OpenPGP smartcard application implementation.
Project description
.. contents::
OpenPGP smartcard application implementation.
It implements parts of the OpenPGP specification 3.4.1 .
Warning
-------
**THIS IS A WORK IN PROGRESS.**
- it may not be fully functional
- future upgrades may bring changes incompatible with previous version's stored
data
- despite best attention, it may contain security holes:
- it may allow access to unexpected pieces of data
- cryptographic functions may contain bugs making decryption either
impossible or trivial to an attacker
- it may support weak cryptographic algorithms (weak hashes, weak elliptic
curves, ...)
Fee free to play with it, review it and contribute. But **DO NOT USE IT ON
SENSIBLE OR VALUABLE DATA**, and **DO NOT IMPORT VALUABLE KEYS IN IT**.
This code is in dire need for reviewing and testing.
Installation
------------
No extra hardware requirements
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
To get a standard card, with an executable setting up a gadget.
.. code:: shell
pip install smartcard-app-openpgp[ccid]
Then, you may set it up to automatically start on boot (assuming ``pip`` comes
fom a virtualenv at ``/opt/smartcard-openpgp``):
- create a systemd service:
.. code:: ini
[Unit]
Description=Behave like a CCID + smartcard combo USB device
[Service]
ExecStart=/opt/smartcard-openpgp/bin/smartcard-openpgp-simple \
--user smartcard-openpgp \
--filestorage /srv/smartcard-openpgp/card.fs \
--serial "%m"
KillMode=mixed
[Install]
WantedBy=usb-gadget.target
- create a system user, enable the systemd service, and start it:
.. code:: shell
adduser --system --home /srv/smartcard-openpgp smartcard-openpgp
chmod go= /srv/smartcard-openpgp
systemctl enable smartcard-gadget.service
systemctl start smartcard-gadget.service
USB-device-capable Raspberry Pi with IL3895/SSD1780-based ePaper displays
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Tested on the `raspi Debian port`_ .
Expected screen resolution: 250x122, such as the `WaveShare 2.13 inches e-Paper
display V1`_, or the black-and-white `Pimoroni Inky pHAT`_.
This extra hardware enables the use of a random PW1 PIN.
The e-Paper display presents a grid of random values. One cell (A1 by default)
contains the valid PIN.
The cell containing the valid PIN can be changed by requesting a PW1 change, and
providing a specially-formatted new password.
For example: ``C30000`` references cell ``C3``, ``2b0000`` references cell
``B2``. Trailing zeroes are ignored.
The grid changes periodically, as the card is used (at most once every
30 seconds), and both the currently-displayed (at the time the "verify" command
runs ont the card) and the previous PIN are accepted as a correct PIN.
Key Derivation Function (KDF-DO) is not available in this mode.
Similar to the `No extra hardware requirements`_ variant, but starting with:
.. code:: shell
pip install smartcard-app-openpgp[ccid,randpin]
The executable is then called ``smartcard-openpgp-randpin-epaper`` rather than
``smartcard-openpgp-simple``.
Screen layout
*************
|smartcard-openpgp-randpin-epaper screenshot|
Top left corner: number of PW1 tries left. ○ are for tries left, ⨯ for tries
used. Here, there are 2 tries left out of 3.
Left and top borders, white text on black background: row and column titles.
Main area: PIN grid. If this card uses the default pin cell, PW1 is ``291413``.
This grid is completely regenerated when card commands are issued (even if no
PIN input is required), at most once every 30 seconds or after each ``verify``
command, whichever comes first.
External requirements
*********************
Beyond the installation/build requirements, the code expected the Noto Mono
font to be located at ``/usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto/NotoMono-Regular.ttf``:
.. code:: shell
apt-get install fonts-noto-mono
Limitations
***********
The Raspberry Pi Zero has the USB Vbus pins bridged to the 5v power rail, which
prevents the UDC from detecting bus disconnection. As a result, the display does
not change when the Pi is disconnected from the host, and refreshes twice when
reconnected. There is no workaround known so far.
Getting access to the screen
****************************
To configure the 40-pins connector correctly, you need to apply the following
devicetree overlay::
// Enable SPI0 interface (board pins 19, 21, 23) and its chip-enable lines
// (board pins 24, 26)
// setup GPIO 25 as output (data/command, board pin 22)
// setup GPIO 17 as output (rst, board pin 11)
// setup GPIO 24 as input (busy, board pin 18)
/dts-v1/;
/plugin/;
&{/soc} {
gpio: gpio@7e200000 {
#gpio-cells = <2>;
#interrupt-cells = <2>;
};
spi: spi@7e204000 {
#address-cells = <1>;
#size-cells = <0>;
};
};
&gpio {
alt0 {
brcm,pins = <4 5>; // removed 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
};
spi0_cs_pins: spi0_cs_pins {
brcm,function = <1>; // out
brcm,pins = <7 8>;
};
spi0_pins: spi0_pins {
brcm,function = <4>; // alt0
brcm,pins = <9 10 11>;
};
epaper_pins {
brcm,function = <1 0 1>; // out in out
brcm,pins = <17 24 25>;
brcm,pull = <0 2 0>; // none pull-up none
};
};
&spi {
cs-gpios = <&gpio 8 0x01>, <&gpio 7 0x01>; // CE0 is gpio 8, CE1 is gpio 7, both active low
status = "okay";
pinctrl-0 = <&spi0_cs_pins &spi0_pins>;
pinctrl-names = "default";
spidev@0 {
// "waveshare,epaper-display-v1": because that's what it really is.
// "rohm,dh2228fv": hack to get a spidev to this device.
compatible = "waveshare,epaper-display-v1", "rohm,dh2228fv";
reg = <0>; // uses CS0
#address-cells = <1>;
#size-cells = <0>;
spi-max-frequency = <4000000>; // 4MHz: tcycle >= 250ns
};
};
- Compile it with the ``dtc`` command, which may be available from the
``device-tree-compiler`` package:
.. code:: shell
${KERNEL_SOURCE}/scripts/dtc/dtc -I dts -O dtb -o epaper2.13in.dtbo epaper2.13in.dts
- (optional) check that the overlay is consistent with kernel's dtb using
fdtoverlay from the ``device-tree-compiler`` package:
.. code:: shell
fdtoverlay -i /boot/firmware/bcm2835-rpi-zero-w.dtb -o /dev/null epaper2.13in.dtbo
If this emits any error, then you pi may not boot with this overlay. If this
happens, plug the micro-sd card on a computer and comment-out the correspondig
``dtoverlay`` line in ``config.txt``.
- install the devicetree overlay (as root):
.. code:: shell
mkdir -p /boot/firmware/overlays/
cp epaper2.13in.dtbo /boot/firmware/overlays/
- tell the raspberry pi stage 2 bootloader about both files, by adding to
``/etc/default/raspi-firmware-custom``::
dtoverlay=epaper2.13in.dtbo
Battery (UPS-Lite)
++++++++++++++++++
Tested on the `raspi Debian port`_ .
If you have a screen, then there is also optional support for a `UPS-Lite`_
battery.
Getting access to the battery
*****************************
To configure the 40-pins connector correctly, you need to apply the following
devicetree overlay::
// setup i2c1 dev 0x36 for use with max17040 kernel driver
// setup GPIO 4 as input (power source detect, board pin 7)
/dts-v1/;
/plugin/;
&{/soc} {
gpio: gpio@7e200000 {
#gpio-cells = <2>;
#interrupt-cells = <2>;
};
i2c: i2c@7e804000 {
#address-cells = <1>;
#size-cells = <0>;
};
};
&gpio {
alt0 {
brcm,pins = <5>; // removed 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
};
external_power {
brcm,function = <0>; // in
brcm,pins = <4>;
brcm,pull = <0>; // no bias
};
};
&i2c {
battery@36 {
compatible = "maxim,max17040";
reg = <0x36>;
};
};
- Compile it with the ``dtc`` command, which may be available from the
``device-tree-compiler`` package:
.. code:: shell
${KERNEL_SOURCE}/scripts/dtc/dtc -I dts -O dtb -o zero_ups_lite.dtbo zero_ups_lite.dts
- (optional) check that the overlay is consistent with kernel's dtb using
fdtoverlay from the ``device-tree-compiler`` package:
.. code:: shell
fdtoverlay -i /boot/firmware/bcm2835-rpi-zero-w.dtb -o /dev/null zero_ups_lite.dtbo
If this emits any error, then you pi may not boot with this overlay. If this
happens, plug the micro-sd card on a computer and comment-out the correspondig
``dtoverlay`` line in ``config.txt``.
- install the devicetree overlay (as root):
.. code:: shell
mkdir -p /boot/firmware/overlays/
cp zero_ups_lite.dtbo /boot/firmware/overlays/
- tell the raspberry pi stage 2 bootloader about both files, by adding to
``/etc/default/raspi-firmware-custom``::
dtoverlay=zero_ups_lite.dtbo
- check that you have the driver for the ``max17040_battery``:
.. code:: shell
grep CONFIG_BATTERY_MAX17040 "/boot/config-$(uname -r)"
If you do not have this module, you can build it off-tree with ``dkms`` and a
recent copy of the kernel source:
.. code:: shell
mkdir /usr/src/max17040-0.1/
echo 'obj-m := max17040_battery.o' > /usr/src/max17040-0.1/Makefile
cat > /usr/src/max17040-0.1/dkms.conf <<EOF
PACKAGE_NAME="max17040"
PACKAGE_VERSION="0.1"
BUILT_MODULE_NAME[0]="max17040_battery"
MAKE[0]="make -C ${kernel_source_dir} M=${dkms_tree}/${PACKAGE_NAME}/${PACKAGE_VERSION}/build"
CLEAN="make -C ${kernel_source_dir} M=${dkms_tree}/${PACKAGE_NAME}/${PACKAGE_VERSION}/build clean"
DEST_MODULE_LOCATION[0]="/kernel/drivers/power/supply"
REMAKE_INITRD=no
AUTOINSTALL=yes
EOF
cp "${KERNEL_SOURCE}/drivers/power/supply/max17040_battery.c" /usr/src/max17040-0.1/
dkms install max17040/0.1
For use as a module
+++++++++++++++++++
Without optional dependencies (to use as a python module in your own projects,
for example to assemble more complex gadgets).
.. code:: shell
pip install smartcard-app-openpgp
Usage
-----
Initial PIN values:
- PW1 (aka user PIN): ``123456``
- PW3 (aka admin PIN): ``12345678``
- Reset Code: (not set)
Initial key format:
- sign, authenticate: RSA2048
- decrypt: X25519
Threat model
------------
In a nutshell:
- the system administrator of the device running this code is considered to be
benevolent and competent
- the host accessing this device through the smartcard API (typically, via
USB) is considered hostile
- the close-range physical world surrounding the device is considered to be
under control of the device owner
In more details:
This code is intended to be used on general-purpose computing modules, unlike
traditional smartcard implementations. They cannot be assumed to have any
hardening against physical access to their persistent (or even volatile)
memory:
- it is trivially easy to pull the micro SD card from a Raspberry Pi Zero {,W}
- it is easy to solder wires on test-points between the CPU and the micros
card on a Raspberry Pi Zero {,W} and capture traffic
- on an Intel Edison u-boot may be configured with DFU enabled, which, once
triggered, allows convenient read access to the content of any partition
it is configured to access
- electronic noise (including actual noise: coil whine) will leak information
about what the CPU is doing
- they have communication channels dedicated smartcard hardware does not have:
WiFi, Bluetooth, TTY on serial (possibly via USB), JTAG...
So if an attacker gets physical access to them, their secrets should be
considered fully compromised.
Further, some of these interfaces allow wide-range networking, which further
opens the device to remote attackers.
**The system configuration of the device on which this code runs is outside of
the area of responsibility of this project.**
Just like any general-purpose computer on which you would store PGP/GPG keys.
Origin story
------------
To do my daily job I rely on the same cryptographic operations as any other
sysadmin: ssh key-based authentication, mail signature and decryption. When
faced with the perspective of having to use a machine I do not trust enough
to give it access to the machines my ssh key has access to, nor to give it
access to the private key associated with my email address, I started looking
for alternatives.
So suddenly I needed another computer I trusted to hold those secrets, and go
through it from the machine I was told to use. Which is cumbersome, both in
volume (who wants to carry around two laptops ?) and in usage (one extra hop
for all accesses). All the while potentially leaking some credentials to the
untrusted machine (the credentials I need to present to the trusted machine to
get into my account and unlock my keys).
So I went looking for:
- A widely-compatible private key store protocol (so I do not have to start all
over again the next time the policy changes).
A smartcard and a smartcard reader seem a sensible choice: there are
widespread standards describing their protocol and they have been around for
long enough in professional settings to have reasonable level of support in
a lot of operating systems.
- Is easy to carry around.
In my view, this eliminates card readers with a built-in PIN pad, which means
the PIN must be input through the keyboard of the untrusted computer, which
leads me to the next point.
- Which would not rely on nearly-constant credentials, so I can keep the device
plugged in for extended periods of time without having to worry about the
untrusted machine using it behind my back.
Smartcards rely on PINs, which, while they can be changed, I am sure nobody
change after every single operation, much less from a trusted terminal. So
once I have input my PIN on the untrusted computer, what's stopping it from
reusing the PIN for further operations without my consent ?
So I need some form of TOTP, but smartcards do not have an RTC (...that I
know of), which means they are not aware of time, so they cannot internally
produce something which can be both unpredictable to an attacker *and*
predictable to a TOTP display where the user can tell what the current
password is. But further than this: I would very much not rely on an RTC at
all, so be resilient to NTP attacks.
So I want a device which has a display capable of telling me what the PIN
I need to use for the next operation is, and change this pin after every
input. There exist high-end cards with build-in 7-segments displays, some
even with a tactile pin pad, which leads to the next point.
- Which uses commonly-available hardware.
I do not want to rely on a specific model, which may or may not remain
available for the duration of my career.
Instead, there are now commonly available USB-capable general-purpose
computers for very affordable prices and with extension capabilities.
And if a specific model is not available in a few years, then there should
be another, thank to the maker communities relying on these devices
(robotics, home automation, ...). I want to use these.
General-purpose devices come with a drawback, of course: they are not
physically hardened (see `Threat model`_). But so would my second laptop, so I
believe this is an improvement overall.
Final refinement: I want some resistance to casual misuse. With large-enough
displays, this is easy: instead of displaying a single random PIN, display an
array of random PINs, of which a single cell contains the correct PIN. The
larger the display and the smaller the font, the better the added security.
But as discussed above, the device should remain small, and this is only aimed
at a casual attacker: anyone motivated and competent enough will find other
ways to access the data.
Implementation principles
-------------------------
- how to manage memory: do not manage memory
This module is implemented in pure python, to try to achieve a lower
maintenance burden against buffer overflows that manual memory allocation
languages are generally more prone to. It does interface (indirectly) with C
code though, so there is a thin layer at which more care is required.
- how to implement good cryptography: do not implement cryptography
This module does not implement cryptography itself. It uses the
`pyca/cryptography`_ module for this, which itself typically relies on
OpenSSL. Standing on the shoulders of these giants is mandatory.
There are also places related to security but not related to cryptography
which needs to be carefully implemented:
- PIN checking. While this is ultra-low-level cryptography, manipulating PINs
could leak timing information to the outside world, so it must be (and is)
carefully done with time-constant functions.
- random number generation (for GET_CHALLENGE method). The best source of
system entropy must be used.
Features
--------
Implemented: Supposed to work, may fail nevertheless.
Missing: Known to exist, not implemented (yet ?). Contribute or express
interest.
Unlisted: Not known to exist. Contribute or report existence (with links to
spec, existing implementations, ...).
================== ====================== =======
Category Implemented Missing
================== ====================== =======
high level features
-------------------------------------------------
passcodes PW1, PW3, RC
passcode format UTF-8, KDF PIN block format 2
cryptography RSA: 2048, 3072, 4096 3DES, Elgamal, RSA <=1024, cast5,
idea, blowfish, twofish, camellia,
ECDH: SECP256R1, EDDSA ED25519
SECP384R1,
SECP512R1,
BRAINPOOL256R1,
BRAINPOOL384R1,
BRAINPOOL512R1,
X25519
ECDSA: SECP256R1,
SECP384R1,
SECP512R1,
BRAINPOOL256R1,
BRAINPOOL384R1,
BRAINPOOL512R1
operations key generation, key encryption (AES), get challenge,
import, signature, attestation
decryption,
authentication,
key role swapping
hash support MD5, SHA1, SHA224, RipeMD160
SHA256, SHA384, SHA512
I/O display, biometric, button, keypad,
LED, loudspeaker, microphone,
touchscreen
private DOs 0101, 0102, 0103, 0104
key role selection simple format extended format
low level features
-------------------------------------------------
serial number random in unmanaged
space
lifecycle blank-on-terminate
protocol plain Secure Messaging
file selection full DF, partial DF, short file identifier
path, file identifier,
record identifier
================== ====================== =======
.. _WaveShare 2.13 inches e-Paper display V1: https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/2.13inch_e-Paper_HAT
.. _Pimoroni Inky pHAT: https://shop.pimoroni.com/products/inky-phat?variant=12549254938707
.. _UPS-Lite: https://www.tindie.com/products/rachel/ups-lite-for-raspberry-pi-zero/
.. _pyca/cryptography: https://github.com/pyca/cryptography
.. _raspi Debian port: https://raspi.debian.net/
.. |smartcard-openpgp-randpin-epaper screenshot| image:: 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
OpenPGP smartcard application implementation.
It implements parts of the OpenPGP specification 3.4.1 .
Warning
-------
**THIS IS A WORK IN PROGRESS.**
- it may not be fully functional
- future upgrades may bring changes incompatible with previous version's stored
data
- despite best attention, it may contain security holes:
- it may allow access to unexpected pieces of data
- cryptographic functions may contain bugs making decryption either
impossible or trivial to an attacker
- it may support weak cryptographic algorithms (weak hashes, weak elliptic
curves, ...)
Fee free to play with it, review it and contribute. But **DO NOT USE IT ON
SENSIBLE OR VALUABLE DATA**, and **DO NOT IMPORT VALUABLE KEYS IN IT**.
This code is in dire need for reviewing and testing.
Installation
------------
No extra hardware requirements
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
To get a standard card, with an executable setting up a gadget.
.. code:: shell
pip install smartcard-app-openpgp[ccid]
Then, you may set it up to automatically start on boot (assuming ``pip`` comes
fom a virtualenv at ``/opt/smartcard-openpgp``):
- create a systemd service:
.. code:: ini
[Unit]
Description=Behave like a CCID + smartcard combo USB device
[Service]
ExecStart=/opt/smartcard-openpgp/bin/smartcard-openpgp-simple \
--user smartcard-openpgp \
--filestorage /srv/smartcard-openpgp/card.fs \
--serial "%m"
KillMode=mixed
[Install]
WantedBy=usb-gadget.target
- create a system user, enable the systemd service, and start it:
.. code:: shell
adduser --system --home /srv/smartcard-openpgp smartcard-openpgp
chmod go= /srv/smartcard-openpgp
systemctl enable smartcard-gadget.service
systemctl start smartcard-gadget.service
USB-device-capable Raspberry Pi with IL3895/SSD1780-based ePaper displays
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Tested on the `raspi Debian port`_ .
Expected screen resolution: 250x122, such as the `WaveShare 2.13 inches e-Paper
display V1`_, or the black-and-white `Pimoroni Inky pHAT`_.
This extra hardware enables the use of a random PW1 PIN.
The e-Paper display presents a grid of random values. One cell (A1 by default)
contains the valid PIN.
The cell containing the valid PIN can be changed by requesting a PW1 change, and
providing a specially-formatted new password.
For example: ``C30000`` references cell ``C3``, ``2b0000`` references cell
``B2``. Trailing zeroes are ignored.
The grid changes periodically, as the card is used (at most once every
30 seconds), and both the currently-displayed (at the time the "verify" command
runs ont the card) and the previous PIN are accepted as a correct PIN.
Key Derivation Function (KDF-DO) is not available in this mode.
Similar to the `No extra hardware requirements`_ variant, but starting with:
.. code:: shell
pip install smartcard-app-openpgp[ccid,randpin]
The executable is then called ``smartcard-openpgp-randpin-epaper`` rather than
``smartcard-openpgp-simple``.
Screen layout
*************
|smartcard-openpgp-randpin-epaper screenshot|
Top left corner: number of PW1 tries left. ○ are for tries left, ⨯ for tries
used. Here, there are 2 tries left out of 3.
Left and top borders, white text on black background: row and column titles.
Main area: PIN grid. If this card uses the default pin cell, PW1 is ``291413``.
This grid is completely regenerated when card commands are issued (even if no
PIN input is required), at most once every 30 seconds or after each ``verify``
command, whichever comes first.
External requirements
*********************
Beyond the installation/build requirements, the code expected the Noto Mono
font to be located at ``/usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto/NotoMono-Regular.ttf``:
.. code:: shell
apt-get install fonts-noto-mono
Limitations
***********
The Raspberry Pi Zero has the USB Vbus pins bridged to the 5v power rail, which
prevents the UDC from detecting bus disconnection. As a result, the display does
not change when the Pi is disconnected from the host, and refreshes twice when
reconnected. There is no workaround known so far.
Getting access to the screen
****************************
To configure the 40-pins connector correctly, you need to apply the following
devicetree overlay::
// Enable SPI0 interface (board pins 19, 21, 23) and its chip-enable lines
// (board pins 24, 26)
// setup GPIO 25 as output (data/command, board pin 22)
// setup GPIO 17 as output (rst, board pin 11)
// setup GPIO 24 as input (busy, board pin 18)
/dts-v1/;
/plugin/;
&{/soc} {
gpio: gpio@7e200000 {
#gpio-cells = <2>;
#interrupt-cells = <2>;
};
spi: spi@7e204000 {
#address-cells = <1>;
#size-cells = <0>;
};
};
&gpio {
alt0 {
brcm,pins = <4 5>; // removed 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
};
spi0_cs_pins: spi0_cs_pins {
brcm,function = <1>; // out
brcm,pins = <7 8>;
};
spi0_pins: spi0_pins {
brcm,function = <4>; // alt0
brcm,pins = <9 10 11>;
};
epaper_pins {
brcm,function = <1 0 1>; // out in out
brcm,pins = <17 24 25>;
brcm,pull = <0 2 0>; // none pull-up none
};
};
&spi {
cs-gpios = <&gpio 8 0x01>, <&gpio 7 0x01>; // CE0 is gpio 8, CE1 is gpio 7, both active low
status = "okay";
pinctrl-0 = <&spi0_cs_pins &spi0_pins>;
pinctrl-names = "default";
spidev@0 {
// "waveshare,epaper-display-v1": because that's what it really is.
// "rohm,dh2228fv": hack to get a spidev to this device.
compatible = "waveshare,epaper-display-v1", "rohm,dh2228fv";
reg = <0>; // uses CS0
#address-cells = <1>;
#size-cells = <0>;
spi-max-frequency = <4000000>; // 4MHz: tcycle >= 250ns
};
};
- Compile it with the ``dtc`` command, which may be available from the
``device-tree-compiler`` package:
.. code:: shell
${KERNEL_SOURCE}/scripts/dtc/dtc -I dts -O dtb -o epaper2.13in.dtbo epaper2.13in.dts
- (optional) check that the overlay is consistent with kernel's dtb using
fdtoverlay from the ``device-tree-compiler`` package:
.. code:: shell
fdtoverlay -i /boot/firmware/bcm2835-rpi-zero-w.dtb -o /dev/null epaper2.13in.dtbo
If this emits any error, then you pi may not boot with this overlay. If this
happens, plug the micro-sd card on a computer and comment-out the correspondig
``dtoverlay`` line in ``config.txt``.
- install the devicetree overlay (as root):
.. code:: shell
mkdir -p /boot/firmware/overlays/
cp epaper2.13in.dtbo /boot/firmware/overlays/
- tell the raspberry pi stage 2 bootloader about both files, by adding to
``/etc/default/raspi-firmware-custom``::
dtoverlay=epaper2.13in.dtbo
Battery (UPS-Lite)
++++++++++++++++++
Tested on the `raspi Debian port`_ .
If you have a screen, then there is also optional support for a `UPS-Lite`_
battery.
Getting access to the battery
*****************************
To configure the 40-pins connector correctly, you need to apply the following
devicetree overlay::
// setup i2c1 dev 0x36 for use with max17040 kernel driver
// setup GPIO 4 as input (power source detect, board pin 7)
/dts-v1/;
/plugin/;
&{/soc} {
gpio: gpio@7e200000 {
#gpio-cells = <2>;
#interrupt-cells = <2>;
};
i2c: i2c@7e804000 {
#address-cells = <1>;
#size-cells = <0>;
};
};
&gpio {
alt0 {
brcm,pins = <5>; // removed 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
};
external_power {
brcm,function = <0>; // in
brcm,pins = <4>;
brcm,pull = <0>; // no bias
};
};
&i2c {
battery@36 {
compatible = "maxim,max17040";
reg = <0x36>;
};
};
- Compile it with the ``dtc`` command, which may be available from the
``device-tree-compiler`` package:
.. code:: shell
${KERNEL_SOURCE}/scripts/dtc/dtc -I dts -O dtb -o zero_ups_lite.dtbo zero_ups_lite.dts
- (optional) check that the overlay is consistent with kernel's dtb using
fdtoverlay from the ``device-tree-compiler`` package:
.. code:: shell
fdtoverlay -i /boot/firmware/bcm2835-rpi-zero-w.dtb -o /dev/null zero_ups_lite.dtbo
If this emits any error, then you pi may not boot with this overlay. If this
happens, plug the micro-sd card on a computer and comment-out the correspondig
``dtoverlay`` line in ``config.txt``.
- install the devicetree overlay (as root):
.. code:: shell
mkdir -p /boot/firmware/overlays/
cp zero_ups_lite.dtbo /boot/firmware/overlays/
- tell the raspberry pi stage 2 bootloader about both files, by adding to
``/etc/default/raspi-firmware-custom``::
dtoverlay=zero_ups_lite.dtbo
- check that you have the driver for the ``max17040_battery``:
.. code:: shell
grep CONFIG_BATTERY_MAX17040 "/boot/config-$(uname -r)"
If you do not have this module, you can build it off-tree with ``dkms`` and a
recent copy of the kernel source:
.. code:: shell
mkdir /usr/src/max17040-0.1/
echo 'obj-m := max17040_battery.o' > /usr/src/max17040-0.1/Makefile
cat > /usr/src/max17040-0.1/dkms.conf <<EOF
PACKAGE_NAME="max17040"
PACKAGE_VERSION="0.1"
BUILT_MODULE_NAME[0]="max17040_battery"
MAKE[0]="make -C ${kernel_source_dir} M=${dkms_tree}/${PACKAGE_NAME}/${PACKAGE_VERSION}/build"
CLEAN="make -C ${kernel_source_dir} M=${dkms_tree}/${PACKAGE_NAME}/${PACKAGE_VERSION}/build clean"
DEST_MODULE_LOCATION[0]="/kernel/drivers/power/supply"
REMAKE_INITRD=no
AUTOINSTALL=yes
EOF
cp "${KERNEL_SOURCE}/drivers/power/supply/max17040_battery.c" /usr/src/max17040-0.1/
dkms install max17040/0.1
For use as a module
+++++++++++++++++++
Without optional dependencies (to use as a python module in your own projects,
for example to assemble more complex gadgets).
.. code:: shell
pip install smartcard-app-openpgp
Usage
-----
Initial PIN values:
- PW1 (aka user PIN): ``123456``
- PW3 (aka admin PIN): ``12345678``
- Reset Code: (not set)
Initial key format:
- sign, authenticate: RSA2048
- decrypt: X25519
Threat model
------------
In a nutshell:
- the system administrator of the device running this code is considered to be
benevolent and competent
- the host accessing this device through the smartcard API (typically, via
USB) is considered hostile
- the close-range physical world surrounding the device is considered to be
under control of the device owner
In more details:
This code is intended to be used on general-purpose computing modules, unlike
traditional smartcard implementations. They cannot be assumed to have any
hardening against physical access to their persistent (or even volatile)
memory:
- it is trivially easy to pull the micro SD card from a Raspberry Pi Zero {,W}
- it is easy to solder wires on test-points between the CPU and the micros
card on a Raspberry Pi Zero {,W} and capture traffic
- on an Intel Edison u-boot may be configured with DFU enabled, which, once
triggered, allows convenient read access to the content of any partition
it is configured to access
- electronic noise (including actual noise: coil whine) will leak information
about what the CPU is doing
- they have communication channels dedicated smartcard hardware does not have:
WiFi, Bluetooth, TTY on serial (possibly via USB), JTAG...
So if an attacker gets physical access to them, their secrets should be
considered fully compromised.
Further, some of these interfaces allow wide-range networking, which further
opens the device to remote attackers.
**The system configuration of the device on which this code runs is outside of
the area of responsibility of this project.**
Just like any general-purpose computer on which you would store PGP/GPG keys.
Origin story
------------
To do my daily job I rely on the same cryptographic operations as any other
sysadmin: ssh key-based authentication, mail signature and decryption. When
faced with the perspective of having to use a machine I do not trust enough
to give it access to the machines my ssh key has access to, nor to give it
access to the private key associated with my email address, I started looking
for alternatives.
So suddenly I needed another computer I trusted to hold those secrets, and go
through it from the machine I was told to use. Which is cumbersome, both in
volume (who wants to carry around two laptops ?) and in usage (one extra hop
for all accesses). All the while potentially leaking some credentials to the
untrusted machine (the credentials I need to present to the trusted machine to
get into my account and unlock my keys).
So I went looking for:
- A widely-compatible private key store protocol (so I do not have to start all
over again the next time the policy changes).
A smartcard and a smartcard reader seem a sensible choice: there are
widespread standards describing their protocol and they have been around for
long enough in professional settings to have reasonable level of support in
a lot of operating systems.
- Is easy to carry around.
In my view, this eliminates card readers with a built-in PIN pad, which means
the PIN must be input through the keyboard of the untrusted computer, which
leads me to the next point.
- Which would not rely on nearly-constant credentials, so I can keep the device
plugged in for extended periods of time without having to worry about the
untrusted machine using it behind my back.
Smartcards rely on PINs, which, while they can be changed, I am sure nobody
change after every single operation, much less from a trusted terminal. So
once I have input my PIN on the untrusted computer, what's stopping it from
reusing the PIN for further operations without my consent ?
So I need some form of TOTP, but smartcards do not have an RTC (...that I
know of), which means they are not aware of time, so they cannot internally
produce something which can be both unpredictable to an attacker *and*
predictable to a TOTP display where the user can tell what the current
password is. But further than this: I would very much not rely on an RTC at
all, so be resilient to NTP attacks.
So I want a device which has a display capable of telling me what the PIN
I need to use for the next operation is, and change this pin after every
input. There exist high-end cards with build-in 7-segments displays, some
even with a tactile pin pad, which leads to the next point.
- Which uses commonly-available hardware.
I do not want to rely on a specific model, which may or may not remain
available for the duration of my career.
Instead, there are now commonly available USB-capable general-purpose
computers for very affordable prices and with extension capabilities.
And if a specific model is not available in a few years, then there should
be another, thank to the maker communities relying on these devices
(robotics, home automation, ...). I want to use these.
General-purpose devices come with a drawback, of course: they are not
physically hardened (see `Threat model`_). But so would my second laptop, so I
believe this is an improvement overall.
Final refinement: I want some resistance to casual misuse. With large-enough
displays, this is easy: instead of displaying a single random PIN, display an
array of random PINs, of which a single cell contains the correct PIN. The
larger the display and the smaller the font, the better the added security.
But as discussed above, the device should remain small, and this is only aimed
at a casual attacker: anyone motivated and competent enough will find other
ways to access the data.
Implementation principles
-------------------------
- how to manage memory: do not manage memory
This module is implemented in pure python, to try to achieve a lower
maintenance burden against buffer overflows that manual memory allocation
languages are generally more prone to. It does interface (indirectly) with C
code though, so there is a thin layer at which more care is required.
- how to implement good cryptography: do not implement cryptography
This module does not implement cryptography itself. It uses the
`pyca/cryptography`_ module for this, which itself typically relies on
OpenSSL. Standing on the shoulders of these giants is mandatory.
There are also places related to security but not related to cryptography
which needs to be carefully implemented:
- PIN checking. While this is ultra-low-level cryptography, manipulating PINs
could leak timing information to the outside world, so it must be (and is)
carefully done with time-constant functions.
- random number generation (for GET_CHALLENGE method). The best source of
system entropy must be used.
Features
--------
Implemented: Supposed to work, may fail nevertheless.
Missing: Known to exist, not implemented (yet ?). Contribute or express
interest.
Unlisted: Not known to exist. Contribute or report existence (with links to
spec, existing implementations, ...).
================== ====================== =======
Category Implemented Missing
================== ====================== =======
high level features
-------------------------------------------------
passcodes PW1, PW3, RC
passcode format UTF-8, KDF PIN block format 2
cryptography RSA: 2048, 3072, 4096 3DES, Elgamal, RSA <=1024, cast5,
idea, blowfish, twofish, camellia,
ECDH: SECP256R1, EDDSA ED25519
SECP384R1,
SECP512R1,
BRAINPOOL256R1,
BRAINPOOL384R1,
BRAINPOOL512R1,
X25519
ECDSA: SECP256R1,
SECP384R1,
SECP512R1,
BRAINPOOL256R1,
BRAINPOOL384R1,
BRAINPOOL512R1
operations key generation, key encryption (AES), get challenge,
import, signature, attestation
decryption,
authentication,
key role swapping
hash support MD5, SHA1, SHA224, RipeMD160
SHA256, SHA384, SHA512
I/O display, biometric, button, keypad,
LED, loudspeaker, microphone,
touchscreen
private DOs 0101, 0102, 0103, 0104
key role selection simple format extended format
low level features
-------------------------------------------------
serial number random in unmanaged
space
lifecycle blank-on-terminate
protocol plain Secure Messaging
file selection full DF, partial DF, short file identifier
path, file identifier,
record identifier
================== ====================== =======
.. _WaveShare 2.13 inches e-Paper display V1: https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/2.13inch_e-Paper_HAT
.. _Pimoroni Inky pHAT: https://shop.pimoroni.com/products/inky-phat?variant=12549254938707
.. _UPS-Lite: https://www.tindie.com/products/rachel/ups-lite-for-raspberry-pi-zero/
.. _pyca/cryptography: https://github.com/pyca/cryptography
.. _raspi Debian port: https://raspi.debian.net/
.. |smartcard-openpgp-randpin-epaper screenshot| image:: 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