming response method. But you don’t and if you have plan to use Skitai ‘was’ requests services, you can’t single threading mode and you SHOULD run with multi-threading mode.
Run with Multiple Workers
Available on posix only
Skitai can run with multiple workers(processes) internally using fork for socket sharing.
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run (
port = 5000,
workers = 4,
threads = 8
)
Skitai processes are,
$ ps -ef | grep skitai
ubuntu 25219 1 0 08:25 ? 00:00:00 skitai(myproject/app): master
ubuntu 25221 25219 1 08:25 ? 00:00:00 skitai(myproject/app): worker #0
ubuntu 25222 25219 1 08:25 ? 00:00:00 skitai(myproject/app): worker #1
ubuntu 25223 25219 1 08:25 ? 00:00:00 skitai(myproject/app): worker #2
ubuntu 25224 25219 1 08:25 ? 00:00:00 skitai(myproject/app): worker #3
Set Critical Point to Worker Processes
New In Version 0.26.15.2, Available only on posix
You can set parameters for restarting overloaded workers,
skitai.set_worker_critical_point (cpu_percent = 90.0, continuous = 3, interval = 20)
This means if a worker’s CPU usage is 90% for 20 seconds continuously 3 times, Skitai try to kill this worker and start a new worker.
If you do not want to use this, you just do not call set_worker_critical_point () or set interval to zero (0).
But I strongly recommend use this setting especially if you running Sktiai on single CPU processor machine or like AWS t1.x limited computing instances. Also this is for minimum protection against Skitai’s unexpected bugs.
Mount Multiple WSGI Apps And Static Directories
Skitai can mount multiple WSGI apps.
Independent Apps and Various WSGI Containers
Here’s three WSGI app samples:
# WSGI App
def app (env, start_response):
start_response ("200 OK", [("Content-Type", "text/plain")])
return ['Hello World']
app.use_reloader = True
app.debug = True
# OR Flask App
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
app.use_reloader = True
app.debug = True
@app.route("/")
def index ():
return "Hello World"
# OR Skito-Saddle App
from skitai.saddle import Saddle
app = Saddle (__name__)
app.use_reloader = True
app.debug = True
@app.route('/')
def index (was):
return "Hello World"
Then place this code at bottom of above WSGI app.
if __name__ == "__main__":
import skitai
skitai.mount ('/', __file__, 'app')
skitai.mount ('/', 'static')
skitai.run ()
Service Versioning
These feature can be used for managing versions.
Let’s assume initial version of app file is app_v1.py.
app = Saddle (__name__)
@app.route('/')
def index (was):
return "Hello World Ver.1"
And in same directory 2nd version of app file is app_v2.py.
app = Saddle (__name__)
@app.route('/')
def index (was):
return "Hello World Ver.2"
Now service.py is like this:
import skitai
skitai.mount ('/', 'static')
skitai.mount ('/v1', 'app_v1')
skitai.mount ('/v2', 'app_v2')
skitai.run ()
Then run with:
python service.py
You can access ver.1 by http://127.0.0.1:5009/v1/ and vwe.2 by http://127.0.0.1:5009/v2/.
Note: Above 3 files is in the same directory and then both share templates directory. If you intend to seperate from app_v1 and app_v2, you should seperate app with directory like this:
service.py
app_v1/app.py
app_v1/templates
app_v1/static
app_v2/app.py
app_v2/templates
app_v2/static
and your service.py:
import skitai
skitai.mount ('/v1', 'app_v1/static'),
skitai.mount ('/v1', 'app_v1/app'),
skitai.mount ('/v2', 'app_v2/static'),
skitai.mount ('/v2', 'app_v2/app')
skitai.run ()
Mounting With Virtual Host
if __name__ == "__main__":
import skitai
skitai.mount ('/', 'site1.py', host = 'www.site1.com')
skitai.mount ('/', 'site2.py', host = 'www.site2.com')
skitai.run ()
Setting POST Body Size Limitation
For setting 8 Gbytes limitation for POST body size,
import skitai
pref = skitai.pref ()
pref.max_client_body_size = 2 << 32
If you want to set more detaily,
import skitai
pref = skitai.pref ()
pref.config.max_post_body_size = 2 << 32
pref.config.max_multipart_body_size = 2 << 32
pref.config.max_upload_file_size = 2 << 32
Setting Timeout
Keep alive timeout means seconds gap of each requests. For setting HTTP connection keep alive timeout,
skitai.set_keep_alive (2) # default = 30
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run ()
If you intend to use skitai as backend application server behind reverse proxy server like Nginx, it is recommended over 300.
Request timeout means seconds gap of data packet recv/sending events,
skitai.set_request_timeout (10) # default = 30
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run ()
Note that under massive traffic situation, meaning of keep alive timeout become as same as request timeout beacuse a clients requests are delayed by network/HW capability unintensionally.
Anyway, these timeout values are higher, lower response fail rate and longger response time. But if response time is over 10 seconds, you might consider loadbalancing things. Skitai’s default value 30 seconds is for lower failing rate under extreme situation.
New in version 0.26.15
You can set connection timeout for your backends. Basue of Skitai’s ondemend polling feature, it is hard to know disconnected by server side, then Skitai will forcley reconnect if over backend_keep_alive after last interaction. Make sure your backends keep_alive setting value is matched with this value.
skitai.set_backend_keep_alive (1200) # default is 10
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run ()
Enabling HTTP/HTTPS Proxy
Make sure you really need proxy.
skitai.enable_proxy ()
# tunnel value will be applied to HTTPS proxy
skitai.set_proxy_keep_alive (channel = 60, tunnel = 600)
skitai.run ()
Run as Daemon
Available on posix only
For making a daemon,
python3 app.py start (or -d)
For stopping daemon,
python3 app.py stop (or -s)
Or for restarting daemon,
python3 app.py restart (or -r)
For automatic starting on system start, add a line to /etc/rc.local file like this:
su - ubuntu -c "/usr/bin/python3 /home/ubuntu/app.py -d"
exit 0
Run as Win32 Service
Available on win32 only, New in version 0.26.7
from skitai.saddle import Saddle
from skitai.win32service import ServiceFramework
class ServiceConfig (ServiceFramework):
_svc_name_ = "SAE_EXAMPLE"
_svc_display_name_ = "Skitai Example Service"
_svc_app_ = __file__
_svc_python_ = r"c:\python34\python.exe"
app = Saddle (__name__)
if __name__ == "__main__":
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.set_service (ServiceConfig)
skitai.run ()
Then at command line,
app.py install # for installing windows service
app.py start
app.py stop
app.py update # when service class is updated
app.py remove # removing from windwos service
Adding Backend Server Alias
Backend server can be defined like this: (alias_type, servers, role = “”, source = “”, ssl = False).
alias_types can be one of these:
All of HTTP based services like web, RPC, RESTful API
PROTO_HTTP
PROTO_HTTPS
Websocket
PROTO_WS: websocket
PROTO_WSS: SSL websocket
Database Engines
DB_PGSQL
DB_SQLITE3
DB_REDIS
DB_MONGODB
DJANGO: mount django database engine of settings.py if database engine is PostgreSQL or SQLite3
server: single or server list, server form is [ username : password @ server_address : server_port / database_name weight ]. if your username or password contains “@” characters, you should replace to ‘%40’
role (optional): it is valid only when cluster_type is http or https for controlling API access
source (optional): comma seperated ipv4/mask
ssl (optional): use SSL connection or not, PROTO_HTTPS and PROTO_WSS use SSL defaultly
Some examples,
skitai.alias (
'@members',
skitai.PROTO_HTTP,
[ "username:password@members.example.com:5001" ],
role = 'admin',
source = '172.30.1.0/24,192.168.1/24'
)
skitai.alias (
'@mypostgres',
skitai.DB_POSTGRESQL,
[
"postgres:1234@172.30.0.1:5432/test 20",
"postgres:1234@172.30.0.2:5432/test 10"
]
)
skitai.alias (
'@mysqlite3',
skitai.DB_SQLITE3,
[
"/var/tmp/db1",
"/var/tmp/db2"
]
)
Run as HTTPS Server
To generate self-signed certification file:
; Create the Server Key and Certificate Signing Request
sudo openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 2048
sudo openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr
; Remove the Passphrase If you need
sudo cp server.key server.key.org
sudo openssl rsa -in server.key.org -out server.key
; Sign your SSL Certificate
sudo openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in server.csr -signkey server.key -out server.crt
Then,
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.enable_ssl ('server.crt', 'server.key', 'your pass phrase')
skitai.run ()
If you want to redirect all HTTP requests to HTTPS,
skitai.enable_forward (80, 443)
skitai.mount ('/', app)
kitai.enable_ssl ('server.crt', 'server.key', 'your pass phrase')
skitai.run (port = 443)
About Mount Point & App Routing
If app is mounted to ‘/flaskapp’,
from flask import Flask
app = Flask (__name__)
@app.route ("/hello")
def hello ():
return "Hello"
Above /hello can called, http://127.0.0.1:5000/flaskapp/hello
Also app should can handle mount point. In case Flask, it seems ‘url_for’ generate url by joining with env[“SCRIPT_NAME”] and route point, so it’s not problem. Skito-Saddle can handle obiously. But I don’t know other WSGI containers will work properly.
Run Server Helpers
SMTP Delivery Agent
New in version 0.26
e-Mail sending service is executed seperated system process not threading. Every e-mail is temporary save to file system, e-Mail delivery process check new mail and will send. So there’s possibly some delay time.
You can send e-Mail in your app like this:
# email delivery service
e = was.email (subject, snd, rcpt)
e.set_smtp ("127.0.0.1:465", "username", "password", ssl = True)
e.add_content ("Hello World<div><img src='cid:ID_A'></div>", "text/html")
e.add_attachment (r"001.png", cid="ID_A")
e.send ()
With asynchronous email delivery service, can add default SMTP Server. If it is configured, you can skip e.set_smtp(). But be careful for keeping your smtp password.
skitai.enable_smtpda (
'127.0.0.1:25', 'user', 'password',
ssl = False, max_retry = 10, keep_days = 3
)
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run ()
All e-mails are saved into varpath and varpath is not specified default is /var/temp/skitai
Batch Task Scheduler
New in version 0.26
Sometimes app need batch tasks for minimum response time to clients. At this situateion, you can use taks scheduling tool of OS - cron, taks scheduler - or can use Skitai’s batch task scheduling service for consistent app management.
skitai.cron ("*/2 */2 * * *", "/home/apps/monitor.py > /home/apps/monitor.log 2>&1")
skitai.cron ("9 2/12 * * *", "/home/apps/remove_pended_files.py > /dev/null 2>&1")
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run ()
Taks configuarion is very same with posix crontab.
Note that these tasks run only with Skitai, If Skitai is stopped, tasks will also stopped.
Run With Config File
New in version 0.26.17
Both of SMTP and Taks Scheduler can be run with config file, it may be particulary useful in case you run multiple skitai instances.
# ~/.skitai.conf
[smtpda]
verbose = false
max-retry = 10
keep-days = 1
smtp-server = [your SMTP server]
user = [your SMTP user name if you need]
password = [your SMTP user password if you need]
ssl = true
[:crontab]
0 * * * * echo "Hello World"
And run scripts mannually,
skitai-smtpda -v
skitai-cron -v
Options:
start: start as daemon
restart
stop
status
Example:
skitai-smtpda status
skitai-smtpda restart
I you give cammnad line options, theses have more priority than config file.
And for running automatically on system boot, you can add this line to /etc/rc.local like this,
# /etc/rc.local
su - ubuntu -c "/usr/local/bin/skitai-smtpda start"
In this case, smtpda will use spool directory at /tmp/skitai/smtpda, so your each apps SHOULD NOT call skitai.smtpda () if you want to share spool directory.
Asccessing File Resources On Startup
Skitai’s working directory is where the script call skitai.run (). Even you run skitai at root directory,
/app/example/app.py -d
Skitai will change working directory to /app/example on startup.
So your file resources exist within skitai run script, you can access them by relative path,
monitor = skital.abspath ('package', 'monitor.py')
skitai.cron ("*/2 */2 * * *", "%s > /home/apps/monitor.log 2>&1" % monitor)
Also, you need absolute path on script,
skitai.getswd () # get skitai working directory
Enable Cache File System
If you make massive HTTP requests, you can cache contents by HTTP headers - Cache-Control and Expires. these configures will affect to ‘was’ request services, proxy and reverse proxy.
skitai.enable_cachefs (memmax = 10000000, diskmax = 100000000, path = '/var/tmp/skitai/cache')
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run ()
Default values are:
memmax: 0
diskmax: 0
path: None
Configure Max Age For Static Files
You can set max-age for static files’ respone header like,
Cache-Control: max-age=300
Expires: Sun, 06 Nov 2017 08:49:37 GMT
If max-age is only set to “/”, applied to all files. But you can specify it to any sub directories.
skitai.mount ('/', 'static')
skitai.set_max_age ("/", 300)
skitai.set_max_age ('/js', 0)
skitai.set_max_age ('/images', 3600)
skitai.run ()
Enable Cache File System
If you make massive HTTP requests, you can cache contents by HTTP headers - Cache-Control and Expires
skitai.enable_cachefs (path = '/var/skitai/cache', memmax = 0, diskmax = 0)
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run ()
Enabling API Gateway Server
Using Skitai’s reverse proxy feature, it can be used as API Gateway Server. All backend API servers can be mounted at gateway server with client authentification and transaction ID logging feature.
class Authorizer:
def __init__ (self):
self.tokens = {
"12345678-1234-123456": ("hansroh", ["user", "admin"], 0)
}
# For Token
def handle_token (self, handler, request):
username, roles, expires = self.tokens.get (request.token)
if expires and expires < time.time ():
# remove expired token
self.tokens.popitem (request.token)
return handler.continue_request (request)
handler.continue_request (request, username, roles)
# For JWT Claim
def handle_claim (self, handler, request):
claim = request.claim
expires = claim.get ("expires", 0)
if expires and expires < time.time ():
return handler.continue_request (request)
handler.continue_request (request, claim.get ("user"), claim.get ("roles"))
@app.before_mount
def before_mount (wac):
wac.handler.set_auth_handler (Authorizer ())
@app.route ("/")
def index (was):
return "<h1>Skitai App Engine: API Gateway</h1>"
if __name__ == "__main__":
import skitai
skitai.alias (
'@members', 'https', "members.example.com",
role = 'admin', source = '172.30.1.0/24,192.168.1/24'
)
skitai.alias (
'@photos', skitai.DB_SQLITE3, ["/var/tmp/db1", "/var/tmp/db2"]
)
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.mount ('/members', '@members')
skitai.mount ('/photos', '@photos')
skitai.enable_gateway (True, "8fa06210-e109-11e6-934f-001b216d6e71")
skitai.run ()
Gateway use only bearer tokens like OAuth2 and JWT(Json Web Token) for authorization. And token issuance is at your own hands. But JWT creation,
from aquests.lib import jwt
secret_key = b"8fa06210-e109-11e6-934f-001b216d6e71"
token = jwt.gen_token (secret_key, {'user': 'Hans Roh', 'roles': ['user']}, "HS256")
Also Skitai create API Transaction ID for each API call, and this will eb explained in Skitai ‘was’ Service chapter.
Using Database Engine For Verifying Token
New in version 0.24.8
If you are not familar with Skitai ‘was’ request services, it would be better to skip and read later.
You can query for getting user information to database engines asynchronously. Here’s example for MongDB.
from skitai import was
class Authorizer:
def handle_user (self, response, handler, request):
username = response.data ['username']
roles = response.data ['roles']
expires = response.data ['expires']
if expires and expires < time.time ():
was.mongodb (
"@my-mongodb", "mydb", callback = lambda x: None,
).delete ('tokens', {"token": request.token})
handler.continue_request (request)
else:
handler.continue_request (request, username, roles)
def handle_token (self, handler, request):
was.mongodb (
"@my-mongodb", "mydb", callback = (self.handle_user, (handler, request))
).findone ('tokens', {"token": request.token})
Request Logging
Turn Request Logging Off For Specific Path
For turn off request log for specific path,
# turned off starting with
skitai.log_off ('/static/')
# turned off ending with
skitai.log_off ('*.css')
# you can multiple args
skitai.log_off ('*.css', '/static/images/', '/static/js/')
Log Format
Blank seperated items of log line are,
log date
log time
client ip or proxy ip
request host: default ‘-’ if not available
request methods
request uri
request version
request body size
reply code
reply body size
global transaction ID: for backtracing request if multiple backends related
local transaction ID: for backtracing request if multiple backends related
username when HTTP auth: default ‘-’, wrapped by double quotations if value available
bearer token when HTTP bearer auth
referer: default ‘-’, wrapped by double quotations if value available
user agent: default ‘-’, wrapped by double quotations if value available
x-forwared-for, real client ip before through proxy
Skitai engine’s worker ID like M(Master), W0, W1 (Worker #0, #1,… Posix only)
number of active connections when logged, these connections include not only clients but your backend/upstream servers
duration ms for request handling
duration ms for transfering response data
Testing Your App
New in version 0.27
Skitai provide launch () for automating app test.
skitai.launch (script, port = 5000, ssl = False, silent = True)
Let’s assume our app launch script is “./examples/app.py”, and that is using port 5000.
import skitai
def test_app ():
with skitai.launch ("./examples/app.py", port = 5000) as engine:
# html page
resp = engine.get ("/)
print (resp.text)
# api for GET /v1/user/434
resp = engine.v1.user ("434").get ()
print (resp.data)
# api for POST /v1/user
resp = engine.v1.user.post ({"name": "Hans Roh"})
print (resp.data)
# api for uploading file to /v1/user/profile/photo
# upload method is a sugar syntax for posting multipart form data
resp = engine.v1.user.profile.photo.upload ({"file": open ("myphoto.jpg", "rb")})
print (resp.data)
# also available put, delete, patch
Then you can run pytest.
If you run multipel tests files, you can make laucher to fixture.
Edit conftest.py at same location with your test script,
import pytest
import skitai
@pytest.fixture
def engine ():
return skitai.launch ("./examples/app.py", port = 5000)
Then in your tests,
def test_app (engine):
resp = engine.get ("/)
print (resp.text)
Skitai with Nginx / Squid
Here’s some helpful sample works for virtual hosting using Nginx / Squid.
For Nginx:
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Connection "";
upstream backend {
server 127.0.0.1:5000;
keepalive 100;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.oh-my-jeans.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://backend;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
add_header X-Backend "skitai app engine";
}
location /assets/ {
alias /home/ubuntu/www/statics/assets/;
}
}
Example Squid config file (squid.conf) is like this:
http_port 80 accel defaultsite=www.oh-my-jeans.com
cache_peer 127.0.0.1 parent 5000 0 no-query originserver name=jeans
acl jeans-domain dstdomain www.oh-my-jeans.com
http_access allow jeans-domain
cache_peer_access jeans allow jeans-domain
cache_peer_access jeans deny all
Self-Descriptive App
Skitai’s one of philasophy is self-descriptive app. This means that you once make your app, this app can be run without any configuration or config files (at least, if you need own your resources/log files directoring policy). Your app contains all configurations for not only its own app but also Skitai. As a result, you can just install Skitai with pip, and run your app.py immediately.
pip3 install skitai
# if your app has dependencies
pip3 install -Ur requirements.txt
python3 app.py
Skitai App Examples
Also please visit to Skitai app examples.
Export API From Your Module Through Skitai
If your module need export APIs or web pages, you can include app in your module for Skitai App Engine.
Let’s assume your package name is ‘unsub’.
Your app should be located at unsub/export/skitai/__export__.py
Then users uses your module can mount on skitai by like this,
import unsub
pref = skitai.pref ()
pref.config.urlfile = skitai.abspath ('resources', 'urllist.txt')
skitai.mount ("/v1", unsub, "app", pref)
skitai.run ()
If you want to specify filename like app_v1.py for version management,
skitai.mount ("/v1", (unsub, "app_v1.py"), "app", pref)
If your app need bootstraping or capsulizing complicated initialize process from simple user settings, write code to unsub/export/skitai/__init__.py.
import skitai
def bootstrap (pref):
if pref.config.get ('enable_cron'):
from . import cronjob
skitai.cron ('*/10 * * * *', cronjob.__file__)
with open (pref.config.urlfile, "r") as f:
urllist = []
while 1:
line = f.readline ().strip ()
if not line: break
urllist.append (line.split (" ", 4))
pref.config.urllist = urllist
Examples
Here’re some implementations I made.
Skitai ‘was’ Services
‘was’ means (Skitai) WSGI Application Support.
WSGI container like Flask, need to import ‘was’:
from skitai import was
@app.route ("/")
def hello ():
was.get ("http://...")
...
But Saddle WSGI container integrated with Skitai, use just like Python ‘self’.
It will be easy to understand think like that:
Skitai is Python class instance
‘was’ is ‘self’ which first argument of instance method
Your app functions are methods of Skitai instance
@app.route ("/")
def hello (was, name = "Hans Roh"):
was.get ("http://...")
...
Simply just remember, if you use WSGI container like Flask, Bottle, … - NOT Saddle - and want to use Skitai asynchronous services, you should import ‘was’. Usage is exactly same. But for my convinient, I wrote example codes Saddle version mostly.
Async Communication For Backends To Backends
Most importance service of ‘was’ is making requests to HTTP, REST, RPC and several database engines. And this is mostly useful for fast Server Side Rendering with outside resources.
Recently Javascript provides good asynchronous communicating tools like AJAX or axios.js for frontends - backends. Like this, ‘was’ provides backends - backends communicating tool.
The modules is related theses features from aquests and you could read aquests usage first.
I think it just fine explains some differences with aquests.
First of all, usage is somewhat different because aquests is used within threadings on skitai. Skitai takes some threading advantages and compromise with them for avoiding callback heaven.
API Calling
At aquests,
import aquests
def display_result (response):
print (reponse.data)
aquests.configure (callback = display_result, timeout = 3)
aquests.get (url)
aquests.post (url, {"user": "Hans Roh", "comment": "Hello"})
aquests.fetchall ()
At Skitai,
@app.route (...)
def request (was):
req1 = was.get (url)
req2 = was.post (url, {"user": "Hans Roh", "comment": "Hello"})
respones1 = req1.getwait (timeout = 3)
response2 = req2.getwait (timeout = 3)
return [respones1.data, respones2.data]
The significant differnce is calling getwait (timeout) for getting response data.
Database Querying
PostgreSQL query at aquests,
import aquests
def display_result (response):
for row in response.data:
row.city, row.t_high, row.t_low
aquests.configure (callback = display_result, timeout = 3)
dbo = aquests.postgresql ("127.0.0.1:5432", "mydb")
dbo.excute ("SELECT city, t_high, t_low FROM weather;")
aquests.fetchall ()
At Skitai,
@app.route (...)
def query (was):
dbo = was.postgresql ("127.0.0.1:5432", "mydb")
s = dbo.excute ("SELECT city, t_high, t_low FROM weather;")
response = s.getwait (2)
for row in response.data:
row.city, row.t_high, row.t_low
If you needn’t returned data and just wait for completing query,
dbo = was.postgresql ("127.0.0.1:5432", "mydb")
req = dbo.execute ("INSERT INTO CITIES VALUES ('New York');")
req.wait (2)
If failed, exception will be raised.
gRCP Calling
For another gRPC example, calling to tfserver for predicting something with tensorflow model.
from tfserver import cli
@app.route (...)
def predict_grpc (was):
stub = was.grpc ("http://127.0.0.1:5000/tensorflow.serving.PredictionService")
fftseq = getone ()
request = cli.build_request ('model', 'predict', stuff = fftseq)
req = stub.Predict (request, 10.0)
resp = req.getwait ()
return cli.Response (resp.data).y
Here’re addtional methods and properties above response obkect compared with aquests’ response one.
cache (timeout): response caching
status: it indicate requests processed status and note it is not related response.status_code.
0: Initial Default Value
1: Operation Timeout
2: Exception Occured
3: Normal Terminated
Methods List
All supoorted request methods are:
Web/API related
was.get (): also available shortcuts getjson, getxml
was.delete (): also available shortcuts deletejson, deletexml
was.post (): also available shortcuts postjson, postxml
was.put (): also available shortcuts putjson, putxml
was.patch (): also available shortcuts patchjson, patchxml
was.options ()
RPCs
was.rpc (): XMLRPC
was.grpc (): gRPC
Database Engines
was.postgresql ()
was.mongodb ()
was.redis ()
was.sqlite3 ()
was.backend (): if you make alias for your database, you needn’t specify db type, just use backend ()
Websocket
was.ws ()
was.wss ()
Usage At Single Threaded Environment
If you run Skitai with single threaded mode, you can’t use req.wait(), req.getwait() or req.getswait(). Instead you should use callback for this, and Skitai provide async response.
def promise_handler (promise, response):
promise.settle (response.content)
@app.route ("/index")
def promise_example (was):
promise = was.promise (promise_handler)
promise.get (None, "https://pypi.python.org/pypi/skitai")
return promise
Unfortunately this feature is available on Skito-Saddle WSGI container only (It means Flask or other WSGI container users can only use Skitai with multi-threading mode).
For more detail usage will be explained ‘Skito-Saddle Async Streaming Response’ chapter and you could skip now.
Load-Balancing
Skitai support load-balancing requests.
If server members are pre defined, skitai choose one automatically per each request supporting fail-over.
Then let’s request XMLRPC result to one of mysearch members.
@app.route ("/search")
def search (was, keyword = "Mozart"):
s = was.rpc.lb ("@mysearch/rpc2").search (keyword)
results = s.getwait (5)
return result.data
if __name__ == "__main__":
import skitai
skitai.alias (
'@mysearch',
skitai.PROTO_HTTPS,
["s1.myserver.com", "s2.myserver.com"]
)
skitia.mount ("/", app)
skitai.run ()
It just small change from was.rpc () to was.rpc.lb ()
Note: If @mysearch member is only one, was.get.lb (“@mydb”) is equal to was.get (“@mydb”).
Note2: You can mount cluster @mysearch to specific path as proxypass like this:
if __name__ == "__main__":
import skitai
skitai.alias (
'@mysearch',
skitai.PROTO_HTTPS,
["s1.myserver.com", "s2.myserver.com:443"]
)
skitia.mount ("/", app)
skitia.mount ("/search", '@mysearch')
skitai.run ()
It can be accessed from http://127.0.0.1:5000/search, and handled as load-balanced proxypass.
This sample is to show loadbalanced querying database. Add mydb members to config file.
@app.route ("/query")
def query (was, keyword):
dbo = was.postgresql.lb ("@mydb")
req = dbo.execute ("SELECT * FROM CITIES;")
result = req.getwait (2)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import skitai
skitai.alias (
'@mydb',
skitai.PGSQL,
[
"s1.yourserver.com:5432/mydb/user/passwd",
"s2.yourserver.com:5432/mydb/user/passwd"
]
)
skitia.mount ("/", app)
skitai.run ()
Map-Reducing
Basically same with load_balancing except Skitai requests to all members per each request.
@app.route ("/search")
def search (was, keyword = "Mozart"):
stub = was.rpc.map ("@mysearch/rpc2")
req = stub.search (keyword)
results = req.getswait (2)
all_results = []
for result in results:
all_results.extend (result.data)
return all_results
There are 2 changes:
from was.rpc.lb () to was.rpc.map ()
from s.getwait () to s.getswait () for multiple results, and results is iterable.
Using Aliased Database
If you have alias your database server, you needn’t specify db type like ‘dbo = was.postgresql (“@mydb”)’. Just use ‘dbo = was.backend (“@mydb”)’.
It makes easy to handle both Sqlite3 and PostgreSQL. If you intend to use Sqlite3 at developing, but use PostgreSQL at production, you just change alias on Skitai startup time.
Caching Result
By default, all HTTP requests keep server’s cache policy given by HTTP response header (Cache-Control, Expire etc). But you can control cache as your own terms including even database query results.
Every results returned by getwait(), getswait() can cache.
s = was.rpc.lb ("@mysearch/rpc2").getinfo ()
result = s.getwait (2)
if result.status_code == 200:
result.cache (60) # 60 seconds
s = was.rpc.map ("@mysearch/rpc2").getinfo ()
results = s.getswait (2)
# assume @mysearch has 3 members
if results.status_code == [200, 200, 200]:
result.cache (60)
Although code == 200 alredy implies status == 3, anyway if status is not 3, cache() will be ignored. If cached, it wil return cached result for 60 seconds.
New in version 0.15.28
If you getwait with reraise argument, code can be simple.
s = was.rpc.lb ("@mysearch/rpc2").getinfo ()
content = s.getswait (2, reraise = True).data
s.cache (60)
Please note cache () method is both available request and result objects.
You can control number of caches by your system memory before running app.
skitai.set_max_rcache (300)
skitai.mount ('/', app)
skitai.run ()
New in version 0.14.9
For expiring cached result by updating new data:
refreshed = False
if was.request.command == "post":
...
refreshed = True
s = was.rpc.lb (
"@mysearch/rpc2",
use_cache = not refreshed and True or False
).getinfo ()
result = s.getwait (2)
if result.status_code == 200:
result.cache (60) # 60 seconds
More About Cache Control: Model Synchronized Cache
New in version 0.26.15
use_cache value can be True, False or last updated time of base object. If last updated is greater than cached time, cache will be expired immediately and begin new query/request.
You can integrate your models changing and cache control.
First of all, you should set all cache control keys to Skitai for sharing model state beetween worker processes.
skitai.deflu ('tables.users', 'table.photos')
These Key names are might be related your database model names nor table names. Especially you bind Django model signal, these keys should be exaclty nodel class name. But in general cases, key names are fine if you easy to recognize.
These key names are not mutable and you cannot add new key after calling skitai.run ().
Then you can use setlu () and getlu (),
app = Saddle (__name__)
@app.route ("/update")
def update (was):
# update users tabale
was.backend ('@mydb').execute (...)
# update last update time by key string
was.setlu ('tables.users')
@app.route ("/query1")
def query1 (was):
# determine if use cache or not by last update information 'users'
was.backend ('@mydb', use_cache = was.getlu ('tables.users')).execute (...)
@app.route ("/query2")
def query2 (was):
# determine if use cache or not by last update information 'users'
was.backend ('@mydb', use_cache = was.getlu ('tables.users')).execute (...)
It makes helping to reduce the needs for building or managing caches. And the values by setlu() are synchronized between Skitai workers by multiprocessing.Array.
If your query related with multiple models,
use_cache = was.getlu ("myapp.models.User", "myapp.models.Photo")
was.getlu () returns most recent update time stamp of given models.
Available on Python 3.5+
Also was.setlu () emits ‘model-changed’ events. You can handle event if you need. But this event system only available on Skito-Saddle middle-ware.
app = Saddle (__name__)
@app.route ("/update")
def update (was):
# update users tabale
was.backend ('@mydb').execute (...)
# update last update time by key string
was.setlu ('tables.users', something...)
@app.on_broadcast ("model-changed:tables.users")
def on_broadcast (was, *args, **kargs):
# your code
Note: if @app.on_broadcast is located in decorate function at decorative directory, even app.use_reloader is True, it is not applied to app when component file is changed. In this case you should manually reload app by resaving app file.
API Transaction ID
New in version 0.21
For tracing REST API call, Skitai use global/local transaction IDs.
If a client call a API first, global transaction ID (gtxnid) is assigned automatically like ‘GTID-C4676-R67’ and local transaction ID (ltxnid) is ‘1000’.
You call was.get (), was.post () or etc, both IDs will be forwarded via HTTP request header. Most important thinng is that gtxnid is never changed by client call, but ltxnid will be changed per API call.
when client calls gateway API or HTML, ltxnid is 1000. And if it calls APIs internally, ltxnid will increase to 2001, 2002. If ltxnid 2001 API calls internal sub API, ltxnid will increase to 3002, and ltxnid 2002 to 3003. Briefly 1st digit is call depth and rest digits are sequence of API calls.
This IDs is logged to Skitai request log file like this.
2016.12.30 18:05:06 [info] 127.0.0.1:1778 127.0.0.1:5000 GET / \
HTTP/1.1 200 0 32970 \
GTID-C3-R8 1000 - - \
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1;) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/50.0" \
4ms 3ms
Focus 3rd line above log message. Then you can trace a series of API calls from each Skitai instance’s log files for finding some kind of problems.
In next chapters’ features of ‘was’ are only available for Skito-Saddle WSGI container. So if you have no plan to use Saddle, just skip.
Utility Methods of ‘was’
This chapter’s ‘was’ services are also avaliable for all WSGI middelwares.
was.status () # HTML formatted status information like phpinfo() in PHP.
was.gentemp () # return temp file name with full path
was.restart () # Restart Skitai App Engine Server, but this only works when processes is 1 else just applied to current worker process.
was.shutdown () # Shutdown Skitai App Engine Server, but this only works when processes is 1 else just applied to current worker process.
HTML5 Websocket
New in version 0.11
The HTML5 WebSockets specification defines an API that enables web pages to use the WebSockets protocol for two-way communication with a remote host.
Skitai can be HTML5 websocket server and any WSGI containers can use it.
But I’m not sure my implemetation is right way, so it is experimental and could be changable.
First of all, see conceptual client side java script for websocket using Vuejs.
<div id="app">
<ul>
<li v-for="log in logs" v-html="log.text"></li>
</ul>
<input type="Text" v-model="msg" @keyup.enter="push (msg); msg='';">
</div>
<script>
vapp = new Vue({
el: "#app",
data: {
ws_uri: "ws://www.yourserver.com/websocket",
websocket: null,
out_buffer: [],
logs: [],
msg = '',
},
methods: {
push: function (msg) {
if (!msg) {
return
}
this.out_buffer.push (msg)
if (this.websocket == null) {
this.connect ()
} else {
this.send ()
}
},
handle_read: function (evt) {
this.log_info(evt.data)
},
log_info: function (msg) {
if (this.logs.length == 10000) {
this.logs.shift ()
}
this.logs.push ({text: msg})
},
connect: function () {
this.log_info ("connecting to " + this.ws_uri)
this.websocket = new WebSocket(this.ws_uri)
this.websocket.onopen = this.handle_connect
this.websocket.onmessage = this.handle_read
this.websocket.onclose = this.handle_close
this.websocket.onerror = this.handle_error
},
send: function () {
for (var i = 0; i < this.out_buffer.length; i++ ) {
this.handle_write (this.out_buffer.shift ())
}
},
handle_write: function (msg) {
this.log_info ("SEND: " + msg)
this.websocket.send (msg)
},
handle_connect: function () {
this.log_info ("connected")
this.send ()
},
handle_close: function (evt) {
this.websocket.close()
this.websocket = null
this.log_info("DISCONNECTED")
},
handle_error: function (evt) {
this.log_info('ERROR: ' + evt.data)
},
},
mounted: function () {
this.push ('Hello!')
},
})
</script>
If your WSGI app enable handle websocket, it should give initial parameters to Skitai like this,
def websocket (was, message):
if was.wshasevent ():
if was.wsinit ():
return was.wsconfig (
websocket design specs,
keep_alive_timeout = 60,
message_encoding = None
)
websocket design specs can be choosen one of 4.
WS_SIMPLE
Thread pool manages n websocket connection
It’s simple request and response way like AJAX
Low cost on threads resources, but reposne cost is relatvley high than the others
WS_THREADSAFE (New in version 0.26)
Mostly same as WS_SIMPLE
Message sending is thread safe
Most case you needn’t this option, but you create uourself one or more threads using websocket.send () method you need this for your convinience
WS_GROUPCHAT (New in version 0.24)
Thread pool manages n websockets connection
Chat room model
keep alive timeout is seconds.
message_encoding
Websocket messages will be automatically converted to theses objects. Note that option is only available with Skito-Saddle WSGI container.
WS_MSG_JSON
WS_MSG_XMLRPC
WWW-Authenticate
Some browsers do not support WWW-Authenticate on websocket like Safari, then Skitai currently disables WWW-Authenticate for websocket, so you should be careful for requiring secured messages.
General Usages
Handling websocket has 2 parts - event handling and message handling.
Websocket Events
Currently websocket has 3 envets.
skitai.WS_EVT_INIT: in handsahking progress
skitai.WS_EVT_OPEN: just after websocket configured
skitai.WS_EVT_CLOSE: client websocket channel disconnected
When event occured, message is null string, so WS_EVT_CLOSE is not need handle, but WS_EVT_OPEN would be handled - normally just return None value.
At Flask, use like this.
event = request.environ.get ('websocket.event')
if event:
if event == skitai.WS_EVT_INIT:
return request.environ ['websocket.config'] = (...)
elif event == skitai.WS_EVT_OPEN:
return ''
elif event == skitai.WS_EVT_CLOSE:
return ''
elif event:
return '' # should return null string
At Skito-Saddle, handling events is more simpler,
if was.wshasevent ():
if was.wsinit ():
return was.wsconfig (spec, timeout, message_type)
elif was.wsopened ():
return
elif was.wsclosed ():
return
return
Handling Message
Message is received by first arg (at below exapmle, message arg), and you response for this by returning value.
@app.route ("/websocket/echo")
def echo (was, message):
return "ECHO:" + message
Full Example
Websocket method MUST have both of event and message handling parts.
Let’s see full example, client can connect by ws://localhost:5000/websocket/echo.
from skitai.saddle import Saddle
import skitai
app = Saddle (__name__)
app.debug = True
app.use_reloader = True
@app.route ("/websocket/echo")
def echo (was, message):
#-- event handling
if was.wshasevent ():
if was.wsinit ():
return was.wsconfig (skitai.WS_SIMPLE, 60)
elif was.wsopened ():
return "Welcome Client %s" % was.wsclient ()
return
#-- message handling
return "ECHO:" + message
For getting another args, just add args behind message arg.
num_sent = {}
@app.route ("/websocket/echo")
def echo (was, message, clinent_name):
global num_sent
client_id = was.wsclient ()
if was.wshasevent ():
if was.wsinit ():
num_sent [client_id] = 0
return was.wsconfig (skitai.WS_SIMPLE, 60)
elif was.wsopened ():
return
elif was.wsclosed ():
del num_sent [client_id]
return
return
num_sent [client_id] += 1
return "%s said:" % (clinent_name, message)
Now client can connect by ws://localhost:5000/websocket/chat?client_name=stevemartine.
Once websocket configured by was.wsconfig (), whenever message is arrived from this websocket connection, called this echo method. And you can use all was services as same as other WSGI methods.
was.wsclient () is equivalent to was.env.get (‘websocket.client’) and has numeric unique client id.
For Flask Users
At Flask, Skitai can’t know which variable name receive websocket message, then should specify.
from flask import Flask, request
import skitai
app = Flask (__name__)
app.debug = True
app.use_reloader = True
@app.route ("/websocket/echo")
def echo ():
event = request.environ.get ('websocket.event')
client_id = request.environ.get ('websocket.client')
if event == skitai.WS_EVT_INIT:
request.environ ["websocket.config"] = (skitai.WS_SIMPLE, 60, ("message",))
return ""
elif event == skitai.WS_EVT_OPEN:
return "Welcome %d" % client_id
elif event:
return ""
return "ECHO:" + request.args.get ("message")
In this case, variable name is (“message”,), It means take websocket’s message as “message” arg.
If returned object is python str type, websocket will send messages as text tpye, if bytes type, as binary. But Flask’s return object is assumed as text type.
Also note, at flask, you should not return None, so you should return null string, if you do not want to send any message.
Send Messages Through Websocket Directly
It needn’t return message, but you can send directly multiple messages through was.websocket,
@app.route ("/websocket/echo")
def echo (was, message):
if was.wsinit ():
return was.wsconfig (skitai.WS_SIMPLE, 60)
elif was.wshasevent (): # ignore all events
return
was.websocket.send ("You said," + message)
was.websocket.send ("I said acknowledge")
This way is very useful for Flask users, because Flask’s return object is bytes, so Skitai try to decode with utf-8 and send message as text type. If Flask users want to send binary data, just send bytes type.
@app.route ("/websocket/echo")
def echo ():
event = request.environ.get ('websocket.event')
if event == skitai.WS_EVT_INIT:
request.environ ["websocket.config"] = (skitai.WS_SIMPLE, 60, ("message",))
retrurn ''
elif event:
return ''
request.environ ["websocket"].send (
("You said, %s" % message).encode ('iso8859-1')
)
Use Message Encoding
For your convinient, message automatically load and dump object like JSON. But this feature is only available with Skito-Saddle.
@app.route ("/websocket/json")
def json (was, message):
if was.wsinit ():
return was.wsconfig (skitai.WS_SIMPLE, 60, skitai.WS_MSG_JSON)
elif was.wshasevent ():
return
return dbsearch (message ['query'], message ['offset'])
JSON message is automatically loaded to Python object, and returning object also will dump to JSON.
Currently you can use WS_MSG_JSON and WS_MSG_XMLRPC. And I guess streaming and multi-chatable gRPC over websocket also possible, I am testing it.
Simple Data Request & Response
Here’s a echo app for showing simple request-respone.
Client can connect by ws://localhost:5000/websocket/chat.
@app.route ("/websocket/echo")
def echo (was, message):
if was.wsinit ():
return was.wsconfig (skitai.WS_SIMPLE, 60)
elif was.wshasevent ():
return
return "ECHO:" + message
First args (message) are essential. Although you need other args, you must position after this essential arg.
Thread Safe Websocket
Here’s a websocket app example creating sub thread(s),
class myProgram:
def __init__ (self, websocket):
self.websocket = websocket
self.__active = 0
self.__lock = trheading.Lock ()
def run (self):
while 1:
with self.lock:
active = self.__active
if not active: break
self.websocket.send ('Keep running...')
time.sleep (1)
self.websocket.send ('Terminated')
def handle_command (self, cmd):
if cmd == "start":
with self.lock:
self.__active = 1
threading.Thread (self.run).start ()
elif cmd == "stop":
with self.lock:
self.__active = 0
self.websocket.send ('Try to stop...')
else:
self.websocket.send ('I cannot understand your command')
app = Saddle (__name__)
@app.before_mount
def before_mount (wac):
wac.register ('wspool', {})
@app.route ("/websocket/run")
def run (was, message):
if was.wshasevent ():
if was.wsinit ():
was.wsconfig (skitai.WS_THREADSAFE, 7200)
elif was.wsopened ():
was.wspool [id (was.websocket)] = myProgram (was.websocket)
elif was.wsclosed ():
ukey = id (was.websocket)
if ukey in was.wspool:
was.wspool [ukey].kill ()
del was.wspool [ukey]
return
runner = was.hounds [id (was.websocket)]
runner.handle_command (m)
Group Chat Websocket
This is just extension of Simple Data Request & Response. Here’s simple multi-users chatting app.
This feature will NOT work on multi-processes run mode.
Many clients can connect by ws://localhost:5000/websocket/chat?roomid=1. and can chat between all clients.
@app.route ("/chat")
def chat (was, message, room_id):
client_id = was.wsclient ()
if was.wshasevent ():
if was.wsinit ():
return was.wsconfig (skitai.WS_GROUPCHAT, 60)
elif was.wsopened ():
return "Client %s has entered" % client_id
elif was.wsclosed ():
return "Client %s has leaved" % client_id
return
return "Client %s Said: %s" % (client_id, message)
In this case, first 2 args (message, room_id) are essential.
For sending message to specific client_id,
clients = list (was.websocket.clients.keys ())
was.websocket.send ('Hi', clients [0])
# OR
return 'Hi', clients [0]
At Flask, should setup for variable names you want to use,
if request.environ.get ("websocket.event") == skitai.WS_EVT_INIT:
request.environ ["websocket.config"] = (
skitai.WS_GROUPCHAT,
60,
("message", "room_id")
)
return ""
Request Handling with Skito-Saddle
Saddle is WSGI container integrated with Skitai App Engine.
Flask and other WSGI container have their own way to handle request. So If you choose them, see their documentation.
And note below objects and methods ARE NOT WORKING in any other WSGI containers except Saddle.
Before you begin, recommended Saddle App’s directory structure is like this:
service.py: Skitai runner
app.py: File, Main app
static: Directory, Place static files like css, js, images. This directory should be mounted for using
decorative: Directory, Module components, utils or helpers for helping app like config.py, model.py etc…
templates: Directory, Jinaja and Chameleon template files
resources: Directory, Various files as app need like sqlite db file. In you app, you use these files, you can access file in resources by app.get_resource (“db”, “sqlite3.db”) like os.path.join manner.
App Resource Structure
If your app is simple, it can be made into single app.py and templates and static directory.
from skitai.saddle import Saddle
app = Saddle(__name__)
app.use_reloader = True
app.debug = True
@app.route ("/")
def index (was):
...
return was.response ("200 OK", ...)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import skitai
pref = skitai.pref ()
pref.use_reloader = True
skitai.mount ('/', './static')
skitai.mount ('/', app, 'app', pref)
skitai.run ()
And run,
python3 app.py -v
But Your app is more bigger, it will be hard to make with single app file. Then, you can make decorative directory to seperate your app into several categories.
app.py
decoratives/
templates/
resources/
static/
All sub modules app need, can be placed into decorative/. decorative/*.py will be watched for reloading if use_reloader = True.
You can structuring any ways you like and I like this style:
decorative/views.py
decorative/apis.py
decorative/helpers.py
All modules to decorate app in decorative, should have def decorate (app).
For example, views.py is like this,
from . import helpers
def decorate (app):
@app.route ("/")
def index (was):
...
return was.render ("index.html")
Now you just import app decorable moduels at your app.py,
from skitai.saddle import Saddle
from decorative import views, apis
app = Saddle(__name__)
That’s it.
If app scale is more bigger scale, decorative can be expanded to sub modules.
decorative/views/index.py, regist.py, search.py, ...
decorative/apis/codemap.py,
decorative/helpers/utils.py, ...
And import these from app.py,
from decorative.views import index, regist, ...
from decorative.apis import codemap, ...
Some more other informations will be mentioned at App Decorating section again.
Runtime App Preference
New in version 0.26
Usally, your app preference setting is like this:
from skitai.saddle import Saddle
app = Saddle(__name__)
app.use_reloader = True
app.debug = True
app.config ["prefA"] = 1
app.config ["prefB"] = 2
Skitai provide runtime preference setting.
import skitai
pref = skitai.pref ()
pref.use_reloader = 1
pref.debug = 1
pref.config ["prefA"] = 1
pref.config.prefB = 2
skitai.mount ("/v1", "app_v1/app.py", "app", pref)
skitai.run ()
Above pref’s all properties will be overriden on your app.
Runtime preference can be used with skitai initializing or complicated initializing process for your app.
You can create __init__.py at same directory with app.py. And bootstrap () function is needed.
__init__.py
import skitai
from . import cronjob
def bootstrap (pref):
if pref.config.get ('enable_cron')
skitai.cron ('*/10 * * * *', "%s >> /var/log/sitai/cron.log" % cronjob.__file__)
skitai.mount ('/cron-log', '/var/log/sitai')
with open (pref.config.urlfile, "r") as f:
pref.config.urllist = []
while 1:
line = f.readline ().strip ()
if not line: break
pref.config.urllist.append (line.split (" ", 4))
Access Saddle App
You can access all Saddle object from was.app.
was.app.debug
was.app.use_reloader
was.app.config # use for custom configuration like was.app.config.my_setting = 1
was.app.securekey
was.app.session_timeout = None
was.app.authorization = “digest”
was.app.authenticate = False
was.app.realm = None
was.app.users = {}
was.app.jinja_env
was.app.build_url () is equal to was.ab ()
Currently was.app.config has these properties and you can reconfig by setting new value:
was.app.config.max_post_body_size = 5 * 1024 * 1024
was.app.config.max_cache_size = 5 * 1024 * 1024
was.app.config.max_multipart_body_size = 20 * 1024 * 1024
was.app.config.max_upload_file_size = 20000000
Debugging and Reloading App
If debug is True, all errors even server errors is shown on both web browser and console window, otherhwise shown only on console.
If use_reloader is True, Skito-Saddle will detect file changes and reload app automatically, otherwise app will never be reloaded.
from skitai.saddle import Saddle
app = Saddle (__name__)
app.debug = True # output exception information
app.use_reloader = True # auto realod on file changed
Kill Switch
You you want to disable debug and use_reloader on production enveironment at once,
export SKITAI_ENV=PRODUCTION
python3 app.py -d
Routing
Basic routing is like this:
@app.route ("/hello")
def hello_world (was):
return was.render ("hello.htm")
For adding some restrictions:
@app.route ("/hello", methods = ["GET"], content_types = ["text/xml"])
def hello_world (was):
return was.render ("hello.htm")
If method is not GET, Saddle will response http error code 405 (Method Not Allowed), and content-type is not text/xml, 415 (Unsupported Content Type).
Request
Reqeust object provides these methods and attributes:
was.request.method # upper case GET, POST, …
was.request.command # lower case get, post, …
was.request.uri
was.request.version # HTTP Version, 1.0, 1.1
was.request.scheme # http or https
was.request.headers # case insensitive dictioanry
was.request.body # bytes object
was.request.args # dictionary merged with url, query string, form data and JSON
was.request.routed_function
was.request.routable # {‘methods’: [“POST”, “OPTIONS”], ‘content_types’: [“text/xml”]}
was.request.split_uri () # (script, param, querystring, fragment)
was.request.json () # decode request body from JSON
was.request.form () # decode request body to dict if content-type is form data
was.request.dict () # decode request body as dict if content-type is compatible with dict - form data or JSON
was.request.get_header (“content-type”) # case insensitive
was.request.get_headers () # retrun header all list
was.request.get_body ()
was.request.get_scheme () # http or https
was.request.get_remote_addr ()
was.request.get_user_agent ()
was.request.get_content_type ()
was.request.get_main_type ()
was.request.get_sub_type ()
Getting Parameters
Saddle’s parameters are comceptually seperated 3 groups: URL, query string and form data.
Below explaination may be a bit complicated but it is enough to remember 2 things:
All parameter groups can be handled same way, there’s no differences except origin of prameters
Eventaully was.request.args contains all parameters of all origins include default arguments of your resource
Getting URL Parameters
URL Parameters should be arguments of resource.
@app.route ("/episode/<int:id>")
def episode (was, id):
return id
# http://127.0.0.1:5000/episode
for fancy url building, available param types are:
int
float
path: /download/<int:major_ver>/<path>, should be positioned at last like /download/1/version/1.1/win32
If not provided, assume as string. and all space will be replaced to “_”
It is also possible via keywords args,
@app.route ("/episode/<int:id>")
def episode (was, \*\*karg):
retrun was.request.args.get ("id")
# http://127.0.0.1:5000/episode
Query String Parameters
qiery string parameter can be both resource arguments but needn’t be.
@app.route ("/hello")
def hello_world (was, num = 8):
return num
# http://127.0.0.1:5000/hello?num=100
It is same as these,
@app.route ("/hello")
def hello_world (was):
return was.request.args.get ("num")
@app.route ("/hello")
def hello_world (was, **url):
return url.get ("num")
Above 2 code blocks have a significant difference. First one can get only ‘topic’ parameter. If URL query string contains other parameters, Skitai will raise 508 Error. But 2nd one can be any parameters.
Getting Form/JSON Parameters
Getting form is not different from the way for url parameters, but generally form parameters is too many to use with each function parameters, can take from single args **form or take mixed with named args and **form both. if request header has application/json
@app.route ("/hello")
def hello (was, **form):
return "Post %s %s" % (form.get ("userid", ""), form.get ("comment", ""))
@app.route ("/hello")
def hello_world (was, userid, **form):
return "Post %s %s" % (userid, form.get ("comment", ""))
Note that for receiving request body via arguments, you specify keywords args like **karg or specify parameter names of body data.
If you want just handle POST body, you can use was.request.json () or was.request.form () that will return dictionary object.
Getting Composed Parameters
You can receive all type of parameters by resource arguments. Let’assume yotu resource URL is http://127.0.0.1:5000/episode/100?topic=Python.
@app.route ("/episode/<int:id>")
def hello (was, id, topic):
pass
if URL is http://127.0.0.1:5000/episode/100?topic=Python with Form/JSON data {“comment”: “It is good idea”}
@app.route ("/episode/<int:id>")
def hello (was, id, topic, comment):
pass
Note that argument should be ordered by:
URL parameters
URL query string
Form/JSON body
And note if your request has both query string and form/JSON body, and want to receive form paramters via arguments, you should receive query string parameters first. It is not allowed to skip query string.
Also you can use keywords argument.
@app.route ("/episode/<int:id>")
def hello (was, id, \*\*karg):
karg.get ('topic')
Note that **karg is contains both query string and form/JSON data and no retriction for parameter names.
was.requests.args is merged dictionary for all type of parameters. If parameter name is duplicated, its value will be set to form of value list. Then simpletst way for getting parameters, use was.requests.args.
@app.route ("/episode/<int:id>")
def hello (was, id):
was.request.args.get ('topic')
Make Your Own Principal
I prefer these style:
In template, access via was.request.args only
Otherwise, use arguments for URL & query string parameter, and **args for Form/JSON parameters
If paramteres are same and just request method is optional, use arguments or **args
Response
Basically, just return contents.
@app.route ("/hello")
def hello_world (was):
return was.render ("hello.htm")
If you need set additional headers or HTTP status,
@app.route ("/hello")
def hello (was):
return was.response ("200 OK", was.render ("hello.htm"), [("Cache-Control", "max-age=60")])
def hello (was):
return was.response (body = was.render ("hello.htm"), headers = [("Cache-Control", "max-age=60")])
def hello (was):
was.response.set_header ("Cache-Control", "max-age=60")
return was.render ("hello.htm")
Above 3 examples will make exacltly same result.
Sending specific HTTP status code,
def hello (was):
return was.response ("404 Not Found", was.render ("err404.htm"))
def hello (was):
# if body is not given, automaticcally generated with default error template.
return was.response ("404 Not Found")
If app raise exception, traceback information will be displayed only app.debug = True. But you intentionally send it inspite of app.debug = False:
# File
@app.route ("/raise_exception")
def raise_exception (was):
try:
raise ValueError ("Test Error")
except:
return was.response ("500 Internal Server Error", exc_info = sys.exc_info ())
If you use custom error handler, you can set detail explaination to error [“detail”].
@app.default_error_handler
def default_error_handler (was, error):
return was.render ("errors/default.html", error = error)
def error (was):
return was.response.with_explain ('503 Serivce Unavaliable', "Please Visit On Thurse Day")
You can return various objects.
# File
@app.route ("/streaming")
def streaming (was):
return was.response ("200 OK", open ("mypicnic.mp4", "rb"), headers = [("Content-Type", "video/mp4")])
# Generator
def build_csv (was):
def generate():
for row in iter_all_rows():
yield ','.join(row) + '\n'
return was.response ("200 OK", generate (), headers = [("Content-Type", "text/csv")])
All available return types are:
String, Bytes, Unicode
File-like object has ‘read (buffer_size)’ method, optional ‘close ()’
Iterator/Generator object has ‘next() or _next()’ method, optional ‘close ()’ and shoud raise StopIteration if no more data exists.
Something object has ‘more()’ method, optional ‘close ()’
Classes of skitai.lib.producers
List/Tuple contains above objects
XMLRPC dumpable object for if you want to response to XMLRPC
The object has ‘close ()’ method, will be called when all data consumed, or socket is disconnected with client by any reasons.
was.response (status = “200 OK”, body = None, headers = None, exc_info = None)
was.response.throw (status = “200 OK”): abort handling request, generated contents and return http error immediatly
was.response.API (__data_dict__ = None, **kargs): return api response container
was.response.Fault (status = “200 OK”,*args, **kargs): shortcut for was.response (status, was.response.api (…)) if status code is 2xx and was.response (status, was.response.fault (…))
was.response.fault (msg, code = 20000, debug = None, more_info = None, exc_info = None): return api response container with setting error information
was.response.traceback (msg = “”, code = 10001, debug = ‘see traceback’, more_info = None): return api response container with setting traceback info
was.response.set_status (status) # “200 OK”, “404 Not Found”
was.response.get_status ()
was.response.set_headers (headers) # [(key, value), …]
was.response.get_headers ()
was.response.set_header (k, v)
was.response.get_header (k)
was.response.del_header (k)
was.response.hint_promise (uri) # New in version 0.16.4, only works with HTTP/2.x and will be ignored HTTP/1.x
File Stream
Response provides some methods for special objects.
First of all, for send a file,
@app.route ("/<filename>")
def getfile (was, filename):
return was.response.file ('/data/%s' % filename)
JSON API Response
New in version 0.26.15.9
In cases you want to retrun JSON API reponse,
# return JSON {data: [1,2,3]}
return was.response.Fault ('200 OK', data = [1, 2, 3])
# return empty JSON {}
return was.response.Fault (201 Accept')
# and shortcut if response HTTP status code is 200 OK,
return was.response.API (data = [1, 2, 3])
# return empty JSON {}
return was.response.API ()
For sending error response with error information,
# client will get, {"message": "parameter q required", "code": 10021}
return was.response.Fault ('400 Bad Request', 'missing parameter', 10021)
# with additional information,
was.response.Fault (
'400 Bad Request',
'missing parameter', 10021,
'need parameter offset and limit', # detailed debug information
'http://127.0.0.1/moreinfo/10021', # more detail URL something
)
You can send traceback information for debug purpose like in case app.debug = False,
try:
do something
except:
return was.response.Fault (
'500 Internal Server Error',
'somethig is not valid',
10022,
traceback = True
)
# client see,
{
"code": 10001,
"message": "somethig is not valid",
"debug": "see traceback",
"traceback": [
"name 'aa' is not defined",
"in file app.py at line 276, function search"
]
}
Important note that this response will return with HTTP 200 OK status. If you want return 500 code, just let exception go.
But if your client send header with ‘Accept: application/json’ and app.debug is True, Skitai returns traceback information automatically.
Async Promise Response
New in version 0.24.8
If you use was’ requests services, and they’re expected taking a long time to fetch, you can use async response.
Async promise response has advantage at multi threads environment returning current thread to thread pool early for handling the other requests
Async promise response should be used at single thread evironment. If you run Skitai with threads = 0, you can’t use wait(), getwait() or getswiat() for receiving response for HTTP/DBO requests.
Unlike general promises, Skitai promise handle multiple funtions with only single handler.
def promise_handler (promise, resp):
if resp.status_code == 200:
promise [resp.id] = promise.render (
'%s.html' % resp.id,
data = response.json ()
)
else:
promise [resp.id] = '<div>Error in %s</div>' % resp.id
# check if all requests are done
if promise.fulfilled ():
promise.settle (promise.render ("final.html"))
# or just join response data
# promise.settle (promise ['skitai'] + "<hr>" + promise ['aquests'])
@app.route ("/promise")
def promise (was):
promise = was.promise (promise_handler, A = "123", B = "456")
promise.get ('C', "https://pypi.python.org/pypi/skitai")
promise.get ('D', "https://pypi.python.org/pypi/aquests")
return promise
Database query example,
def promise_handler (promise, resp):
if promise.fulfilled ():
r = promise ["stats"]
r ['result'] = resp.data
promise.settle (promise.response.API (r))
@app.route ("/promise")
def promise (was):
promise = was.promise (promise_handler, stats = {'total': 100})
promise.backend ('query', "@postgre").execute ("select ...")
return promise
‘skitai.html’ Jinja2 template used in render() is,
<div>{{ r.url }} </div>
<div>{{ r.text }}</div>
‘example.html’ Jinja2 template used in render() is,
<h1>{{ A }} of {{ B }}</h1>
<div>{{ C }}</div>
<hr>
<div>{{ D }}</div>
And you can use almost was.* objects at render() and render() like was.request, was.app, was.ab or was.g etc. But remember that response header had been already sent so you cannot use aquests features and connot set new header values like cookie or mbox (but reading is still possible).
Above proxy can make requests as same as was object except first argument is identical request name (reqid). Compare below things.
was.get (”https://pypi.python.org/pypi/skitai”)
Promise.get (‘skitai’, “https://pypi.python.org/pypi/skitai”)
This identifier can handle responses at executing callback. reqid SHOULD follow Python variable naming rules because might be used as template variable.
You MUST call Promise.settle (content_to_send) finally, and if you have chunk content to send, you can call Promise.send(chunk_content_to_send) for sending middle part of contents before calling settle ().
New in version 0.25.2
You can set meta data dictionary per requests if you need.
def promise_handler (promise, response):
due = time.time () - response.meta ['created']
promise.send (response.content)
promise.send ('Fetch in %2.3f seconds' % due)
promise.settle () # Should call
@app.route ("/promise")
def promise (was):
promise = was.promise (promise_handler)
promise.get ('req-0', "http://my-server.com", meta = {'created': time.time ()})
return was.response ("200 OK", promise, [('Content-Type', 'text/plain')])
But it is important that meta arg should be as keyword arg, and DON’T use ‘reqid’ as meta data key. ‘reqid’ is used internally.
Creating async response proxy:
was.promise (promise_handler, prolog = None, epilog = None): return Promise, prolog and epilog is like html header and footer
response_handler should receive 2 args: response for your external resource request and Promise.
Note: It’s impossible requesting map-reduce requests at async response mode.
collect_producer has these methods.
Promise (handler, keyword args, …)
Promise.get (reqid, url, …), post (reqid, url, data, …) and etc
Promise.set (name, data): save data for generating full contents
Promise.pending (): True if numer of requests is not same as responses
Promise.fulfilled (): True if numer of requests is same as responses
Promise.settled (): True if settle () is called
Promise.rejected (): ignore all response after called
Promise.render (template_file, single dictionary object or keyword args, …): render each response, if no args render with promise’s data set before
Promise.send (content_to_send): push chunk data to channel
Promise.settle (content_to_send = None)
Promise.reject (content_to_send = None)
App Decorating: Making Simpler & Modular App
New in version 0.26.17
I already mentioned App Structure section, you can split yours views and help utilties into decorative directory.
Assume your application directory structure is like this,
templates/*.html
decorative/*.py # app library, all modules in this directory will be watched for reloading
static/images # static files
static/js
static/css
app.py # this is starter script
app.py
from decorative import auth
app = Saddle (__name__)
app.debug = True
app.use_reloader = True
@app.default_error_handler
def default_error_handler (was, e):
return str (e)
decorative/auth.py
# shared utility functions used by views
def titlize (s):
...
return s
def decorate (app):
@app.login_handler
def login_handler (was):
if was.session.get ("username"):
return
next_url = not was.request.uri.endswith ("signout") and was.request.uri or ""
return was.redirect (was.ab ("signin", next_url))
@app.route ("/signout")
def signout (was):
was.session.remove ("username")
was.mbox.push ("Signed out successfully", "success")
return was.redirect (was.ab ('index'))
@app.route ("/signin")
def signin (was, next_url = None, **form):
if was.request.args.get ("username"):
user = auth.authenticate (was.django, username = was.request.args ["username"], password = was.request.args ["password"])
if user:
was.session.set ("username", was.request.args ["username"])
return was.redirect (was.request.args ["next_url"])
else:
was.mbox.push ("Invalid User Name or Password", "error", icon = "new_releases")
return was.render ("sign/signin.html", next_url = next_url or was.ab ("index"))
You just import module from decorative. but def decorate (app) is core in each module. Every modules can have decorate (app) in decorative, so you can split and modulize views and utility functions. decorate (app) will be automatically executed on starting. If you set app.use_reloader, theses decorative will be automatically reloaded and re-executed on file changing. Also you can make global app sharable functions into seperate module like util.py without views.
If you need parameters on decorating,
def decorate (app, prefix):
@app.route (prefix + "/login")
def login (was):
...
And on app,
from decorative import auth
app = Saddle (__name__)
app.decorate_with (auth, '/regist')
If you build useful decoratives, please contribute them to skitai.saddle.decorative.
Disabling Resources
If you want to disable some resources in your decoratives, you just remove from decorative () into any function:
def decorate (app):
@app.login_handler
def login_handler (was):
...
def disabled ():
@app.route ("/something")
def unneed_fornow (was):
...
If you want to disable a module, You just do not import your app.py.
Using Websocket
New in version 0.26.18
Websokect usage is already explained, but Saddle provide @app.websocket_config decorator for more elegant way to use it.
def onopen (was):
print ('websocket opened')
def onclose (was):
print ('websocket closed')
@app.route ("/websocket")
@app.websocket_config (skitai.WS_THREADSAFE, 1200, onopen, onclose)
def websocket (was, message):
return 'you said: ' + message
This decorator spec is,
@app.websocket_config (
spec, # one of skitai.WS_SIMPLE, skitai.WS_THREADSAFE and skitai.WS_GROUPCHAT
timeout = 60,
onopen = None,
onclose = None
)
HTTP/2.0 Server Push
New in version 0.16
Skiai supports HTPT2 both ‘h2’ protocl over encrypted TLS and ‘h2c’ for clear text (But now Sep 2016, there is no browser supporting h2c protocol).
Basically you have nothing to do for HTTP2. Client’s browser will handle it except HTTP2 server push.
For using it, you just call was.response.hint_promise (uri) before return response data. It will work only client browser support HTTP2, otherwise will be ignored.
@app.route ("/promise")
def promise (was):
was.response.hint_promise ('/images/A.png')
was.response.hint_promise ('/images/B.png')
return was.response (
"200 OK",
(
'Promise Sent<br><br>'
'<img src="/images/A.png">'
'<img src="/images/B.png">'
)
)
Building URL
If your app is mounted at “/math”,
@app.route ("/add")
def add (was, num1, num2):
return int (num1) + int (num2)
was.app.build_url ("add", 10, 40) # returned '/math/add?num1=10&num2=40'
# BUT it's too long to use practically,
# was.ab is acronym for was.app.build_url
was.ab ("add", 10, 40) # returned '/math/add?num1=10&num2=40'
was.ab ("add", 10, num2=60) # returned '/math/add?num1=10&num2=60'
@app.route ("/hello/<name>")
def hello (was, name = "Hans Roh"):
return "Hello, %s" % name
was.ab ("hello", "Your Name") # returned '/math/hello/Your_Name'
Basically, was.ab is same as Python function call.
Building URL by Updating Parameters Partially
New in version 0.27
@app.route ("/navigate")
def navigate (was, limit = 20, pageno = 1):
return ...
If this resource was requested by /naviagte?limit=100&pageno=2, and if you want to make new resource url with keep a’s value (=100), you can make URL like this,
was.ab ("navigate", was.request.args.limit, 3)
But you can update only changed parameters partially,
was.partial ("add", pageno = 3)
Parameter a’s value will be kept with current requested parameters. Note that was.partial can be recieved keyword arguments only except first resource name.
was.partial is used changing partial parameters (or none) based over current parameters.
Building Base URL without Parameters
New in version 0.27
Sometimes you need to know just resource’s base path info - especially client-side javascript URL building, then use was.basepath.
@app.route ("/navigate")
def navigate (was, limit, pageno = 1):
return ...
was.basepath ("navigate")
>> return "/navigate"
For example, in your VueJS template,
<a :href="'{{ was.basepath ('navigate') }}?limit=' + limit_option + '&pageno=' + (current_page + 1)">Next Page</a>
Note that base path means for fancy Url,
@app.route ("/user/<id>")
>> base path is "/user/"
@app.route ("/user/<id>/pat")
>> base path is "/user/"
Access Environment Variables
was.env is just Python dictionary object.
if "HTTP_USER_AGENT" in was.env:
...
was.env.get ("CONTENT_TYPE")
Jinja2 Template Engine
Although You can use any template engine, Skitai provides was.render() which uses Jinja2 template engine. For providing arguments to Jinja2, use dictionary or keyword arguments.
return was.render ("index.html", choice = 2, product = "Apples")
#is same with:
return was.render ("index.html", {"choice": 2, "product": "Apples"})
#BUT CAN'T:
return was.render ("index.html", {"choice": 2}, product = "Apples")
Directory structure sould be:
/project_home/app.py
/project_home/templates/index.html
At template, you can use all ‘was’ objects anywhere defautly. Especially, Url/Form parameters also can be accessed via ‘was.request.args’.
{{ was.cookie.username }} choices item {{ was.request.args.get ("choice", "N/A") }}.
<a href="{{ was.ab ('checkout', choice) }}">Proceed</a>
Also ‘was.g’ is can be useful in case threr’re lots of render parameters.
was.g.product = "Apple"
was.g.howmany = 10
return was.render ("index.html")
And at jinja2 template,
{% set g = was.g }} {# make shortcut #}
Checkout for {{ g.howmany }} {{ g.product }}{{g.howmany > 1 and "s" or ""}}
If you want modify Jinja2 envrionment, can through was.app.jinja_env object.
def generate_form_token ():
...
was.app.jinja_env.globals['form_token'] = generate_form_token
New in version 0.15.16
Added new app.jinja_overlay () for easy calling app.jinja_env.overlay ().
Recently JS HTML renderers like Vue.js, React.js have confilicts with default jinja mustache variable. In this case you mightbe need change it.
app = Saddle (__name__)
app.debug = True
app.use_reloader = True
app.jinja_overlay (
variable_start_string = "{{",
variable_end_string = "}}",
block_start_string = "{%",
block_end_string = "%}",
comment_start_string = "{#",
comment_end_string = "#}",
line_statement_prefix = "%",
line_comment_prefix = "%%"
)
if you set same start and end string, please note for escaping charcter, use double escape. for example ‘#’, use ‘##’ for escaping.
Warning: Current Jinja2 2.8 dose not support double escaping (##) but it will be applied to runtime patch by Saddle. So if you use app.jinja_overlay, you have compatible problems with official Jinja2.
Chameleon Template Engine
New in version 0.26.6
Note added in version 0.26.12: I don’t know it is my fault, but Chameleon is unstable with multi-threading environment (or heavy under load) on win32 and even crash Skitai. I recommend do not use it with these environment. And Chameleon is excluded from requirements. If you need this one, install manually.
For using Chameleon template engine, you just make template file extention with ‘.pt’ or ‘.ptal’ (Page Template or Page Template Attribute Language).
I personally prefer Chameleon with Vue.js for HTML rendering.
return was.render (
"index.ptal",
dashboard = [
{'population': 235642, 'school': 34, 'state': 'NY', 'nation': 'USA'},
{'population': 534556, 'school': 54, 'state': 'BC', 'nation': 'Canada'},
]
)
Here’s example part of index.ptal.
${ was.request.args ['query'] }
<tr tal:repeat="each dashboard">
<td>
<a tal:define="entity_name '%s, %s' % (each ['state'], each ['nation'])"
tal:attributes="href was.ab ('entities', was.request.args ['level'], each ['state'])"
tal:content="entity_name">
</a>
</td>
<td tal:content="each ['population']" />
<td>${ each ['schools'] }</td>
</tr>
Custom Error Template
New in version 0.26.7
@app.default_error_handler
def not_found (was, error):
return was.render ('default.htm', error = error)
@app.error_handler (404)
def not_found (was, error):
return was.render ('404.htm', error = error)
Template file 404.html is like this:
<h1>{{ error.code }} {{ error.message }}</h1>
<p>{{ error.detail }}</p>
<hr>
<div>URL: {{ error.url }}</div>
<div>Time: {{ error.time }}</div>
Note that custom error templates can not be used before routing to the app.
Access Session
was.session has almost dictionary methods.
To enable session for app, random string formatted securekey should be set for encrypt/decrypt session values.
WARNING: securekey should be same on all skitai apps at least within a virtual hosing group, Otherwise it will be serious disaster.
app.securekey = "ds8fdsflksdjf9879dsf;?<>Asda"
app.session_timeout = 1200 # sec
@app.route ("/session")
def hello_world (was, **form):
if "login" not in was.session:
was.session.set ("user_id", form.get ("hansroh"))
# or
was.session ["user_id"] = form.get ("hansroh")
If you set, alter or remove session value, session expiry is automatically extended by app.session_timeout. But just getting value will not be extended. If you extend explicit without altering value, you can use touch() or set_expiry(). session.touch() will extend by app.session_timeout. session.set_expiry (timeout) will extend by timeout value.
Once you set expiry, session auto extenstion will be disabled until expiry time become shoter than new expiry time is calculated by app.session_timeout.
was.session.set (key, val)
was.session.get (key, default = None)
was.session.source_verified (): If current IP address matches with last IP accesss session
was.session.getv (key, default = None): If not source_verified (), return default
was.session.remove (key)
was.session.clear ()
was.session.keys ()
was.session.values ()
was.session.items ()
was.session.has_key ()
was.session.set_expiry (timeout)
was.session.touch ()
was.session.expire ()
Messaging Box
Like Flask’s flash feature, Skitai also provide messaging tool.
@app.route ("/msg")
def msg (was):
was.mbox.send ("This is Flash Message", "flash")
was.mbox.send ("This is Alert Message Kept by 60 seconds on every request", "alram", valid = 60)
return was.redirect (was.ab ("showmsg", "Hans Roh"), status = "302 Object Moved")
@app.route ("/showmsg")
def showmsg (was, name):
return was.render ("msg.htm", name=name)
A part of msg.htm is like this:
Messages To {{ name }},
<ul>
{% for message_id, category, created, valid, msg, extra in was.mbox.get () %}
<li> {{ mtype }}: {{ msg }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
Default value of valid argument is 0, which means if page called was.mbox.get() is finished successfully, it is automatically deleted from mbox.
But like flash message, if messages are delayed by next request, these messages are save into secured cookie value, so delayed/long term valid messages size is limited by cookie specificatio. Then shorter and fewer messsages would be better as possible.
‘was.mbox’ can be used for general page creation like handling notice, alram or error messages consistently. In this case, these messages (valid=0) is consumed by current request, there’s no particular size limitation.
Also note valid argument is 0, it will be shown at next request just one time, but inspite of next request is after hundred years, it will be shown if browser has cookie values.
@app.before_request
def before_request (was):
if has_new_item ():
was.mbox.send ("New Item Arrived", "notice")
@app.route ("/main")
def main (was):
return was.render ("news.htm")
news.htm like this:
News for {{ was.g.username }},
<ul>
{% for mid, category, created, valid, msg, extra in was.mbox.get ("notice", "news") %}
<li class="{{category}}"> {{ msg }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
was.mbox.send (msg, category, valid_seconds, key=val, …)
was.mbox.get () return [(message_id, category, created_time, valid_seconds, msg, extra_dict)]
was.mbox.get (category) filtered by category
was.mbox.get (key, val) filtered by extra_dict
was.mbox.source_verified (): If current IP address matches with last IP accesss mbox
was.mbox.getv (…) return get () if source_verified ()
was.mbox.search (key, val): find in extra_dict. if val is not given or given None, compare with category name. return [message_id, …]
was.mbox.remove (message_id)
Named Session & Messaging Box
New in version 0.15.30
You can create multiple named session and mbox objects by mount() methods.
was.session.mount (
name = None, securekey = None,
path = None, domain = None, secure = False, http_only = False,
session_timeout = None
)
was.mbox.mount (
name = None, securekey = None,
path = None, domain = None, secure = False, http_only = False
)
For example, your app need isolated session or mbox seperated default session for any reasons, can create session named ‘ADM’ and if this session or mbox is valid at only /admin URL.
@app.route("/")
def index (was):
was.session.mount ("ADM", SECUREKEY_STRING, path = '/admin')
was.session.set ("admin_login", True)
was.mbox.mount ("ADM", SECUREKEY_STRING, path = '/admin')
was.mbox.send ("10 data has been deleted", 'warning')
SECUREKEY_STRING needn’t same with app.securekey. And path, domain, secure, http_only args is for session cookie, you can mount any named sessions or mboxes with upper cookie path and upper cookie domain. In other words, to share session or mbox with another apps, path should be closer to root (/).
@app.route("/")
def index (was):
was.session.mount ("ADM", SECUREKEY_STRING, path = '/')
was.session.set ("admin_login", True)
Above ‘ADM’ sesion can be accessed by all mounted apps because path is ‘/’.
Also note was.session.mount (None, SECUREKEY_STRING) is exactly same as mounting default session, but in this case SECUREKEY_STRING should be same as app.securekey.
mount() is create named session or mbox if not exists, exists() is just check wheather exists named session already.
if not was.session.exists (None):
return "Your session maybe expired or signed out, please sign in again"
if not was.session.exists ("ADM"):
return "Your admin session maybe expired or signed out, please sign in again"
File Upload
FORM = """
<form enctype="multipart/form-data" method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="submit-hidden" value="Genious">
<p></p>What is your name? <input type="text" name="submit-name" value="Hans Roh"></p>
<p></p>What files are you sending? <br />
<input type="file" name="file">
</p>
<input type="submit" value="Send">
<input type="reset">
</form>
"""
@app.route ("/upload")
def upload (was, *form):
if was.request.command == "get":
return FORM
else:
file = form.get ("file")
if file:
file.save ("d:\\var\\upload", dup = "o") # overwrite
‘file’ object’s attributes are:
file.path: temporary saved file full path
file.name: original file name posted
file.size
file.mimetype
file.save (into, name = None, mkdir = False, dup = “u”)
file.remove ()
file.read ()
if name is None, used file.name
dup:
u - make unique (default)
o - overwrite
Using SQL Map with SQLPhile
New in Version 0.26.13
SQLPhile is SQL generator and can be accessed from was.sql.
was.sql is a instance of sqlphile.SQLPhile.
If you want to use SQL templates, create sub directory ‘sqlmaps’ and place sqlmap files.
app.config.sql_engine = skitai.DB_PGSQL
@app.route ("/")
def index (was):
q = was.sql.select (tbl_'user').get ('id, name').filter (id = 4)
req = was.backend ("@db").execute (q)
result = req.getwait ()
Please, visit SQLPhile for more detail.
Registering Per Request Calling Functions
Method decorators called automatically when each method is requested in a app.
@app.before_request
def before_request (was):
if not login ():
return "Not Authorized"
@app.finish_request
def finish_request (was):
was.g.user_id
was.g.user_status
...
@app.failed_request
def failed_request (was, exc_info):
was.g.user_id
was.g.user_status
...
@app.teardown_request
def teardown_request (was):
was.g.resouce.close ()
...
@app.route ("/view-account")
def view_account (was, userid):
was.g.user_id = "jerry"
was.g.user_status = "active"
was.g.resouce = open ()
return ...
For this situation, ‘was’ provide was.g that is empty class instance. was.g is valid only in current request. After end of current request.
If view_account is called, Saddle execute these sequence:
try:
try:
content = before_request (was)
if content:
return content
content = view_account (was, *args, **karg)
except:
content = failed_request (was, sys.exc_info ())
if content is None:
raise
else:
finish_request (was)
finally:
teardown_request (was)
return content
Be attention, failed_request’s 2nd arguments is sys.exc_info (). Also finish_request and teardown_request (NOT failed_request) should return None (or return nothing).
If you handle exception with failed_request (), return custom error content, or exception will be reraised and Saddle will handle exception.
New in version 0.14.13
@app.failed_request
def failed_request (was, exc_info):
# releasing resources
return was.response (
"501 Server Error",
was.render ("err501.htm", msg = "We're sorry but something's going wrong")
)
Define Autoruns
New in version 0.26.18
You can make automation for preworks and postworks.
def pre1 (was):
...
def pre2 (was):
...
def post1 (was):
...
@app.run_before (pre1, pre2)
@app.run_after (post1)
def index (was):
return was.render ('index.html')
@app.run_before can return None or responsable contents for aborting all next run_before and main request. @app.run_after return will be ignored
Define Conditional Prework
New in version 0.26.18
@app.if~s are conditional executing decorators.
def reload_config (was, path):
...
@app.if_file_modified ('/opt/myapp/config', reload_config, interval = 1)
def index (was):
return was.render ('index.html')
@app.if_updated need more explaination.
Inter Process Update Notification and Consequences Automation
New in version 0.26.18
@app.if_updated is related with skitai.deflu(), was.setlu() and was.getlu() and these are already explained was cache contorl part. And Saddle app can use more conviniently.
These’re used for mostly inter-process notification protocol.
Before skitai.run (), you should define updatable objects as string keys:
skitai.deflu ("weather-news", ...)
Then one process update object and update time by setlu ().
@app.route ("/")
def add_weather (was):
was.backend.execute ("insert into weathers ...")
was.setlu ("weather-news")
return ...
This update time stamp will be recorded in shared memory, then all skitai worker processes can catch this update by comparing previous last update time and automate consequences like refreshing cache.
def reload_cache (was, key):
...
@app.if_updated ('weather-news', reload_cache)
def index (was):
return was.render ('index.html')
App Lifecycle Hook
These app life cycle methods will be called by this order,
before_mount (wac): when app imported on skitai server started
mounted (was): called first with was (instance of wac)
mounted_or_reloaded (was): called with was (instance of wac)
loop whenever app is reloaded,
oldapp.before_reload (was)
newapp.reloaded (was)
mounted_or_reloaded (was): called with was (instance of wac)
before_umount (was): called last with was (instance of wac), add shutting down process
umounted (wac): when skitai server enter shutdown process
Please note that first arg of startup, reload and shutdown is wac not was. wac is Python Class object of ‘was’, so mainly used for sharing Skitai server-wide object via was.object before instancelizing to was.
@app.before_mount
def before_mount (wac):
logger = wac.logger.get ("app")
# OR
logger = wac.logger.make_logger ("login", "daily")
config = wac.config
wac.register ("loginengine", SNSLoginEngine (logger))
wac.register ("searcher", FulltextSearcher (wac.numthreads))
@app.before_reload
def before_remount (wac):
wac.loginengine.reset ()
@app.umounted
def before_umount (wac):
wac.umounted.close ()
wac.unregister ("loginengine")
wac.unregister ("searcher")
You can access numthreads, logger, config from wac.
As a result, myobject can be accessed by all your current app functions even all other apps mounted on Skitai.
# app mounted to 'abc.com/register'
@app.route ("/")
def index (was):
was.loginengine.check_user_to ("facebook")
was.searcher.query ("ipad")
# app mounted to 'def.com/'
@app.route ("/")
def index (was):
was.searcher.query ("news")
Note: The way to mount with host, see ‘Mounting With Virtual Host’ chapter below.
It maybe used like plugin system. If a app which should be mounted loads pulgin-like objects, theses can be used by Skitai server wide apps via was.object1, was.object2,…
New in version 0.26
If you have databases or API servers, and want to create cache object on app starting, you can use @app.mounted decorator.
def create_cache (res):
d = {}
for row in res.data:
d [row.code] = row.name
app.storage.set ('STATENAMES', d)
@app.mounted
def mounted (was):
was.backend ('@mydb', callback = create_cache).execute ("select code, name from states;")
# or use REST API
was.get ('@myapi/v1/states', callback = create_cache)
# or use RPC
was.rpc ('@myrpc/rpc2', callback = create_cache).get_states ()
@app.reloaded
def reloaded (was):
mounted (was) # same as mounted
@app.before_umount
def umount (was):
was.delete ('@session/v1/sessions', callback = lambda x: None)
But both are not called by request, you CAN’T use request related objects like was.request, was.cookie etc. And SHOULD use callback because these are executed within Main thread.
Registering Global Template Function
New in version 0.26.16
template_global decorator makes a function possible to use in your template,
@app.template_global ("test_global")
def test (was):
return ", ".join.(was.request.args.keys ())
At template,
{{ test_global () }}
Note that all template global function’s first parameter should be was. But when calling, you SHOULDN’t give was.
Registering Jinja2 Filter
New in version 0.26.16
template_filter decorator makes a function possible to use in your template,
@app.template_filter ("reverse")
def reverse_filter (s):
return s [::-1]
At template,
{{ "Hello" | reverse }}
Login and Permission Helper
New in version 0.26.16
You can define login & permissoin check handler,
@app.login_handler
def login_handler (was):
if was.session.get ("demo_username"):
return
if was.request.args.get ("username"):
if not was.csrf_verify ():
return was.response ("400 Bad Request")
if was.request.args.get ("signin"):
user, level = authenticate (username = was.request.args ["username"], password = was.request.args ["password"])
if user:
was.session.set ("demo_username", user)
was.session.set ("demo_permission", level)
return
else:
was.mbox.send ("Invalid User Name or Password", "error")
return was.render ("login.html", user_form = forms.DemoUserForm ())
@app.permission_check_handler
def permission_check_handler (was, perms):
if was.session.get ("demo_permission") in perms:
return was.response ("403 Permission Denied")
@app.staff_member_check_handler
def staff_check_handler (was):
if was.session.get ("demo_permission") not in ('staff'):
return was.response ("403 Staff Permission Required")
And use it for your resources if you need,
@app.route ("/")
@app.permission_required ("admin")
@app.login_required
def index (was):
return "Hello"
@app.staff_member_required
def index2 (was):
return "Hello"
If every thing is OK, it SHOULD return None, not True.
Also you can test if user is valid,
def is_superuser (was):
if was.user.username not in ('admin', 'root'):
reutrn was.response ("403 Permission Denied")
@app.testpass_required (is_superuser)
def modify_profile (was):
...
The binded testpass_required function can return,
True or None: continue request
False: response 403 Permission Denied immediately
Responsable object: response object immediately
Cross Site Request Forgery Token (CSRF Token)
New in version 0.26.16
At template, insert CSRF Token,
<form>
{{ was.csrf_token_input }}
...
</form>
then verify token like this,
@app.before_request
def before_request (was):
if was.request.args.get ("username"):
if not was.csrf_verify ():
return was.response ("400 Bad Request")
Making URL Token For Onetime Link
New in version 0.26.17
For creatiing onetime link url, you can convert your data to secured token string.
@app.route ('/password-reset')
def password_reset (was)
if was.request.args ('username'):
token = was.mktoken ("hans", 3600) # valid within 1 hour
pw_reset_url = was.ab ('reset_password', token)
# send email
return was.render ('done.html')
if was.request.args ('token'):
username = was.detoken (was.request.args ['token'])
if req ['expires'] > time.time ():
return was.response ('400 Bad Request')
username = req ['username']
# processing password reset
...
If you want to expire token explicit, add session token key
# valid within 1 hour and create session token named '_reset_token'
token = was.mktoken ("hans", 3600, 'rset')
>> kO6EYlNE2QLNnospJ+jjOMJjzbw?fXEAKFgGAAAAb2JqZWN0...
username = was.detoken (token)
>> "hans"
# if processing is done and for expiring token,
was.rmtoken (token)
App Event Handling
Most of Saddle’s event handlings are implemented with excellent event-bus library.
New in version 0.26.16, Availabe only on Python 3.5+
from skitai import saddle
@app.on (saddle.app_starting)
def app_starting_handler (wasc):
print ("I got it!")
@app.on (saddle.request_failed)
def request_failed_handler (was, exc_info):
print ("I got it!")
@app.on (saddle.template_rendering)
def template_rendering_handler (was, template, params):
print ("I got it!")
There’re some app events.
saddle.app_starting: required (wasc)
saddle.app_started: required (wasc)
saddle.app_restarting: required (wasc)
saddle.app_restarted: required (wasc)
saddle.app_mounted: required (was)
saddle.app_unmounting: required (was)
saddle.request_failed: required ( was, exc_info)
saddle.request_success: required (was)
saddle.request_tearing_down: required (was)
saddle.request_starting: required (was)
saddle.request_finished: required (was)
saddle.template_rendering: required (was, template, template_params_dict)
saddle.template_rendered: required (was, content)
Creating and Handling Custom Event
Availabe only on Python 3.5+
For creating custom event and event handler,
@app.on ("user-updated")
def user_updated (was, user):
...
For emitting,
@app.route ('/users', methods = ["POST"])
def users (was):
args = was.request.json ()
...
app.emit ("user-updated", args ['userid'])
return ''
If event hasn’t args, you can use emit_after decorator,
@app.route ('/users', methods = ["POST"])
@app.emit_after ("user-updated")
def users (was):
args = was.request.json ()
...
return ''
Using this, you can build automatic excution chain,
@app.on ("photo-updated")
def photo_updated (was):
...
@app.on ("user-updated")
@app.emit_after ("photo-updated")
def user_updated (was):
...
@app.route ('/users', methods = ["POST"])
@app.emit_after ("user-updated")
def users (was):
args = was.request.json ()
...
return ''
Cross App Communication & Accessing Resources
Skitai prefer spliting apps to small microservices and mount them each. This feature make easy to move some of your mounted apps move to another machine. But this make difficult to communicate between apps.
Here’s some helpful solutions.
Accessing App Object Properties
New in version 0.26.7.2
You can mount multiple app on Skitai, and maybe need to another app is mounted seperatly.
skitai.mount ("/", "main.py")
skitai.mount ("/query", "search.py")
And you can access from filename of app from each apps,
search_app = was.apps ["search"]
save_path = search_app.config.save_path
URL Building for Resource Accessing
New in version 0.26.7.2
If you mount multiple apps like this,
skitai.mount ("/", "main.py")
skitai.mount ("/search", "search.py")
For building url in main.py app from a query function of search.py app, you should specify app file name with dot.
was.ab ('search.query', "Your Name") # returned '/search/query?q=Your%20Name'
And this is exactly same as,
was.apps [“search”].build_url (“query”, “Your Name”)
But this is only functioning between apps are mounted within same host.
Communication with Event
New in version 0.26.10 Availabe only on Python 3.5+
‘was’ can work as an event bus using app.on_broadcast () - was.broadcast () pair. Let’s assume that an users.py app handle only user data, and another photo.py app handle only photos of users.
skitai.mount ('/users', 'users.py')
skitai.mount ('/photos', 'photos.py')
If a user update own profile, sometimes photo information should be updated.
At photos.py, you can prepare for listening to ‘user:data-added’ event and this event will be emited from ‘was’.
@app.on_broadcast ('user:data-added')
def refresh_user_cache (was, userid):
was.sqlite3 ('@photodb').execute ('update ...').wait ()
and uses.py, you just emit ‘user:data-added’ event to ‘was’.
@app.route ('/users', methods = ["PATCH"])
def users (was):
args = was.request.json ()
was.sqlite3 ('@userdb').execute ('update ...').wait ()
# broadcasting event to all mounted apps
was.broadcast ('user:data-added', args ['userid'])
return was.response (
"200 OK",
json.dumps ({}),
[("Content-Type", "application/json")]
)
If resource always broadcasts event without args, use broadcast_after decorator.
@app.broadcast_after ('some-event')
def users (was):
args = was.request.json ()
was.sqlite3 ('@userdb').execute ('update ...').wait ()
Note that this decorator cannot be routed by app.route ().
CORS (Cross Origin Resource Sharing) and Preflight
For allowing CORS, you should do 2 things:
set app.access_control_allow_origin
allow OPTIONS methods for routing
app = Saddle (__name__)
app.access_control_allow_origin = ["*"]
# OR specific origins
app.access_control_allow_origin = ["http://www.skitai.com:5001"]
app.access_control_max_age = 3600
@app.route ("/post", methods = ["POST", "OPTIONS"])
def post (was):
args = was.request.json ()
return was.jstream ({...})
If you want function specific CORS,
app = Saddle (__name__)
@app.route (
"/post", methods = ["POST", "OPTIONS"],
access_control_allow_origin = ["http://www.skitai.com:5001"],
access_control_max_age = 3600
)
def post (was):
args = was.request.json ()
return was.jstream ({...})
WWW-Authenticate
Changed in version 0.15.21
removed app.user and app.password
add app.users object has get(username) methods like dictionary
Saddle provide simple authenticate for administration or perform access control from other system’s call.
Authentication On Specific Methods
Otherwise you can make some routes requirigng authorization like this:
# False is default, you can omit this line
app.authenticate = False
@app.route ("/hello/<name>", authenticate = True)
def hello (was, name = "Hans Roh"):
return "Hello, %s" % name
Or you can use @app.auth_required decorator.
@app.route ("/hello/<name>")
@app.auth_required
def hello (was, name = "Hans Roh"):
return "Hello, %s" % name
Password Provider
You can provide password and user information getter by 2 ways.
First, users object
# users object shoukd have get(username) method
app.users = {"hansroh": ("1234", False)}
Second, use decorator
@app.auth_handler
def auth_handler (was, username):
...
return ("1234", False)
The return object can be:
(str password, boolean encrypted, obj userinfo)
(str password, boolean encrypted)
str password
None if authorization failed
If you use encrypted password, you should use digest authorization and password should encrypt by this way:
from hashlib import md5
encrypted_password = md5 (
("%s:%s:%s" % (username, realm, password)).encode ("utf8")
).hexdigest ()
If authorization is successful, app can access username and userinfo vi was.request.user.
was.request.user.name
was.request.user.realm
was.request.user.info
If your server run with SSL, you can use app.authorization = “basic”, otherwise recommend using “digest” for your password safety.
Authentication On Entire App
For your convinient, you can set authorization requirements to app level.
app = Saddle (__name__)
app.authorization = "digest"
app.realm = "Partner App Area of mysite.com"
app.users = {"app": ("iamyourpartnerapp", 0, {'role': 'root'})}
app.authenticate = True
@app.route ("/hello/<name>")
def hello (was, name = "Hans Roh"):
return "Hello, %s" % name
If app.authenticate is True, all routes of app require authorization (default is False).
Implementing XMLRPC Service
Client Side:
import aquests
stub = aquests.rpc ("http://127.0.0.1:5000/rpc")
stub.add (10000, 5000)
fetchall ()
Server Side:
@app.route ("/add")
def index (was, num1, num2):
return num1 + num2
Is there nothing to diffrence? Yes. Saddle app methods are also used for XMLRPC service if return values are XMLRPC dumpable.
Implementing gRPC Service
Client Side:
import aquests
import route_guide_pb2
stub = aquests.grpc ("http://127.0.0.1:5000/routeguide.RouteGuide")
point = route_guide_pb2.Point (latitude=409146138, longitude=-746188906)
stub.GetFeature (point)
aquests.fetchall ()
Server Side:
import route_guide_pb2
def get_feature (feature_db, point):
for feature in feature_db:
if feature.location == point:
return feature
return None
@app.route ("/GetFeature")
def GetFeature (was, point):
feature = get_feature(db, point)
if feature is None:
return route_guide_pb2.Feature(name="", location=point)
else:
return feature
if __name__ == "__main__":
skitai.mount = ('/routeguide.RouteGuide', app)
skitai.urn ()
For an example, here’s my tfserver for Tensor Flow Model Server.
For more about gRPC and route_guide_pb2, go to gRPC Basics - Python.
Note: I think I don’t understand about gRPC’s stream request and response. Does it means chatting style? Why does data stream has interval like GPS data be handled as stream type? If it is chat style stream, is it more efficient that use proto buffer on Websocket protocol? In this case, it is even possible collaborating between multiple gRPC clients.
Working with Django
New in version 0.26.15
I barely use Django, but recently I have opportunity using Django and it is very fantastic and especially impressive to Django Admin System.
Here are some examples collaborating with Djnago and Saddle.
Before it begin, you should mount Django app,
# mount django app as backend app likely
pref = skitai.pref ()
pref.use_reloader = True
pref.use_debug = True
skitai.mount ("/django", 'mydjangoapp/mydjangoapp/wsgi.py', 'application', pref)
# main app
skitai.mount ('/', 'app.py', 'app')
skitai.run ()
When Django app is mounted, these will be processed.
add django project root path will be added to sys.path
app is mounted
database alias (@mydjangoapp) will be created as base name of django project root
FYI, you can access Django admin by /django/admin with default django setting.
Using Django Login
Django user model and authentication system can be used in Skitai.
was.django is an inherited instance of Django’s WSGIRequest.
Basically you can use Django request’s user and session.
was.django.user
was.django.session
Also have some methods for login integration.
was.django.authenticate (username, password): return username or None if failed
was.django.login (username)
was.django.logout ()
was.django.update_session_auth_hash (user)
Route Proxing Django Views
If mydjangoapp has photos app, for proxing Django views,
from mydjangoapp.photos import views as photos_views
@app.route ('/hello')
def django_hello (was):
return photos_views.somefunc (was.django)
Using Django Models
You can use also Django models without mount app.
First of all, you should specify django setting with alias for django database engine.
skitai.alias ("@django", skitai.DJANGO, "myapp/settings.py")
Now you can use your models,
from mydjangoapp.photos import models
@app,route ('/django/hello')
def django_hello (was):
models.Photo.objects.create (user='Hans Roh', title = 'My Photo')
result = models.Photo.filter (user='hansroh').order_by ('-create_at')
You can use Django Query Set as SQL generator for Skitai’s asynchronous query execution. But it has some limitations.
just vaild only select query and prefetch_related () will be ignored
effetive only to PostgreSQL and SQLite3 (but SQLite3 dose not support asynchronous execution, so it is practically meaningless)
from mydjangoapp.photos import models
@app,route ('/hello')
def django_hello (was):
query = models.Photo.objects.filter (topic=1).order_by ('title')
return was.jstream (was.sqlite3 ("@entity").execute (query).getwait ().data, 'data')
Redirect Django Model Signals To Saddle Event
Available on Python 3.5+
Using with saddle’s event, you can monitor the change of Django model and can do your jobs like updating cache.
This example show that if Django admin app is mounted to Skitai, whenever model is changed in Django admin, Saddle will receive signal and update cache data.
app = Saddle (__name__)
# activate wathcing model, and make accessible from was
app.redirect_signal (framework = "django")
@app.on_signal ("myapp.models.Photo")
@app.mounted
def model_changed (was, sender = None, *karg):
from myapp.models import Photo
# when app.mounted, sender is None
if sender:
# starts with 'x_', added by Saddle
karg ['x_operation'] # one of C, U, D
karg ['x_model_class'] # string name of model class like myapp.models.Photo
# else Django's model signal args
karg ['instance']
karg ['update_fields']
# creating cache object
query = (sender or Photo).objects.all ().order_by ('created_at')
was.backend (
'@entity',
callback = lambda x, y = app: y.storage.set ('my-cache', x.data)
).execute (query)
For watching multiple models.
@app.on_signal ("myapp.models.Photo", "myapp.models.User")
Integrating With Skitai’s Result Object Caching
New in version 0.26.15
app.redirect_signal (framework = "django")
In backgound, app catch Django’s model signal, and automatically was.setlu (your model class name like ‘myapp.models.User’). Then you can just use was.getlu (your model class name).
@app.route ("/query")
def query (was):
req = was.backend (
"@entity",
use_cache = was.getlu ("myapp.models.User")
).execute (...)
result = req.getwait ()
result.cache (86400)
return result.data
Remember, before using Django views and models, you should mount Django apps on Skitai first, and you should set all model keys using in apps.
skitai.deflu ('myapp.models.User', 'myapp.models.Photo')
skitai.run ()
Logging and Traceback
If Skitai run with -v option, app and exceptions are displayed at your console, else logged at files.
@app.route ("/")
def sum ():
was.log ("called index", "info")
try:
...
except:
was.log ("exception occured", "error")
was.traceback ()
was.log ("done index", "info")
Note inspite of you do not handle exception, all app exceptions will be logged automatically by Saddle. And it includes app importing and reloading exceptions.
was.log (msg, category = “info”)
was.traceback (id = “”) # id is used as fast searching log line for debug, if not given, id will be Global transaction ID/Local transaction ID
Project Purpose
Skitai App Engine’s original purpose is to serve python fulltext search engine Wissen which is my another pypi work. And I found that it is possibly useful for building and serving websites.
Anyway, I am modifying my codes to optimizing for enabling service on Linux machine with relatvely poor H/W (ex. AWS t2.nano instance) and making easy to auto-scaling provided cloud computing service like AWS.
If you need lots of outside http(s) resources connecting jobs and use PostgreSQL, it might be worth testing and participating this project.
Also note it might be more efficient that circumstance using Gevent WSGI Server + Flask. They have well documentation and already tested by lots of users.
Links
Bug Report: GitLab issues
Change Log
0.26 (May 2017)
0.27 (Apr 2018)
add @app.mounted_or_reloaded decorator
fix auth_required decorator
rename @app.preworks -> @app.run_before and @app.postworks -> @app.run_after
add @app.bearer_handler
add was.mkjwt and was.dejwt
add was.timestamp amd was.uniqid
renamed was.token -> was.mktoken
renamed api -> API, for_api -> Fault
skitai.use_django_models has been deprecated, use skitai.alias
functions are integrated skitai.mount_django into skitai.mount, skitai.alias_django into skitai.alias
fix empty payload posting
add was.partial and was.basepath
raise NameError when non-exists funtion name to was.ap
fix default arg is missing on was.ab
add skitai.launch and saddle.make_client for unittest
0.26.18 (Jan 2018)
fix HTTP2 trailers
fix HTTP2 flow control window
remove was.response.traceback(), use was.response.for_ap (traceback = True)
rename was.sqlmap to was.sql
add @app.auth_required and @app.auth_not_required decorator
change default export script to __export__.py
remove app reloading progress:
before:
before_umount (was)
umounted (wac)
before_remount (wac): deprecated
remounted (was): deprecated
now:
before_reload (was)
reloaded (was)
change app.model_signal () to app.redirect_signal (), add @app.on_signal ()
change skitai.addlu to skitai.deflu (args, …)
add @app.if_file_modified
add @app.preworks and @app.postworks
fix HTTP/2 remote flow control window
fix app.before_mount decorator exxcute point
add was.gentemp () for generating temp file name
add was.response.throw (), was.response.for_api() and was.response.traceback()
add @app.websocket_config (spec, timeout, onopen_func, onclose_func, encoding)
was.request.get_remote_addr considers X-Forwarded-For header value if exists
add param keep param to was.csrf_verify()
add and changed app life cycle decorators:
before_mount (wac)
mounted (was)
before_remount (wac)
remounted (was)
before_umount (was)
umounted (wac)
add skitai.saddle.contrib.django,auth for integrating Django authorization
change was.token(),was.detoken(), was.rmtoken()
add jsonrpc executor
add some methods to was.djnago: login (), logout (), authenticate () and update_session_auth_hash ()
add app.testpass_required decorator
add decorative concept
0.26.17 (Dec 2017)
can run SMTP Delivery Agent and Task Scheduler with config file
add error_handler (prev errorhandler) decorator
add default_error_handler (prev defaulterrorhandler) decorator
add login_handler, login_required decorator
add permission_handler, permission_required decorator
add app events emitting
add was.csrf_token_input, was.csrf_token and was.csrf_verify()
make session iterable
prevent changing function spec by decorator
change params of use_django_models: (settings_path, alias), skitai.mount_django (point, wsgi_path, pref = pref (True), dbalias = None, host = “default”)
0.26.16 (Oct 2017)
add app.sqlmaps
add use_django_models (settings_path), skitai.mount_django (point, wsgi_path, pref = pref (True), host = “default”)
fix mbox, add app.max_client_body_size
add skitai.addlu (args, …)
fix promise and proxing was objects
change method name from skitai.set_network_timeout to set_erquest_timeout
fix getwait, getswait. get timeout mis-working
fix backend_keep_alive default value from 10 to 1200
fix dbi reraise on error
JSON as arguments
0.26.15
added request.form () and request.dict ()
support Django auto reload by restarting workers
change DNS query default protocol from TCP to UDP (posix only)
add skitai.set_proxy_keep_alive (channel = 60, tunnel = 600) and change default proxy keep alive to same values
increase https tunnel keep alive timeout to 600 sec.
fix broad event bus
add getjson, deletejson, this request automatically add header ‘Accept: application/json’
change default request content-type from json to form data, if you post/put json data, you should change postjson/putjson
add skitai.trackers (args,…) that is equivalant to skitai.lukeys ([args])
fix mounting module
app.storage had been remove officially, I cannot find any usage. but unoficially it will be remains by some day
add skitai.lukeys () and fix inconsistency of was.setlu & was.getlu between multi workers
was.storage had been remove
add skitai.set_worker_critical_point ()
fix result object caching
add app.model_signal (), was.setlu () and was.getlu ()
0.26.14
add app.storage and was.storage
removed wac._backend and wac._upstream, use @app.mounted and @app.umount
replaced app.listen by app.on_broadcast
0.26.13
add skitai.log_off (path,…)
add reply content-type to request log, and change log format
change posix process display name
0.26.12
change event decorator: @app.listen -> @app.on_broadcast
adaptation to h2 3.0.1
fix http2 flow controling
fix errorhandler and add defaulterrorhandler
fix WSGI response handler
fix cross app URL building
Django can be mounted
fix smtpda & default var directory
optimize HTTP/2 response data
fix HTTP/2 logging when empty response body
http_response.outgoing is replaced by deque
change default mime-type from text/plain to application/octet-stream in response header
HTTP response optimized
0.26.10
start making pytest scripts
add was-wide broadcast event bus: @app.listen (event), was.broadcast (event, args…) and @was.broadcast_after (event)
add app-wide event bus: @app.on (event), was.emit (event, args…) and @was.emit_after (event)
remove @app.listento (event) and was.emit (event, args…)
0.26.9
add event bus: @app.listento (event) and was.emit (event, args…)
0.26.8
fix websocket GROUPCHAT
add was.apps
was.ab works between apps are mounted seperatly
0.26.7
add custom error template on Saddle
add win32 service tools
change class method name from make_request () to backend ()
retry once if database is disconnected by keep-live timeout
drop wac.make_dbo () and wac.make_stub ()
0.26.6
add wac.make_dbo (), wac.make_stub () and wac.make_request ()
wac.ajob () has been removed
change repr name from wasc to wac
websocket design spec, WEBSOCKET_DEDICATE_THREADSAFE has been removed and WEBSOCKET_THREADSAFE is added
fix websocket, http2, https proxy tunnel timeout, related set_network_timeout () is recently added
0.26.4.1: add set_network_timeout (timoutout = 30) and change default keep alive timeout from 2 to 30
0.26.4: fix incomplete sending when resuested with connection: close header
0.26.3.7: enforce response to HTTP version 1.1 for 1.0 CONNECT with 1.0 request
0.26.3.5: revert multiworkers
0.26.3.2: fix multiworkers
0.26.3.1: update making for self-signing certification
0.26.3: add skitai.enable_forward
0.26.2.1: remove was.promise.render_all (), change method name from was.promise.push () to send ()
0.26.2: change name from was.aresponse to was.promise
0.26.1.1: add skitai.abspath (*args)
0.26.1: fix proxy & proxypass, add was.request.scheme and update examples
change development status to Beta
fix Saddlery routing
disable WWW-Authenticate on websocket protocol
support CORS (Cross Origin Resource Sharing)
support PATCH method
runtime app preferences and add __init__.bootstrap (preference)
fix route caching
auto reload sub modules in package directory, if app.use_reloader = True
new was.request.json ()
integrated with skitaid package, single app file can contain all configure options
level down developement status to alpha
fix sqlite3 closing
0.25 (Feb 2017)
0.25.7: fix fancy url, non content-type header post/put request
0.25.6: add Chameleon template engine
0.25.5: app.jinja_overlay ()’s default args become jinja2 default
0.25.4.8: fix proxy retrying
0.25.4 license changed from BSD to MIT, fix websocket init at single thread
0.25.3 handler of promise args spec changed, class name is cahnged from AsyncResponse to Promise
0.25.2 fix promise exception handling, promise can send streaming chunk data
0.25.1 change app.jinja_overlay () default values and number of args, remove raw line statement
project name chnaged: Skitai Library => Skitai App Engine
0.24 (Jan 2017)
0.24.9 bearer token handler spec changed
0.24.8 add async response, fix await_fifo bug
0.24.7 fix websocket shutdown
0.24.5 eliminate client arg from websocket config
0.24.5 eliminate event arg from websocket config
fix proxy tunnel
fix websocket cleanup
change websocket initializing, not lower version compatible
WEBSOCKET_MULTICAST deprecated, and new WEBSOCKET_GROUPCHAT does not create new thread any more
0.23 (Jan 2017)
ready_producer_fifo only activated when proxy or reverse proxy is enabled, default deque will be used
encoding argument was eliminated from REST call
changed RPC, DBO request spec
added gRPC as server and client
support static files with http2
fix POST method on reverse proxying
0.22 (Jan 2017)
0.22.7 fix was.upload(), was.post*()
0.22.5 fix xml-rpc service
0.22.4 fix proxy
0.22.3
fix https REST, XML-RPC call
fix DB pool
0.22
Skitai REST/RPC call now uses HTTP2 if possible
Fix HTTP2 opening with POST method
Add logging on disconnecting of Websocket, HTTP2, Proxy Tunnel channels
See News
0.21 (Dec 2016)
0.21.17 - fix JWT base64 padding problem
0.21.8 - connected with MongoDB asynchronously
0.21.3 - add JWT (JSON Web Token) handler, see Skitai WSGI App Engine Daemon
0.21.2 - applied global/local-transaction-ID to app logging: was.log (msg, logtype), was.traceback ()
0.21 - change request log format, add global/local-transaction-ID to log file for backtrace
0.20 (Dec 2016)
0.20.15 - minor optimize asynconnect, I wish
0.20.14 - fix Redis connector’s threading related error
0.20.4 - add Redis connector
0.20 - add API Gateway access handler
0.19 (Dec 2016)
Reengineering was.request methods, fix disk caching
0.18 (Dec 2016)
0.18.11 - default content-type of was.post(), was.put() has been changed from ‘application/x-www-form-urlencoded’ to ‘application/json’. if you use this method currently, you SHOULD change method name to was.postform()
0.18.7 - response contents caching has been applied to all was.request services (except websocket requests).
0.17 (Oct 2016)
Skitai WSGI App Engine Daemon is seperated
0.16 (Sep 2016)
0.16.20 fix SSL proxy and divide into package for proxy & websocket_handler
0.16.19 fix HTTP2 cookie
0.16.18 fix handle large request body
0.16.13 fix thread locking for h2.Connection
0.16.11 fix pushing promise and response on Firefox
0.16.8 fix pushing promise and response
0.16.6 add several configs to was.app.config for limiting post body size from client
0.16.5 add method: was.response.hint_promise (uri) for sending HTP/2 PUSH PROMISE frame
0.16.3 fix flow control window
0.16.2 fix HTTP/2 Uprading for “http” URIs (RFC 7540 Section 3.2)
0.16 HTTP/2.0 implemented with hyper-h2
0.15 (Mar 2016)
fixed fancy URL <path> routing
add Websocket design spec: WEBSOCKET_DEDICATE_THREADSAFE
fixed Websocket keep-alive timeout
fixed fancy URL routing
‘was.cookie.set()’ method prototype has been changed.
added Named Session & Messaging Box
fix select error when closed socket, thanks to spam-proxy-bots
add mimetypes for .css .js
fix debug output
fix asynconnect.maintern
fix loosing end of compressed content
fix app reloading, @shutdown
fix XMLRPC response and POST length
add was.mbox.search (), change spec was.mbox.get ()
fix routing bugs & was.ab()
add saddle.Saddlery class for app packaging
@app.startup, @app.onreload, @app.shutdown arguments has been changed
0.14 (Feb 2016)
fix proxy occupies CPU on POST method failing
was.log(), was.traceback() added
fix valid time in message box
changed @failed_request arguments and can return custom error page
changed skitaid.py command line options, see ‘skitaid.py –help’
batch task scheduler added
e-mail sending fixed
was.session.getv () added
was.response spec. changed
SQLite3 DB connection added
0.13 (Feb 2016)
was.mbox, was.g, was.redirect, was.render added
SQLite3 DB connection added
0.12 (Jan 2016) - Re-engineering ‘was’ networking, PostgreSQL & proxy modules
0.11 (Jan 2016) - Websocket implemeted
0.10 (Dec 2015) - WSGI support
Project details
Release history Release notifications | RSS feed
Download files
Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages.