yarl 1.7.2

Yet another URL library

yarl

Introduction

Url is constructed from str:

>>> from yarl import URL
>>> url = URL('https://www.python.org/~guido?arg=1#frag')
>>> url
URL('https://www.python.org/~guido?arg=1#frag')

All url parts: scheme, user, password, host, port, path, query and fragment are accessible by properties:

>>> url.scheme
'https'
>>> url.host
'www.python.org'
>>> url.path
'/~guido'
>>> url.query_string
'arg=1'
>>> url.query
<MultiDictProxy('arg': '1')>
>>> url.fragment
'frag'

All url manipulations produce a new url object:

>>> url = URL('https://www.python.org')
>>> url / 'foo' / 'bar'
URL('https://www.python.org/foo/bar')
>>> url / 'foo' % {'bar': 'baz'}
URL('https://www.python.org/foo?bar=baz')

Strings passed to constructor and modification methods are automatically encoded giving canonical representation as result:

>>> url = URL('https://www.python.org/путь')
>>> url
URL('https://www.python.org/%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C')

Regular properties are percent-decoded, use raw_ versions for getting encoded strings:

>>> url.path
'/путь'

>>> url.raw_path
'/%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C'

Human readable representation of URL is available as .human_repr():

>>> url.human_repr()
'https://www.python.org/путь'

For full documentation please read https://yarl.readthedocs.org.

Installation

$ pip install yarl

The library is Python 3 only!

PyPI contains binary wheels for Linux, Windows and MacOS. If you want to install yarl on another operating system (like Alpine Linux, which is not manylinux-compliant because of the missing glibc and therefore, cannot be used with our wheels) the the tarball will be used to compile the library from the source code. It requires a C compiler and and Python headers installed.

To skip the compilation you must explicitly opt-in by setting the YARL_NO_EXTENSIONS environment variable to a non-empty value, e.g.:

$ YARL_NO_EXTENSIONS=1 pip install yarl

Please note that the pure-Python (uncompiled) version is much slower. However, PyPy always uses a pure-Python implementation, and, as such, it is unaffected by this variable.

Dependencies

YARL requires multidict library.

API documentation

The documentation is located at https://yarl.readthedocs.org

Why isn’t boolean supported by the URL query API?

There is no standard for boolean representation of boolean values.

Some systems prefer true/false, others like yes/no, on/off, Y/N, 1/0, etc.

yarl cannot make an unambiguous decision on how to serialize bool values because it is specific to how the end-user’s application is built and would be different for different apps. The library doesn’t accept booleans in the API; a user should convert bools into strings using own preferred translation protocol.

Comparison with other URL libraries

• furl (https://pypi.python.org/pypi/furl)

  The library has rich functionality but the furl object is mutable.

  I’m afraid to pass this object into foreign code: who knows if the code will modify my url in a terrible way while I just want to send URL with handy helpers for accessing URL properties.

  furl has other non-obvious tricky things but the main objection is mutability.

• URLObject (https://pypi.python.org/pypi/URLObject)

  URLObject is immutable, that’s pretty good.

  Every URL change generates a new URL object.

  But the library doesn’t do any decode/encode transformations leaving the end user to cope with these gory details.

Source code

The project is hosted on GitHub

Please file an issue on the bug tracker if you have found a bug or have some suggestion in order to improve the library.

The library uses Azure Pipelines for Continuous Integration.

Discussion list

aio-libs google group: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/aio-libs

Feel free to post your questions and ideas here.

Authors and License

The yarl package is written by Andrew Svetlov.

It’s Apache 2 licensed and freely available.

Changelog

1.7.2 (2021-11-01)

Bugfixes

• Changed call in with_port() to stop reencoding parts of the URL that were already encoded. (#623)

1.7.1 (2021-10-07)

Bugfixes

• Fix 1.7.0 build error

1.7.0 (2021-10-06)

Features

• Add __bytes__() magic method so that bytes(url) will work and use optimal ASCII encoding. (#582)

• Started shipping platform-specific arm64 wheels for Apple Silicon. (#622)

• Started shipping platform-specific wheels with the musl tag targeting typical Alpine Linux runtimes. (#622)

• Added support for Python 3.10. (#622)

1.6.3 (2020-11-14)

Bugfixes

• No longer loose characters when decoding incorrect percent-sequences (like %e2%82%f8). All non-decodable percent-sequences are now preserved. #517

• Provide x86 Windows wheels. #535

---

1.6.2 (2020-10-12)

Bugfixes

• Provide generated .c files in TarBall distribution. #530

1.6.1 (2020-10-12)

Features

• Provide wheels for aarch64, i686, ppc64le, s390x architectures on Linux as well as x86_64. #507

• Provide wheels for Python 3.9. #526

Bugfixes

• human_repr() now always produces valid representation equivalent to the original URL (if the original URL is valid). #511

• Fixed requoting a single percent followed by a percent-encoded character in the Cython implementation. #514

• Fix ValueError when decoding % which is not followed by two hexadecimal digits. #516

• Fix decoding % followed by a space and hexadecimal digit. #520

• Fix annotation of with_query()/update_query() methods for key=[val1, val2] case. #528

Removal

• Drop Python 3.5 support; Python 3.6 is the minimal supported Python version.

---

1.6.0 (2020-09-23)

Features

• Allow for int and float subclasses in query, while still denying bool. #492

Bugfixes

• Do not requote arguments in URL.build(), with_xxx() and in / operator. #502

• Keep IPv6 brackets in origin(). #504

---

1.5.1 (2020-08-01)

Bugfixes

• Fix including relocated internal yarl._quoting_c C-extension into published PyPI dists. #485

Misc

• #484

---

1.5.0 (2020-07-26)

Features

• Convert host to lowercase on URL building. #386

• Allow using mod operator (%) for updating query string (an alias for update_query() method). #435

• Allow use of sequences such as list and tuple in the values of a mapping such as dict to represent that a key has many values:

  url = URL("http://example.com")
  assert url.with_query({"a": [1, 2]}) == URL("http://example.com/?a=1&a=2")

  #443

• Support URL.build() with scheme and path (creates a relative URL). #464

• Cache slow IDNA encode/decode calls. #476

• Add @final / Final type hints #477

• Support URL authority/raw_authority properties and authority argument of URL.build() method. #478

• Hide the library implementation details, make the exposed public list very clean. #483

Bugfixes

• Fix tests with newer Python (3.7.6, 3.8.1 and 3.9.0+). #409

• Fix a bug where query component, passed in a form of mapping or sequence, is unquoted in unexpected way. #426

• Hide Query and QueryVariable type aliases in __init__.pyi, now they are prefixed with underscore. #431

• Keep ipv6 brackets after updating port/user/password. #451

---

1.4.2 (2019-12-05)

Features

• Workaround for missing str.isascii() in Python 3.6 #389

---

1.4.1 (2019-11-29)

• Fix regression, make the library work on Python 3.5 and 3.6 again.

1.4.0 (2019-11-29)

• Distinguish an empty password in URL from a password not provided at all (#262)

• Fixed annotations for optional parameters of URL.build (#309)

• Use None as default value of user parameter of URL.build (#309)

• Enforce building C Accelerated modules when installing from source tarball, use YARL_NO_EXTENSIONS environment variable for falling back to (slower) Pure Python implementation (#329)

• Drop Python 3.5 support

• Fix quoting of plus in path by pure python version (#339)

• Don’t create a new URL if fragment is unchanged (#292)

• Included in error msg the path that produces starting slash forbidden error (#376)

• Skip slow IDNA encoding for ASCII-only strings (#387)

1.3.0 (2018-12-11)

• Fix annotations for query parameter (#207)

• An incoming query sequence can have int variables (the same as for Mapping type) (#208)

• Add URL.explicit_port property (#218)

• Give a friendlier error when port cant be converted to int (#168)

• bool(URL()) now returns False (#272)

1.2.6 (2018-06-14)

• Drop Python 3.4 trove classifier (#205)

1.2.5 (2018-05-23)

• Fix annotations for build (#199)

1.2.4 (2018-05-08)

• Fix annotations for cached_property (#195)

1.2.3 (2018-05-03)

• Accept str subclasses in URL constructor (#190)

1.2.2 (2018-05-01)

• Fix build

1.2.1 (2018-04-30)

• Pin minimal required Python to 3.5.3 (#189)

1.2.0 (2018-04-30)

• Forbid inheritance, replace __init__ with __new__ (#171)

• Support PEP-561 (provide type hinting marker) (#182)

1.1.1 (2018-02-17)

• Fix performance regression: don’t encode enmpty netloc (#170)

1.1.0 (2018-01-21)

• Make pure Python quoter consistent with Cython version (#162)

1.0.0 (2018-01-15)

• Use fast path if quoted string does not need requoting (#154)

• Speed up quoting/unquoting by _Quoter and _Unquoter classes (#155)

• Drop yarl.quote and yarl.unquote public functions (#155)

• Add custom string writer, reuse static buffer if available (#157) Code is 50-80 times faster than Pure Python version (was 4-5 times faster)

• Don’t recode IP zone (#144)

• Support encoded=True in yarl.URL.build() (#158)

• Fix updating query with multiple keys (#160)

0.18.0 (2018-01-10)

• Fallback to IDNA 2003 if domain name is not IDNA 2008 compatible (#152)

0.17.0 (2017-12-30)

• Use IDNA 2008 for domain name processing (#149)

0.16.0 (2017-12-07)

• Fix raising TypeError by url.query_string() after url.with_query({}) (empty mapping) (#141)

0.15.0 (2017-11-23)

• Add raw_path_qs attribute (#137)

0.14.2 (2017-11-14)

• Restore strict parameter as no-op in quote / unquote

0.14.1 (2017-11-13)

• Restore strict parameter as no-op for sake of compatibility with aiohttp 2.2

0.14.0 (2017-11-11)

• Drop strict mode (#123)

• Fix "ValueError: Unallowed PCT %" when there’s a "%" in the url (#124)

0.13.0 (2017-10-01)

• Document encoded parameter (#102)

• Support relative urls like '?key=value' (#100)

• Unsafe encoding for QS fixed. Encode ; char in value param (#104)

• Process passwords without user names (#95)

0.12.0 (2017-06-26)

• Properly support paths without leading slash in URL.with_path() (#90)

• Enable type annotation checks

0.11.0 (2017-06-26)

• Normalize path (#86)

• Clear query and fragment parts in .with_path() (#85)

0.10.3 (2017-06-13)

• Prevent double URL args unquoting (#83)

0.10.2 (2017-05-05)

• Unexpected hash behaviour (#75)

0.10.1 (2017-05-03)

• Unexpected compare behaviour (#73)

• Do not quote or unquote + if not a query string. (#74)

0.10.0 (2017-03-14)

• Added URL.build class method (#58)

• Added path_qs attribute (#42)

0.9.8 (2017-02-16)

• Do not quote : in path

0.9.7 (2017-02-16)

• Load from pickle without _cache (#56)

• Percent-encoded pluses in path variables become spaces (#59)

0.9.6 (2017-02-15)

• Revert backward incompatible change (BaseURL)

0.9.5 (2017-02-14)

• Fix BaseURL rich comparison support

0.9.4 (2017-02-14)

• Use BaseURL

0.9.3 (2017-02-14)

• Added BaseURL

0.9.2 (2017-02-08)

• Remove debug print

0.9.1 (2017-02-07)

• Do not lose tail chars (#45)

0.9.0 (2017-02-07)

• Allow to quote % in non strict mode (#21)

• Incorrect parsing of query parameters with %3B (;) inside (#34)

• Fix core dumps (#41)

• tmpbuf - compiling error (#43)

• Added URL.update_path() method

• Added URL.update_query() method (#47)

0.8.1 (2016-12-03)

• Fix broken aiohttp: revert back quote / unquote.

0.8.0 (2016-12-03)

• Support more verbose error messages in .with_query() (#24)

• Don’t percent-encode @ and : in path (#32)

• Don’t expose yarl.quote and yarl.unquote, these functions are part of private API

0.7.1 (2016-11-18)

• Accept not only str but all classes inherited from str also (#25)

0.7.0 (2016-11-07)

• Accept int as value for .with_query()

0.6.0 (2016-11-07)

• Explicitly use UTF8 encoding in setup.py (#20)

• Properly unquote non-UTF8 strings (#19)

0.5.3 (2016-11-02)

• Don’t use namedtuple fields but indexes on URL construction

0.5.2 (2016-11-02)

• Inline _encode class method

0.5.1 (2016-11-02)

• Make URL construction faster by removing extra classmethod calls

0.5.0 (2016-11-02)

• Add cython optimization for quoting/unquoting

• Provide binary wheels

0.4.3 (2016-09-29)

• Fix typing stubs

0.4.2 (2016-09-29)

• Expose quote() and unquote() as public API

0.4.1 (2016-09-28)

• Support empty values in query ('/path?arg')

0.4.0 (2016-09-27)

• Introduce relative() (#16)

0.3.2 (2016-09-27)

• Typo fixes #15

0.3.1 (2016-09-26)

• Support sequence of pairs as with_query() parameter

0.3.0 (2016-09-26)

• Introduce is_default_port()

0.2.1 (2016-09-26)

• Raise ValueError for URLs like ‘http://:8080/’

0.2.0 (2016-09-18)

• Avoid doubling slashes when joining paths (#13)

• Appending path starting from slash is forbidden (#12)

0.1.4 (2016-09-09)

• Add kwargs support for with_query() (#10)

0.1.3 (2016-09-07)

• Document with_query(), with_fragment() and origin()

• Allow None for with_query() and with_fragment()

0.1.2 (2016-09-07)

• Fix links, tune docs theme.

0.1.1 (2016-09-06)

• Update README, old version used obsolete API

0.1.0 (2016-09-06)

• The library was deeply refactored, bytes are gone away but all accepted strings are encoded if needed.

0.0.1 (2016-08-30)

• The first release.