vembed

Library for Generating Vector Embeddings, performing Similarity searches, and creating Visualizations from Data.

pip3 install vembed

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Strings to Embeddings

• Convert a String to a Vector Embedding.

from vembed import string_to_embedding

input_string = "This is a test sentence."

embedding = string_to_embedding(input_string)

#  [0.337, 0.143, 0.714 ...]

• Use Batching to Convert Lists of Strings to their Vector Float Representations.

from vembed import lists_to_embeddings

embeddings = lists_to_embeddings(["Convert to a List[Float]", "Another String", "More Strings!"])

# print(embeddings) [[0.123, 0.456, ...], [0.789, 0.012, ...]]

Serialization

Functions for Embedding Serialization for Network Transfer.

• Protobuf Serialization for usage with gRPC Services

• JSON Serialization for usage with REST API's

from vembed import lists_to_embeddings, embeddings_to_proto_format, embeddings_to_json_format

embeddings = lists_to_embeddings(["CSV,Row,1,with,some,data" , "CSV,Row,2,with,other,cols"])

# Convert to a Protobuf Serializable Format to send over a gRPC Service
proto_embedding = embeddings_to_proto_format(embeddings)

# Convert to a JSON String for usage with REST API's
json_embedding = embeddings_to_json_format(embeddings)

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Similarity

Semantic Similarity Between Entities

Extract Insights such as Patterns or Relevancy from your Data.

• Calculating Similarity for Entities.

from vembed import calculate_similarities, plot_similarities

customer_feedback = ["Loved the recent update","The app is user-friendly",
                    "Facing issues after the update","The new interface is great"]

themes            = ["positive feedback","negative feedback","app interface","app functionality"]

cos_df, dot_df = calculate_similarities(customer_feedback, themes, print_results=True)

# Prints and Returns Results

# Results

Cosine Similarities:

Query: 'Loved the recent update'
  Data: 'positive feedback' => Similarity Score: 0.45
  Data: 'app functionality' => Similarity Score: 0.22
  Data: 'app interface'     => Similarity Score: 0.19
  Data: 'negative feedback' => Similarity Score: 0.11

Query: 'Facing issues after the update'
  Data: 'negative feedback' => Similarity Score: 0.31
  Data: 'positive feedback' => Similarity Score: 0.27
  Data: 'app interface'     => Similarity Score: 0.24
  Data: 'app functionality' => Similarity Score: 0.21

Dot Product Similarities:

Query: 'Loved the recent update'
  Data: 'positive feedback' => Similarity Score: 4.51
  Data: 'app functionality' => Similarity Score: 2.06
  Data: 'negative feedback' => Similarity Score: 1.91
  Data: 'app interface'     => Similarity Score: 1.80

Query: 'Facing issues after the update'
  Data: 'negative feedback' => Similarity Score: 2.92
  Data: 'positive feedback' => Similarity Score: 2.51
  Data: 'app interface'     => Similarity Score: 2.07
  Data: 'app functionality' => Similarity Score: 1.82

• Generating Clean, Beautiful Visualizations from Data.

from vembed import plot_similarities

# .... cos_df, dot_df = calculate_similarities(queries, data)

# Create HeapMap for Visualizing Relationships

plot_similarities(cos_df, dot_df, save_path="heatmaps/customer_feedback_similarity.png")

# View and access the Heatmap at /heatmaps/customer_feedback_similarity.png

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Cosine and Dot Product Vector Similarity Measures

@Coefficient Legend

Negative [ - ] - Low Similarity
Zero     [ 0 ] - Orthogonal , No Commonality
Positive [ + ] - Strong Similarity 

Cosine Similarity

• Ranges between -1 and 1

• Recommended when the Context and Similarity is important - and Frequency is not important (Magnitude)

• Use Case for Cosine Similarity

  • In the following example, Direction (thematic orienation) - climate change, agriculture is relevant.

  • Cosine Similarity is useful here as we want to find the relevancy of documents discussing similar topics (direction) - irrespective of the length of frequency of specific words (Magnitude)

@Usage

queries = ["Climate change effects on agriculture"]

data =    [
           "Effects of climate change on wheat production",
           "Agriculture in developing countries",
           "Climate change and its impact on global food security",
           "Advances in agricultural technology"
          ]

# Calculate cosine similarities
cos_df, _ = calculate_similarities(queries, data, sorted=True, print_results=True)

Dot Product Similarity

• Ranges between any Real Number

• When both the Magnitude and Direction of the vectors are important, and we are dealing with vectors in a similar scale.

• When the Frequency (Magnitude) as well as the Direction (Relevancy) is both important.

• Use Case for Dot Product

  • Direction (Types of Articles) and Magnitude (Frequency of Reading Habits) - both have relevancy.

@Usage

user_reading_profile = [
                        "Read many articles on machine learning", 
                        "Occasionally reads about space exploration" 
                       ]

article_options      = [
                        "Latest trends in machine learning",
                        "Beginner's guide to space travel",
                        "In-depth analysis of neural networks",
                        "Recent discoveries in astronomy"
                       ]

# Calculate dot product similarities

_, dot_df = calculate_similarities(user_reading_profile, article_options, sorted=True, print_results=True)

• Calculating Similarity

@Usage

queries =  [ 
            "What is the capital of France?", 
            "How is the weather today?"
           ]

data    =  [
             "Paris is the capital of France.",
             "The weather is sunny.",
             "Berlin is the capital of Germany.",
             "It is raining in Berlin."
           ]

# Calculate similarities and Print Results

cos_df, dot_df = calculate_similarities(queries, data, sorted=True, print_results=True)


# Cosine Similarities:
# ...

# Dot Product Similarities:
# ...

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Visualizations

Generate Visualizations from Embeddings such as HeatMap Distributions

• Create a Visualization to display the Entity Similarities using a Heatmap.

@Usage

customer_feedback = [
                      "Loved the recent update",
                      "The app is user-friendly",
                      "Facing issues after the update",
                      "The new interface is great"
                    ]

themes            = [
                      "positive feedback",
                      "negative feedback",
                      "app interface",
                      "app functionality"
                    ]

# Heatmap of Both Cosine and Dot Product
cos_df, dot_df = calculate_similarities(customer_feedback, themes, sorted=True)
plot_similarities(cos_df, dot_df, save_path="customer_feedback_similarity.png")


# Heatmap of Only Cosine Similarity
cos_df, _ = calculate_similarities(customer_feedback, themes, sorted=True)
plot_similarities(cos_df, None, save_path="customer_feedback_similarity.png")


# Heatmap of Only Dot Product Similarity
_, dot_df = calculate_similarities(customer_feedback, themes, sorted=True)
plot_similarities(None, dot_df, save_path="customer_feedback_similarity.png")


# View customer_feedback_similarity.png to see the Heatmap

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Test Suite

Latest Test Run

• gRPC Tests
• JSON Tests
• Numpy Tests
• Serialization Tests
• Embedding Generation Tests
• Batched Embedding Generation Tests
• Custom Model Tests
• Caching Tests
• Transformer Metadata Tests
• Module Resolution Tests

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Build and Run Locally from Source

git clone git@github.com:kuro337/vembed.git

# Create Isolated Virtual Env
python3 -m venv venv
source venv/bin/activate

# Install Deps
pip install -e .

# Run Tests
chmod +x RUN_TESTS.sh
./RUN_TESTS.sh

# Create Dist 
pip3 install build && python3 -m build

# Use Built Dist in any project
pip3 install ./vembed/dist/vembed-0.24-py3-none-any.whl

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Dependencies

• sentence_transformers
• torch
• transformers
• pandas
• matplotlib
• seaborn

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Note: vembed GPU Usage can be enabled from using Nvidia Cuda and Torch if a supported Nvidia Graphics Card is Available.

• Run CUDA Tests from the vembed Test Suite to check Nvidia System GPU availability

# Nvidia CUDA and PyTorch Test
python3 tests/test_cuda.py

# Run all Tests
python3 -m unittest discover -s tests -v

Checking Virtual or System Environment Deps and Cache Size

# Check Disk Allocation for Packages 
du -h venv | sort -hr | head -n 10

2.8G    venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/nvidia
1.4G    venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/torch
1.3G    venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/torch/lib
1.2G    venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/nvidia/cudnn/lib
1.2G    venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/nvidia/cudnn
596M    venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/nvidia/cublas

# Checking System Cache

# Show pip cache location
pip cache dir # /home/user/.cache/pip

# Getting Top Folders from Cache by Size
du -h /home/user/.cache/pip | sort -hr | head -n 10

# Remove Cached Files
pip cache purge 

# Cached Files
pip cache list

# Installing Packages without Cache
pip install --no-cache-dir <package_name>

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Author: kuro337