zc.copy 1.0

This is a Zope 3 extension that helps with pluggably copying objects.

zc.copy

The copier module has two main components: a generic replacement for zope.location.pickling.locationCopy called zc.copy.copy, and a replacement for zope.copypastemove.ObjectCopier that uses the new copy function. Additionally, the module contains an adapter for use with the new copy function that gives the same ILocation behavior as locationCopy.

These three components (the new copy, the new ObjectCopier, and the ILocation adapter) are appropriate for inclusion in Zope 3, should that be desired.

The heart of the module, then, is the new copy function. Like locationCopy, this function uses pickling to perform the copy; however, instead of the hard-wired heuristic in locationCopy to determine what should be copied and what should remain static, this function uses adapters for pluggable behavior.

Also, copy automatically sets __parent__ and __name__ of the object copy to be None, if values exist for them. If you do not want this behavior, a clone method does not include this logic. For most use with classic Zope 3 locations, however, you will want to use copy. We’ll look a bit at both functions in this document.

The clone function (and thus the copy function that wraps clone) uses pickle to copy the object and all its subobjects recursively. As each object and subobject is pickled, the function tries to adapt it to zc.copy.interfaces.ICopyHook. If a copy hook is found, the recursive copy is halted. The hook is called with two values: the main, top-level object that is being copied; and a callable that supports registering functions to be called after the copy is made. The copy hook should return the exact object or subobject that should be used at this point in the copy, or raise zc.copy.interfaces.ResumeCopy to resume copying the object or subobject recursively after all.

We’ll examine the callable a bit later: first let’s examine a simple use. A simple hook is to support the use case of resetting the state of data that should be changed in a copy–for instance, a log, or freezing or versioning data. The canonical way to do this is by storing the changable data on a special sub-object of the object that is to be copied. We’ll look at a simple case of a subobject that should be converted to None when it is copied–the way that the zc.freeze copier hook works. Also see the zc.objectlog copier module for a similar example.

So, here is a simple object that stores a boolean on a special object.

>>> class Demo(object):
...     _frozen = None
...     def isFrozen(self):
...         return self._frozen is not None
...     def freeze(self):
...         self._frozen = Data()
...
>>> class Data(object):
...     pass
...

Here’s what happens if we copy one of these objects without a copy hook.

>>> original = Demo()
>>> original.isFrozen()
False
>>> original.freeze()
>>> original.isFrozen()
True
>>> import zc.copy
>>> copy = zc.copy.copy(original)
>>> copy is original
False
>>> copy.isFrozen()
True

Now let’s make a super-simple copy hook that always returns None, no matter what the main location being copied is. We’ll register it and make another copy.

>>> import zope.component
>>> import zope.interface
>>> import zc.copy.interfaces
>>> def _factory(location, register):
...     return None
>>> @zope.component.adapter(Data)
... @zope.interface.implementer(zc.copy.interfaces.ICopyHook)
... def data_copyfactory(obj):
...     return _factory
...

>>> zope.component.provideAdapter(data_copyfactory)
>>> copy2 = zc.copy.copy(original)
>>> copy2 is original
False
>>> copy2.isFrozen()
False

Much better.

The ILocation adapter is just a tiny bit more complicated. Look in __init__.py at location_copyfactory. Here, if the object implements ILocation and is not ‘inside’ the main object being copied, it is used directly, and not copied. Otherwise, the hook raises ResumeCopy to cancel itself.

[the following is adapted from a doctest in zope.location.pickling]

For example, suppose we have an object (location) hierarchy like this:

       o1
      /  \
    o2    o3
    |     |
    o4    o5

>>> from zope.location.location import Location
>>> o1 = Location()
>>> o1.o2 = Location(); o1.o2.__parent__ = o1
>>> o1.o3 = Location(); o1.o3.__parent__ = o1
>>> o1.o2.o4 = Location(); o1.o2.o4.__parent__ = o1.o2
>>> o1.o3.o5 = Location(); o1.o3.o5.__parent__ = o1.o3

In addition, o3 has a non-location reference to o4.

>>> o1.o3.o4 = o1.o2.o4

When we copy o3, we want to get a copy of o3 and o5, with references to o1 and o4. Without our adapter, this won’t happen.

>>> c3 = zc.copy.copy(o1.o3)
>>> c3 is o1.o3 # it /is/ a copy
False
>>> o1.o3.o4 is o1.o2.o4
True
>>> c3.o4 is o1.o2.o4
False

The c3.__parent__ will be None, because we used copy, rather than clone.

>>> o1.o3.__parent__ is o1
True
>>> c3.__parent__ is None
True

If we had used clone, then the __parent__ would also have been included.

>>> another3 = zc.copy.clone(o1.o3)
>>> another3.__parent__ is o1 # the __parent__ has also been copied.
False
>>> another3.__parent__ is None
False

In Zope 3, that would effectively mean that any object that was transitively linked with __parent__ links to the root of the Zope application would get the entire Zope database copied. Not good. Using the clone method, you’ll see the objects; the copy method still makes the copy, but rips it off at the end, so it can be very inefficient. And in fact, with our first c3, we do have a copy of o1, just hidden away.

>>> o1.o3.o4.__parent__.__parent__ is o1
True
>>> c3.o4.__parent__.__parent__ is o1
False
>>> c3.o4.__parent__.__parent__ is None
False

How can we fix all this? Register our adapter and the results are as we wish.

>>> zope.component.provideAdapter(
...     zc.copy.location_copyfactory)
>>> c3 = zc.copy.copy(o1.o3)
>>> c3 is o1.o3
False
>>> c3.__parent__ is None # because we used `copy`, not `clone`
True
>>> c3.o4 is o1.o2.o4
True
>>> c3.o5 is o1.o3.o5
False
>>> c3.o5.__parent__ is c3
True

If we used clone, then we could see that the adapter also handled c3.__parent__ the right way.

>>> another3 = zc.copy.clone(o1.o3)
>>> another3.__parent__ is o1
True

[end variation of zope.location.pickling test]

Our final step in the tour of the copy method is to look at the registration function that the hook can use. It is useful for resetting objects within the new copy–for instance, back references such as __parent__ pointers. This is used concretely in the zc.objectlog.copier module; we will come up with a similar but artificial example here.

Imagine an object with a subobject that is “located” (i.e., zope.location) on the parent and should be replaced whenever the main object is copied.

>>> class Subobject(Location):
...     def __init__(self):
...         self.counter = 0
...     def __call__(self):
...         res = self.counter
...         self.counter += 1
...         return res
...
>>> o = Location()
>>> s = Subobject()
>>> import zope.location.location
>>> o.subobject = s
>>> zope.location.locate(s, o, 'subobject')
>>> s.__parent__ is o
True
>>> o.subobject()
0
>>> o.subobject()
1
>>> o.subobject()
2

Without an ICopyHook, this will simply duplicate the subobject, with correct new pointers.

>>> c = zc.copy.copy(o)
>>> c.subobject.__parent__ is c
True

Note that the subobject has also copied state.

>>> c.subobject()
3
>>> o.subobject()
3

Our goal will be to make the counters restart when they are copied. We’ll do that with a copy hook.

This copy hook is different: it provides an object to replace the old object, but then it needs to set it up further after the copy is made. This is accomplished by registering a callable, reparent here, that sets up the __parent__. The callable is passed a function that can translate something from the original object into the equivalent on the new object. We use this to find the new parent, so we can set it.

>>> import zope.component
>>> import zope.interface
>>> import zc.copy.interfaces
>>> @zope.component.adapter(Subobject)
... @zope.interface.implementer(zc.copy.interfaces.ICopyHook)
... def subobject_copyfactory(original):
...     def factory(location, register):
...         obj = Subobject()
...         def reparent(translate):
...             obj.__parent__ = translate(original.__parent__)
...         register(reparent)
...         return obj
...     return factory
...
>>> zope.component.provideAdapter(subobject_copyfactory)

Now when we copy, the new subobject will have the correct, revised __parent__, but will be otherwise reset (here, just the counter)

>>> c = zc.copy.copy(o)
>>> c.subobject.__parent__ is c
True
>>> c.subobject()
0
>>> o.subobject()
4

ObjectCopier

The ObjectCopier in the copier module is simply a variation on the ObjectCopier in zope.copypastemove, with the change that it uses the zc.copy.copy function rather than zope.location.pickling.locationCopy. With the location-based copy hook described above already installed, the copier should have the same behavior. In that vein, the following is adapted from the test in zope/copypastemove/__init__.py.

To use an object copier, pass a contained object to the class. The contained object should implement IContained. It should be contained in a container that has an adapter to INameChooser.

>>> from zope.copypastemove import ExampleContainer
>>> from zope.app.container.contained import Contained
>>> ob = Contained()
>>> container = ExampleContainer()
>>> container[u'foo'] = ob
>>> copier = zc.copy.ObjectCopier(ob)

In addition to moving objects, object copiers can tell you if the object is movable:

>>> copier.copyable()
True

which, at least for now, they always are. A better question to ask is whether we can copy to a particular container. Right now, we can always copy to a container of the same class:

>>> container2 = ExampleContainer()
>>> copier.copyableTo(container2)
True
>>> copier.copyableTo({})
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Container is not a valid Zope container.

Of course, once we’ve decided we can copy an object, we can use the copier to do so:

>>> copier.copyTo(container2)
u'foo'
>>> list(container)
[u'foo']
>>> list(container2)
[u'foo']
>>> ob.__parent__ is container
True
>>> container2[u'foo'] is ob
False
>>> container2[u'foo'].__parent__ is container2
True
>>> container2[u'foo'].__name__
u'foo'

We can also specify a name:

>>> copier.copyTo(container2, u'bar')
u'bar'
>>> l = list(container2)
>>> l.sort()
>>> l
[u'bar', u'foo']

>>> ob.__parent__ is container
True
>>> container2[u'bar'] is ob
False
>>> container2[u'bar'].__parent__ is container2
True
>>> container2[u'bar'].__name__
u'bar'

But we may not use the same name given, if the name is already in use:

>>> copier.copyTo(container2, u'bar')
u'bar_'
>>> l = list(container2)
>>> l.sort()
>>> l
[u'bar', u'bar_', u'foo']
>>> container2[u'bar_'].__name__
u'bar_'

If we try to copy to an invalid container, we’ll get an error:

>>> copier.copyTo({})
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Container is not a valid Zope container.

Do a test for preconditions:

>>> import zope.interface
>>> import zope.schema
>>> def preNoZ(container, name, ob):
...     "Silly precondition example"
...     if name.startswith("Z"):
...         raise zope.interface.Invalid("Invalid name.")

>>> class I1(zope.interface.Interface):
...     def __setitem__(name, on):
...         "Add an item"
...     __setitem__.precondition = preNoZ

>>> from zope.app.container.interfaces import IContainer
>>> class C1(object):
...     zope.interface.implements(I1, IContainer)
...     def __repr__(self):
...         return 'C1'

>>> container3 = C1()
>>> copier.copyableTo(container3, 'ZDummy')
False
>>> copier.copyableTo(container3, 'newName')
True

And a test for constraints:

>>> def con1(container):
...     "silly container constraint"
...     if not hasattr(container, 'x'):
...         return False
...     return True
...
>>> class I2(zope.interface.Interface):
...     __parent__ = zope.schema.Field(constraint=con1)
...
>>> class constrainedObject(object):
...     zope.interface.implements(I2)
...     def __init__(self):
...         self.__name__ = 'constrainedObject'
...
>>> cO = constrainedObject()
>>> copier2 = zc.copy.ObjectCopier(cO)
>>> copier2.copyableTo(container)
False
>>> container.x = 1
>>> copier2.copyableTo(container)
True