sourcespec 1.8

Earthquake source parameters from P- or S-wave displacement spectra

SourceSpec

Earthquake source parameters from P- or S-wave displacement spectra

Copyright (c) 2011-2024 Claudio Satriano [e-mail]

Description

SourceSpec is a collection of command line tools to compute earthquake source parameters (seismic moment, corner frequency, radiated energy, source size, static stress drop, apparent stress) from the inversion of P-wave and S-wave displacement spectra recorded at one or more seismic stations. SourceSpec also computes attenuation parameters (t-star, quality factor) and, as a bonus, local magnitude.

See Madariaga (2011) for a primer on earthquake source parameters and scaling laws.

Go to section Theoretical background below to get more information on how the code works. More details are available on the official SourceSpec documentation.

SourceSpec is written in Python and requires a working Python environment to run (see Installation below). However, since SourceSpec is based on command line, you don't have to know how to code in Python to use it.

The SourceSpec package is made of several command line tools:

• source_spec: Compute earthquake source parameters from the inversion of P- or S-wave spectra.
• source_model: Direct modelling of P- or S-wave spectra, based on user-defined earthquake source parameters.
• source_residuals: Compute station residuals from source_spec output.
• clipping_detection: Test the clipping detection algorithm.
• plot_sourcepars: 1D or 2D plot of source parameters from a sqlite parameter file.

Getting Started

For the impatient

Note that the default config parameters are suited for a M<5 earthquake recorded within ~100 km. Adjust win_length, noise_pre_time, the frequency bands (bp_freqmin_*, bp_freqmax_*, freq1_*, freq2_*), and the bounds on fc and t_star, according to your problem.

Use case: miniSEED + StationXML + QuakeML

If you have seismic recordings in miniSEED format (e.g., traces.mseed), metadata in StationXML format (e.g., station.xml) and event information in QuakeML format (e.g., event.xml), then:

1. Generate a config file via source_spec -S;
2. Edit the config file variable station_metadata to point to station.xml file;
3. Run source_spec -t traces.mseed -q event.xml.

Use case: SAC + PAZ + SourceSpec Event File

If you have seismic recordings in SAC format (e.g., in a directory named sac_data), metadata as SAC polezero (PAZ) (e.g., in a directory named paz) and event information in any format, then:

1. Generate a config file via source_spec -S;
2. Edit the config file variable station_metadata to point to the paz directory;
3. Generate a sample SourceSpec Event File using source_spec -y; this will create a file named ssp_event.yaml;
4. Edit the file ssp_event.yaml with your event information;
5. Run source_spec -t sac_data -H ssp_event.yaml.

Command line arguments

After successfully installed SourceSpec (see Installation below), you can get help on the command line arguments used by each code by typing from your terminal:

source_spec -h

(or source_model -h, or source_residuals -h).

source_spec and source_model require you to provide the path to seismic traces via the --trace_path command line argument (see File formats below).

Information on the seismic event can be stored in the trace header (SAC format), or provided through a QuakeML file (--qmlfile) or or, alternatively (--hypocenter), through a SourceSpec Event File, a HYPO71 file, or a HYPOINVERSE-2000 file. See File formats below for more information on the supported file formats.

Configuration file

source_spec and source_model require a configuration file. The default file name is source_spec.conf, other file names can be specified via the --configfile command line argument.

You can generate a sample configuration file through:

source_spec -S

Take your time to go through the generated configuration file (named source_spec.conf): the comments within the file will guide you on how to set up the different parameters.

File Formats

Trace formats

SourceSpec can read all the trace formats supported by ObsPy.

Two very common choices are:

• miniSEED
• SAC

The SAC format can carry additional information in its header, like event location and origin time, phase picks, instrument sensitivity.

Input trace files can be provided --through the -t option-- as a list of files, as a directory containing the files, or as a TAR(GZ) or ZIP archive containing the files.

Event formats

SourceSpec can read event information (event ID, location, origin time) in the following formats:

• SourceSpec Event File: this file can contain additional event information, such as magnitude, moment tensor or focal mechanism
• QuakeML: this file can contain additional event information, such as magnitude, moment tensor or focal mechanism. If phase picks are available, they will be read as well
• HYPO71
• HYPOINVERSE-2000: if phase picks are available, they will be read as well

Event information can also be stored in the SAC file header (header fields: EVLA, EVLO, EVDP, O, KEVNM).

Phase pick formats

Phase picks for P and S waves can be read from one of the following formats:

• QuakeML
• HYPO71
• HYPOINVERSE-2000

Phase picks can also be stored in the SAC file header, using the header fields A and T0 through T9. A pick label can be specified (header fields KA and KT0 through KT9) to identify the pick; the pick label can be a standard 4-characters SAC label (e.g., "IPU0", " S 1") or a label starting with "P" or "S" (lowercase or uppercase, e.g., "P", "pP", "Pg", "S", "Sn"). Picks with labels that cannot be parsed by SourceSpec will be ignored. If no label is specified, then SourceSpec will assume that A is the P-pick and T0 is the S-pick.

Station metadata formats

Station metadata (coordinates, instrumental response) can be provided in one of the following formats:

• StationXML
• Dataless SEED
• SEED RESP
• SAC polezero (PAZ)

Note that SEED RESP and PAZ formats do not contain station coordinates, which should therefore be in the trace header (traces in SAC format).

The station metadata file name or file directory is provided in the configuration file through the parameter station_metadata.

Alternatively, instrument sensitivity can be provided in the SAC header or as a constant in the configuration file. In both cases, use the configuration parameter sensitivity.

Output files

The SourceSpec main code, source_spec will produce the following output files (EVID is replaced by the actual event ID):

• EVID.ssp.yaml: YAML file containing the estimated spectral parameters (summary values and per station values)
• EVID.ssp.out (deprecated): text file containing the estimated spectral parameters (summary values and per station values)
• EVID.ssp.log: log file in text format (including the command line arguments, for reproducibility)
• EVID.ssp.conf: the input config file (for reproducibility)
• EVID.residuals.hdf5: station residuals in HDF5 format
• EVID.spectra.hdf5: (optional) spectra in HDF5 format
• EVID.ssp.h: hypocenter file in HYPO71 format with the estimated moment magnitude (only if an input HYPO71 file is provided)
• EVID.xml: updated QuakeML file with the results of the SourceSpec inversion (only if an input QuakeML file is provided)

The following plots will be created, in png, pdf or svg format:

• EVID.traces.png[.pdf,.svg]: trace plots
• EVID.ssp.png[.pdf,.svg]: spectral plots
• EVID.sspweight.png[.pdf,.svg]: spectral weight plots
• EVID.boxplot.png[.pdf,.svg]: box plots for the earthquake source parameters retrieved at each station
• Misfit plots, when using "grid search" or "importance sampling" for the spectral inversion

As an option, station maps can be created (requires Cartopy):

• EVID.map_mag.png[.pdf,.svg]: station map with symbols colored by estimated moment magnitude
• EVID.map_fc.png[.pdf,.svg]: station map with symbols colored by estimated corner frequency

As an option, the retrieved source parameters (per station and summary) can be appended to a SQLite database, whose path is defined in the configuration file.

Finally, always as an option, source_spec can generate a report in HTML format.

Theoretical Background

For each station, the code computes P- or S-wave displacement amplitude spectra for each component (e.g., Z, N, E), then combines the component spectra through the root sum of squares:

$$ S(f) = \sqrt{S^2_z(f) + S^2_n(f) + S^2_e(f)} $$

where $f$ is frequency and $S_x(f)$ is the P- or S-wave spectrum for component $x$.

It then inverts spectra for a 3-parameter Brune (1970) source model:

$$ S(f) = C \cdot \frac{M_0}{1+(f/f_c)^2} \cdot e^{-\pi f t^*} $$

where the three parameters to determine are:

• the seismic moment $M_0$
• the corner frequency $f_c$
• the attenuation parameter $t^*$

and $C$ is a coefficient containing geometrical spreading, radiation pattern, seismic wave speed and medium density.

The inversion is performed in moment magnitude $M_w$ units (logarithmic amplitude). Different inversion algorithms can be used:

• TNC: truncated Newton algorithm (with bounds)
• LM: Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (warning: Trust Region Reflective algorithm will be used instead if bounds are provided)
• BH: basin-hopping algorithm
• GS: grid search
• IS: importance sampling of misfit grid, using k-d tree

Starting from the inverted parameters $M_0$ ( $M_w$ ), $fc$, $t^*$ and following the equations in Madariaga (2011) and Lancieri (2012), other quantities are computed for each station:

• the static stress drop $\Delta \sigma$
• the source radius $a$
• the radiated energy $E_r$
• the apparent stress $\sigma_a$
• the quality factor $Q_0$ of P- or S-waves

As a bonus, local magnitude $M_l$ can be computed as well.

Event summaries (mean, weighted mean, percentiles) are computed from single station estimates. For mean and weighted mean estimation, outliers are rejected based on the interquartile range rule.

See the official documentation for more details.

Example three-component trace plot (in velocity), showing noise and S-wave windows

Example displacement spectrum for noise and S-wave, including inversion results

Installation

SourceSpec requires at least Python 3.7. All the required dependencies will be downloaded and installed during the setup process.

Installing the latest release

Using Anaconda

The following command will automatically create an Anaconda environment named sourcespec, install the required packages and install the latest version of SourceSpec via pip:

conda env create --file https://raw.githubusercontent.com/SeismicSource/sourcespec/main/sourcespec_conda_env.yml

If you want a different name for your environment, use:

conda env create -n YOUR_ENV_NAME --file https://raw.githubusercontent.com/SeismicSource/sourcespec/main/sourcespec_conda_env.yml

Activate the environment with:

conda activate sourcespec

(or conda activate YOUR_ENV_NAME)

To keep SourceSpec updated run:

pip install --upgrade sourcespec

from within your environment.

Using pip and PyPI

The latest release of SourceSpec is available on the Python Package Index.

You can install it easily through pip:

pip install sourcespec

To upgrade from a previously installed version:

pip install --upgrade sourcespec

From SourceSpec GitHub releases

Download the latest release from the releases page, in zip or tar.gz format, then:

pip install sourcespec-X.Y.zip

or

pip install sourcespec-X.Y.tar.gz

Where, X.Y is the version number (e.g., 1.2). You don't need to uncompress the release files yourself.

Installing a developer snapshot

If you need a recent feature that is not in the latest release (see the unreleased section in CHANGELOG), you want to use the more recent development snapshot from the SourceSpec GitHub repository.

Using pip

The easiest way to install the most recent development snapshot is to download and install it through pip, using its builtin git client:

pip install git+https://github.com/SeismicSource/sourcespec.git

Run this command again, from times to times, to keep SourceSpec updated with the development version.

Cloning the SourceSpec GitHub repository

If you want to take a look at the source code (and possibly modify it 😉), clone the project using git:

git clone https://github.com/SeismicSource/sourcespec.git

or, using SSH:

git clone [e-mail]:SeismicSource/sourcespec.git

(avoid using the "Download ZIP" option from the green "Code" button, since version number is lost).

Then, go into the sourcespec main directory and install the code in "editable mode" by running:

pip install -e .

You can keep your local SourceSpec repository updated by running git pull from times to times. Thanks to pip's "editable mode", you don't need to reinstall SourceSpec after each update.

Documentation

The official SourceSpec documentation can be find at sourcespec.readthedocs.io.

Sample Runs

Several sample runs are available in the sourcespec_testruns repository.

Getting Help / Reporting Bugs

🙏 I need help

Join the SourceSpec Discussions and feel free to ask!

🐞 I found a bug

Please open an Issue.

Contributing

I'm very open to contributions: if you have new ideas, please open an Issue. Don't hesitate sending me pull requests with new features and/or bugfixes!

How to Cite

If you used SourceSpec for a scientific paper, please cite it as:

Satriano, C. (2024). SourceSpec – Earthquake source parameters from P- or S-wave displacement spectra (X.Y). doi: 10.5281/ZENODO.3688587

Please replace X.Y with the SourceSpec version number you used.

You can also cite the following abstract presented at the 2016 AGU Fall Meeting:

Satriano, C., Mejia Uquiche, A. R., & Saurel, J. M. (2016). Spectral estimation of seismic moment, corner frequency and radiated energy for earthquakes in the Lesser Antilles. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (Vol. 2016, pp. S13A-2518), bibcode: 2016AGUFM.S13A2518S

References

• Brune, J. N. (1970). Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic shear waves from earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 75 (26), 4997– 5009, doi: 10.1029/JB075i026p04997
• Lancieri, M., Madariaga, R., Bonilla, F. (2012). Spectral scaling of the aftershocks of the Tocopilla 2007 earthquake in northern Chile, Geophys. J. Int., 189 (1), 469–480, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05327.x
• Madariaga, R. (2011). Earthquake Scaling Laws. In "Extreme Environmental Events", pp. 364–383, doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7695-6_22. Available on ResearchGate.

Citing literature

A, probably incomplete, list of papers that used SourceSpec can be found in the Citing Literature section of the documentation. If you have used SourceSpec in a publication and would like to have it listed, please let me know.