sqlython 1.2.1

A lightweight and user-friendly SQL query builder for Python

SQLython

SQLython is a Python library that allows you to write SQL queries in Python. It is designed to be a simple and easy-to-use tool for working with SQL databases in Python. Inspired by Eloquent in Laravel.

Installation

pip install sqlython

Configuration

Environment Variables

Create a .env file in the root of your project and add the following variables:

DB_HOST=localhost
DB_PORT=3306
DB_USER=root
DB_PASSWORD=
DB_DATABASE=database

It will automatically create a connection to the database using the environment variables. Alternatively, you can manually create a connection using the DatabaseConnection class. Just call the initialize() in the main file of your project.

from sqlython.connection import DatabaseConnection

DatabaseConnection.initialize(
    host='localhost',
    port=3306,
    user='root',
    password='',
    database='database'
)

Usage

Extending the Model

i.e. users.py

from sqlython.model import Model

class User(Model):
    table = 'users'
    fillable = ['name', 'username', 'email', 'password']
    hidden = ['password']
    timestamps = True
    soft_delete = True
    casts = {
            'is_active': 'boolean'
        }

Usage

from users import User
user = User.find(1)

Retrieving Records

users = User.where('is_active', True).get()
print(users)

Model

Class Attributes

table (str|required)

The name of the table in the database.

fillable (list)

The columns that are allowed to be assigned.

guarded (list)

The columns that are not allowed to be assigned.

hidden (list)

The columns that are hidden from the output.

timestamp (bool|default=True)

Automatically set the created_at and updated_at columns.

soft_delete (bool|default=False)

When set to True, the deleted_at column will be set to the current timestamp when a record is deleted.

per_page (int|default=10)

The default number of records to return per page when using the paginate() method.

casts (dict)

The columns that should be cast to a specific data type. Available data types are: string, number, float, boolean, date, json.

Methods

get()

Retrieve all records from the database.

users = User.get()

# [
#     { id: 1, name: 'John Doe', username: 'john_doe', is_active: 1 },
#     { id: 2, name: 'Jane Doe', username: 'jane_doe', is_active: 0 }
#     ...
# ]

first()

Retrieve the first record from the database.

user = User.first()

# { id: 1, name: 'John Doe', username: 'john_doe', is_active: 1 }

find(id)

Parameters

• id (int|required) - The ID of the record to retrieve. Use self.primary_key to override the default primary key.

Get a record by its ID.

user = User.find(1)

# { id: 1, name: 'John Doe', username: 'john_doe', is_active: 1 }

count()

Get the number of records.

count = User.count()

# 2

paginate(page, per_page)

Parameters

• page (int|default=1) - The page number to retrieve.
• per_page (int|default=self.per_page) - The number of records to return per page.

Retrieve records paginated. Returns a dictionary with the following properties:

• data (list): The records for the current page.
• total (int): The total number of records.
• pages (int): The total number of pages.
• page (int): The current page number.
• per_page (int): The number of records per page.
• next_page (int|None): The next page number.
• prev_page (int|None): The previous page number.

users = User.paginate(page=1, per_page=10)

# {
#     data: [
#         { id: 1, name: 'John Doe', username: 'john_doe', is_active: 1 },
#         { id: 2, name: 'Jane Doe', username: 'jane_doe', is_active: 0 }
#         ...
#     ],
#     total: 100,
#     pages: 10,
#     page: 1,
#     perPage: 10,
#     nextPage: 2,
#     prevPage: null
# }

insert(data)

Parameters

• data (dict|required) - A dictionary of key-value pairs to insert into the database.

Insert a new record into the database.

user = User.insert({
    'name': 'John Doe',
    'username': 'john_doe',
    'email': '[e-mail]',
    'password': 'password'
})

# { insert_id: 1 }

update(data)

Parameters

• data (dict|required) - A dictionary of key-value pairs to update in the database.

Update records in the database. Must be called after a where() method.

User.where('id', 1).update({
    'name': 'Jane Doe',
    'username': 'jane_doe'
})

# { affected_rows: 1 }

delete()

Delete records from the database. Must be called after a where() method. If soft_delete is set to True, the record will be "soft deleted" by setting the deleted_at column to the current timestamp.

User.where('id', 1).delete()

# { affected_rows: 1 }

restore()

Restore a "soft deleted" record by setting the deleted_at column to NULL. Must be called after a where() method.

User.where('id', 1).restore()

# { affected_rows: 1 }

force_delete()

Permanently delete records from the database whether soft_delete is set to True or False. Must be called after a where() method.

User.where('id', 1).force_delete()

# { affected_rows: 1 }

select(columns)

Parameters

• columns (list|string|tuple) - The columns to select.

Select specific columns from the database.

users = User.select('id', 'name').get()
# or
users = User.select(['id', 'name']).get()
# or
users = User.select('id, name').get()
# or
users = User.select('id').select('name').get()

# [
#     { id: 1, name: 'John Doe' },
#     { id: 2, name: 'Jane Doe' }
#     ...
# ]

where(column, operator, value)

Parameters

• column (dict|string|required) - If a string, the column to filter by. If a dictionary, the key-value pairs to filter by.
• operator (string) - The operator to use for the comparison.
• value (string) - The value to compare against.

Filter records by a column value. If column is a dictionary, the key-value pairs will be used to filter the records. If column is a string and only has two arguments, the operator will default to = and the value will be the second argument. If all three arguments are provided, then treat it as it.

users = User.where('is_active', 1).get()
# or
users = User.where({'is_active': 1}).get()
# or
users = User.where('is_actiove', '=', 1).get()

# [
#     { id: 1, name: 'John Doe', username: 'john_doe', is_active: 1 },
#     { id: 2, name: 'Jane Doe', username: 'jane_doe', is_active: 1 }
#     ...
# ]

or_where(column, operator, value)

Parameters

• column (dict|string|required) - If a string, the column to filter by. If a dictionary, the key-value pairs to filter by.
• operator (string) - The operator to use for the comparison.
• value (string) - The value to compare against.

Same as where() method. Adds an OR condition to the query.

users = User.where('is_active', 1).or_where('username', 'john_doe').get()

# [
#     { id: 1, name: 'John Doe', username: 'john_doe', is_active: 1 },
#     { id: 2, name: 'Jane Doe', username: 'jane_doe', is_active: 1 }
#     ...
# ]

where_raw(query)

Parameters

• query (string|required) - The raw SQL query to filter records by.

Filter records by a raw SQL query.

users = User.where_raw('is_active = 1').get()

# [
#     { id: 1, name: 'John Doe', username: 'john_doe', is_active: 1 },
#     { id: 2, name: 'Jane Doe', username: 'jane_doe', is_active: 1 }
#     ...
# ]

or_where_raw(query)

Parameters

• query (string|required) - The raw SQL query to filter records by.

Same as where_raw() method. Adds an OR condition to the query.

users = User.where_raw('is_active = 1').or_where_raw('username = "john_doe"').get()

# [
#     { id: 1, name: 'John Doe', username: 'john_doe', is_active: 1 },
#     { id: 2, name: 'Jane Doe', username: 'jane_doe', is_active: 1 }
#     ...
# ]

where_in(column, values)

Parameters

• column (string|required) - The column to filter by.
• values (list|required) - The values to filter by.

Filter records by a column value that is in a list of values.

users = User.where_in('id', [1, 2]).get()

# [
#     { id: 1, name: 'John Doe', username: 'john_doe', is_active: 1 },
#     { id: 2, name: 'Jane Doe', username: 'jane_doe', is_active: 1 }
#     ...
# ]

where_not_in(column, values)

Parameters

• column (string|required) - The column to filter by.
• values (list|required) - The values to filter by.

Filter records by a column value that is not in a list of values.

users = User.where_not_in('id', [1, 2]).get()

# [
#     { id: 3, name: 'John Smith', username: 'john_smith', is_active: 1 },
#     { id: 4, name: 'Jane Smith', username: 'jane_smith', is_active: 1 }
#     ...
# ]

where_null(column)

Parameters

• column (string|required) - The column to filter by.

Filter records by a column value that is NULL.

users = User.where_null('transferred_at').get()

# [
#     { id: 1, name: 'John Doe', username: 'john_doe', is_active: 1, transferred_at: None },
#     { id: 2, name: 'Jane Doe', username: 'jane_doe', is_active: 1, transferred_at: None }
#     ...
# ]

where_not_null(column)

Parameters

• column (string|required) - The column to filter by.

Filter records by a column value that is not NULL.

users = User.where_not_null('transferred_at').get()

# [
#     { id: 3, name: 'John Smith', username: 'john_smith', is_active: 1, transferred_at: '2024-01-01 00:00:00' },
#     { id: 4, name: 'Jane Smith', username: 'jane_smith', is_active: 1, transferred_at: '2024-03-05 00:00:00' }
#     ...
# ]

with_trashed()

Include "soft deleted" records in the query.

users = User.with_trashed().get()

# [
#     { id: 1, name: 'John Doe', username: 'john_doe', is_active: 1, deleted_at: '2024-01-01 00:00:00' },
#     { id: 2, name: 'Jane Doe', username: 'jane_doe', is_active: 1, deleted_at: '2024-03-05 00:00:00' }
#     ...
# ]

order_by(column, direction)

Parameters

• column (string|required) - The column to order by.
• direction (string|default='asc') - The direction to order by. Available options are: asc, desc.

Order records by a column.

users = User.order_by('name', 'asc').get()

# [
#     { id: 2, name: 'Jane Doe', username: 'jane_doe', is_active: 1 },
#     { id: 1, name: 'John Doe', username: 'john_doe', is_active: 1 }
#     ...
# ]

group_by(column)

Parameters

• column (string|required) - The column to group by.

Group records by a column.

users = User.select('count(id) as total', 'is_active').group_by('is_active').get()

# [
#     { total: 2, is_active: 1 },
#     { total: 2, is_active: 0 }
# ]

limit(limit, offset)

Parameters

• limit (int|required) - The number of records to limit.
• offset (int|default=0) - The number of records to offset.

Limit the number of records returned.

users = User.limit(2).get()

# [
#     { id: 1, name: 'John Doe', username: 'john_doe', is_active: 1 },
#     { id: 2, name: 'Jane Doe', username: 'jane_doe', is_active: 1 }
# ]

join(table, first, operator, second, join_type)

Parameters

• table (string|required) - The table to join.
• first (string|required) - The first column to join on.
• operator (string|required) - The operator to use for the comparison.
• second (string|required) - The second column to join on.
• join_type (string|default='inner') - The type of join to perform. Available options are: inner, left, right, full.

Join another table to the query.

users = User.join('profiles', 'users.id', '=', 'profiles.user_id').get()

# [
#     { id: 1, name: 'John Doe', username: 'john_doe', is_active: 1, user_id: 1, bio: 'Hello, World!' },
#     { id: 2, name: 'Jane Doe', username: 'jane_doe', is_active: 1, user_id: 2, bio: 'Goodbye, World!' }
#     ...
# ]

left_join(table, first, operator, second)

Parameters

• table (string|required) - The table to join.
• first (string|required) - The first column to join on.
• operator (string|required) - The operator to use for the comparison.
• second (string|required) - The second column to join on.

Join another table to the query using a left join.

users = User.left_join('profiles', 'users.id', '=', 'profiles.user_id').get()

# [
#     { id: 1, name: 'John Doe', username: 'john_doe', is_active: 1, user_id: 1, bio: 'Hello, World!' },
#     { id: 2, name: 'Jane Doe', username: 'jane_doe', is_active: 1, user_id: 2, bio: 'Goodbye, World!' }
#     ...
# ]

has_one(table, foreign_key, local_key, name, callback)

Parameters

• table (string|required) - The table to join.
• foreign_key (string|required) - The foreign key column in the joined table.
• local_key (string|required) - The local key column in the current table.
• name (string) - The name of the relationship.
• callback (function) - The callback function to define the relationship.

Define a "has one" relationship between two tables.

from profiles import Profile
from sqlython.model import Model


class User(Model):
    table = 'users'
    ...

    @classmethod
    def profile(cls):
        return cls.has_one(Profile, 'user_id', 'id', 'profile', lambda q: q.select('bio', 'user_id'))

has_many(table, foreign_key, local_key, name, callback)

Parameters

• table (string|required) - The table to join.
• foreign_key (string|required) - The foreign key column in the joined table.
• local_key (string|required) - The local key column in the current table.
• name (string) - The name of the relationship.
• callback (function) - The callback function to define the relationship.

Define a "has many" relationship between two tables.

from posts import Post
from sqlython.model import Model


class User(Model):
    table = 'users'
    ...

    @classmethod
    def posts(cls):
        return cls.has_many(Post, 'user_id', 'id', 'posts', lambda q: q.select('title', 'user_id'))

belongs_to(table, foreign_key, local_key, name, callback)

Parameters

• table (string|required) - The table to join.
• foreign_key (string|required) - The foreign key column in the current table.
• local_key (string|required) - The local key column in the joined table.
• name (string) - The name of the relationship.
• callback (function) - The callback function to define the relationship.

Define a "belongs to" relationship between two tables.

from users import User
from sqlython.model import Model


class Profile(Model):
    table = 'profiles'
    ...

    @classmethod
    def user(cls):
        return cls.belongs_to(User, 'user_id', 'id', 'user', lambda q: q.select('id', 'name', 'username'))

with_relation(relation)

Parameters

• relation (string|list|tuple|required) - The name of the relationship to include.

Include a relationship in the query.

users = User.with_relation('profile').get()

# [
#     { id: 1, name: 'John Doe', username: 'john_doe', is_active: 1, profile: { bio: 'Hello, World!' } },
#     { id: 2, name: 'Jane Doe', username: 'jane_doe', is_active: 1, profile: { bio: 'Goodbye, World!' } }
#     ...
# ]

raw_query(query)

Parameters

• query (string|required) - The raw SQL query to execute.

Execute a raw SQL query.

users = User.raw_query('SELECT * FROM users WHERE is_active = 1').get()

# [
#     { id: 1, name: 'John Doe', username: 'john_doe', is_active: 1 },
#     { id: 2, name: 'Jane Doe', username: 'jane_doe', is_active: 1 }
#     ...
# ]