Simulate a continuous-time threshold model on static networks.
Project description
Simulate a continuous-time threshold model on static networks using Gillespie’s stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA). The networks can be directed and/or weighted.
In contrast to the original discrete-time model, nodes whose aggregated inputs exceed their respective thresholds will not flip after the “next time step” because there are no time steps. Instead, a node whose threshold has been exceeded will enter an alert state from which it will enter the activated state with rate $gamma = 1$.
Install
git clone https://github.com/benmaier/thresholdmodel.git pip install ./thresholdmodel
Example
Simulate on an ER random graph.
import numpy as np
import networkx as nx
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from thresholdmodel import ThreshModel
N = 1000
k = 10
thresholds = 0.1
initially_activated = np.arange(100)
G = nx.fast_gnp_random_graph(N, k/(N-1.0))
Thresh = ThreshModel(G,initially_activated,thresholds)
t, cascade_size = Thresh.simulate()
plt.plot(t,cascade_size)
plt.show()
API
Simulate
Given a networkx-Graph object G (can be a networkx.DiGraph, too), and values for initially_activated and thresholds, simulate like this
Thresh = ThreshModel(G,initially_activated,thresholds)
t, a = Thresh.simulate()
t is a numpy.ndarray containing the times at which node activations happened. a is a numpy.ndarray containing the relative cascade size at the corresponding time in t. Note that the whole process is modeled as a Poisson process such that the time t will be given in units of the node activation rate gamma = 1.0. If you want to simulate for another node activation rate, simply rescale time as t /= gamma.
When the simulation is started with the save_activated_nodes=True flag, a list of activated nodes per time leap is saved in ThreshModel.activated_nodes.
t, a = Thresh.simulate(save_activated_nodes=True)
print(Thresh.activated_nodes)
You can repeat a simulation with the same initial conditions by simply calling Thresh.simulate() again, all the necessary things will be reset automatically.
Set initially activated nodes
Set nodes 3, 5, and 8 to be activated initially.
initially_activated = [3, 5, 8] # this could also be a numpy array
Choose 20% of all nodes randomly to be activated initially. When the simulation is restarted, the same nodes will be chosen as initial conditions.
initially_activated = 0.2
Choose 35 randomly selected nodes to be activated initially. When the simulation is restarted, the same nodes will be chosen as initial conditions.
initially_activated = 35
Set thresholds
Activation thresholds can be set for all nodes
thresholds = np.random.rand(G.number_of_nodes())
Note that thresholds need to lie in the domain [0,1].
You can also set a universal threshold
thresholds = 0.1
Here, 10% of a node’s neighbors need to be activated in order for the node to become active, too.
Directed networks
A node will become active if the sufficient number of nodes pointing towards the node are active. This means that a node’s in-degree will be the important measure to determine wether this particular node will become active.
Weighted networks
If you want to simulate on a weighted network, provide the weight keyword
Thresh = ThreshModel(G,initially_activated,thresholds,weight='weight')
Similar to the networkx-documentation: weight (string, optional (default=None)) - The attribute name to obtain the edge weights. E.g.: G.edges[0,1]['weight'].
A focal node will become active when the cumulative edge weights of all activated nodes pointing towards the focal node will reach > threshold*in_degree.
Docstring
This is the model’s docstring.
>>> help(ThreshModel) Help on class ThreshModel in module thresholdmodel.model: class ThreshModel(builtins.object) | ThreshModel(G, initially_activated, thresholds, weight=None) | | A simple simulation class that runs | a threshold-model activation process | on a static network (potentially weighted and directed) | in continuous time using Gillespie's | stochastic simulation algorithm. | | The temporal dimension is fixed by assuming | that every node whose activation threshold | has been exceeded by neighboring inputs | is activated with constant and uniform | rate :math:`\gamma = 1`. | | Parameters | ========== | G : networkx.Graph, networkx.DiGraph | The network on which to simulate. | Nodes must be integers in the range | of ``[0, N-1]``. | initially_activated: float, int, or list of ints | Can be either of three things: | | 1. float of value ``0 < initially_activated < 1``. | In this case, ``initially_activated`` is | interpreted to represent a fraction of nodes | that will be randomly selected from the | set of nodes and set to be activated. | 2. int of value ``1 <= initially_activated < N-1``. | In this case, ``initially_activated`` nodes | will be randomly sampled from the node set | and set to be activated. | 3. list of ints. In this case, ``initially_activated`` | is interpreted to contain indices of nodes | that will be activated initially. | thresholds: float or iterable of floats | Can be either of two things: | | 1. float of value ``0 < thresholds <= 1``. | In this case, every node will have the same | activation threshold. | 2. iterable of values ``0 < thresholds <=1``. | In this case, the function expectes a list, | tuple, or array with length equal to the | number of nodes. Each entry `m` of this list | will be interpreted to be node `m`'s activation | threshold. | weight: str, default = None | A string that represents the weight keyword of a link. | If `None`, the network is assumed to be unweighted. | | Example | ======= | | >>> G = nx.fast_gnp_random_graph(1000,20/(1000-1)) | >>> model = TreshModel(G, 100, 0.1) | >>> t, cascade_size = model.simulate() | | Attributes | ========== | G : nx.Graph or nx.DiGraph | The network on which to simulate. | Nodes must be integers in the range | of ``[0, N-1]``. | N : int | The number of nodes in the network | weight: str | A string that represents the weight keyword of a link. | If `None`, the network is assumed to be unweighted. | in_deg : numpy.ndarray | Contains the in-degree of every node. | thresholds: numpy.ndarray | Each entry `m` of this array | represents node `m`'s activation | threshold. | initially_activated: numpy.ndarray | Each entry of this array contains | a node that will be activated initially. | time: numpy.ndarray | Contains every time point at which a node was | activates (after ``simulation()`` was called). | The temporal dimension is given by assuming | that every node whose activation threshold | has been exceeded by activation inputs | is activated with constant and uniform | rate :math:`\gamma = 1`. | cascade_size: numpy.ndarray | The relative size of the activation cascade | at the corrsponding time value in ``time`` | (relative to the size of the node set). | Only available after ``simulation()`` was called. | activated_nodes: list | A list of lists. | Each entry contains a list of integers representing | the nodes that have been activated | at the corrsponding time value in ``time``. | Each list entry will contain only a single node | for every other time than the initial time. | Only available after ``simulation()`` was called. | | Methods defined here: | | __init__(self, G, initially_activated, thresholds, weight=None) | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. | | reset(self) | Reset the simulation. | | set_initially_activated(self, initially_activated) | Set the process's initial activation state. | | Parameters | ========== | initially_activated: float, int, or list of ints | Can be either of three things: | | 1. float of value ``0 < initially_activated < 1``. | In this case, ``initially_activated`` is | interpreted to represent a fraction of nodes | that will be randomly selected from the | set of nodes and set to be activated. | 2. int of value ``1 <= initially_activated < N-1``. | In this case, ``initially_activated`` nodes | will be randomly sampled from the node set | and set to be activated. | 3. list of ints. In this case, ``initially_activated`` | is interpreted to contain indices of nodes | that will be activated initially. | | set_thresholds(self, thresholds) | Set node activation thresholds. | | Parameters | ========== | thresholds: float or iterable of floats | Can be either of two things: | | 1. float of value ``0 < thresholds <= 1``. | In this case, every node will have the same | activation threshold. | 2. iterable of values ``0 < thresholds <=1``. | In this case, the function expectes a list, | tuple, or array with length equal to the | number of nodes. Each entry `m` of this list | will be interpreted to be node `m`'s activation | threshold. | | simulate(self, save_activated_nodes=False) | Simulate until all nodes that can be activated | have been activated. | | Parameters | ========== | save_activated_nodes: bool, default = False | If ``True``, write a list of activated nodes | to the class attribute ``activated_nodes`` | every time an activation event happens. | Such a list will contain only a single node | for every other time than the initial time. | | Returns | ======= | time : numpy.ndarray | Time points at which nodes were activated. | cascade_size : numpy.ndarray | The relative size of the activation cascade | at the corrsponding time value in ``time`` | (relative to the size of the node set).
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