DeepXDE

DeepXDE is a library for scientific machine learning and physics-informed learning. DeepXDE includes the following algorithms:

physics-informed neural network (PINN)
- solving different problems
  - solving forward/inverse ordinary/partial differential equations (ODEs/PDEs) [SIAM Rev.]
  - solving forward/inverse integro-differential equations (IDEs) [SIAM Rev.]
  - fPINN: solving forward/inverse fractional PDEs (fPDEs) [SIAM J. Sci. Comput.]
  - NN-arbitrary polynomial chaos (NN-aPC): solving forward/inverse stochastic PDEs (sPDEs) [J. Comput. Phys.]
  - PINN with hard constraints (hPINN): solving inverse design/topology optimization [SIAM J. Sci. Comput.]
- improving PINN accuracy
  - residual-based adaptive sampling [SIAM Rev., Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng.]
  - gradient-enhanced PINN (gPINN) [Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng.]
  - PINN with multi-scale Fourier features [Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng.]
- Slides, Video, Video in Chinese
(physics-informed) deep operator network (DeepONet)
- DeepONet: learning operators [Nat. Mach. Intell.]
- DeepONet extensions, e.g., POD-DeepONet [Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng.]
- MIONet: learning multiple-input operators [SIAM J. Sci. Comput.]
- Fourier-DeepONet [Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng.], Fourier-MIONet [arXiv]
- physics-informed DeepONet [Sci. Adv.]
- multifidelity DeepONet [Phys. Rev. Research]
- DeepM&Mnet: solving multiphysics and multiscale problems [J. Comput. Phys., J. Comput. Phys.]
- Reliable extrapolation [Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng.]
multifidelity neural network (MFNN)
- learning from multifidelity data [J. Comput. Phys., PNAS]

DeepXDE supports five tensor libraries as backends: TensorFlow 1.x (tensorflow.compat.v1 in TensorFlow 2.x), TensorFlow 2.x, PyTorch, JAX, and PaddlePaddle. For how to select one, see Working with different backends.

Documentation: ReadTheDocs

Features

DeepXDE has implemented many algorithms as shown above and supports many features:

enables the user code to be compact, resembling closely the mathematical formulation.
complex domain geometries without tyranny mesh generation. The primitive geometries are interval, triangle, rectangle, polygon, disk, ellipse, star-shaped, cuboid, sphere, hypercube, and hypersphere. Other geometries can be constructed as constructive solid geometry (CSG) using three boolean operations: union, difference, and intersection. DeepXDE also supports a geometry represented by a point cloud.
5 types of boundary conditions (BCs): Dirichlet, Neumann, Robin, periodic, and a general BC, which can be defined on an arbitrary domain or on a point set; and approximate distance functions for hard constraints.
3 automatic differentiation (AD) methods to compute derivatives: reverse mode (i.e., backpropagation), forward mode, and zero coordinate shift (ZCS).
different neural networks: fully connected neural network (FNN), stacked FNN, residual neural network, (spatio-temporal) multi-scale Fourier feature networks, etc.
many sampling methods: uniform, pseudorandom, Latin hypercube sampling, Halton sequence, Hammersley sequence, and Sobol sequence. The training points can keep the same during training or be resampled (adaptively) every certain iterations.
4 function spaces: power series, Chebyshev polynomial, Gaussian random field (1D/2D).
data-parallel training on multiple GPUs.
different optimizers: Adam, L-BFGS, etc.
conveniently save the model during training, and load a trained model.
callbacks to monitor the internal states and statistics of the model during training: early stopping, etc.
uncertainty quantification using dropout.
float16, float32, and float64.
many other useful features: different (weighted) losses, learning rate schedules, metrics, etc.

All the components of DeepXDE are loosely coupled, and thus DeepXDE is well-structured and highly configurable. It is easy to customize DeepXDE to meet new demands.

Installation

DeepXDE requires one of the following backend-specific dependencies to be installed:

TensorFlow 1.x: TensorFlow>=2.7.0
TensorFlow 2.x: TensorFlow>=2.3.0, TensorFlow Probability>=0.11.0
PyTorch: PyTorch>=2.0.0
JAX: JAX, Flax, Optax
PaddlePaddle: PaddlePaddle>=2.6.0

Then, you can install DeepXDE itself.

Install the stable version with pip:

$ pip install deepxde

Install the stable version with conda:

$ conda install -c conda-forge deepxde

For developers, you should clone the folder to your local machine and put it along with your project scripts.

$ git clone https://github.com/lululxvi/deepxde.git

Explore more

Cite DeepXDE

If you use DeepXDE for academic research, you are encouraged to cite the following paper:

@article{lu2021deepxde,
  author  = {Lu, Lu and Meng, Xuhui and Mao, Zhiping and Karniadakis, George Em},
  title   = {{DeepXDE}: A deep learning library for solving differential equations},
  journal = {SIAM Review},
  volume  = {63},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {208-228},
  year    = {2021},
  doi     = {10.1137/19M1274067}
}

Contributing to DeepXDE

First off, thanks for taking the time to contribute!

Reporting bugs. To report a bug, simply open an issue in the GitHub Issues.
Suggesting enhancements. To submit an enhancement suggestion for DeepXDE, including completely new features and minor improvements to existing functionality, let us know by opening an issue in the GitHub Issues.
Pull requests. If you made improvements to DeepXDE, fixed a bug, or had a new example, feel free to send us a pull-request.
Asking questions. To get help on how to use DeepXDE or its functionalities, you can open a discussion in the GitHub Discussions.
Answering questions. If you know the answer to any question in the Discussions, you are welcomed to answer.

Slack. The DeepXDE Slack hosts a primary audience of moderate to experienced DeepXDE users and developers for general chat, online discussions, collaboration, etc. If you need a slack invite, please send me an email.

The Team

DeepXDE was developed by Lu Lu under the supervision of Prof. George Karniadakis at Brown University from the summer of 2018 to 2020. DeepXDE was originally self-hosted in Subversion at Brown University, under the name SciCoNet (Scientific Computing Neural Networks). On Feb 7, 2019, SciCoNet was moved from Subversion to GitHub, renamed to DeepXDE.

DeepXDE is currently maintained by Lu Lu at Yale University with major contributions coming from many talented individuals in various forms and means. A non-exhaustive but growing list needs to mention: Paul Escapil-Inchauspé, Zongren Zou, Jialin Li, Saransh Chopra, Sensen He, Vladimir Dudenkov, Anran Jiao, Zhongyi Jiang, Shunyuan Mao.

License

LGPL-2.1 License

Release files for DeepXDE 1.15.0

For a detailed explanation of source distributions (sdists) and built distributions (wheels), please see the package formats documentation.

Source distribution (sdist)

Source distribution for DeepXDE 1.15.0
File	Size	Uploaded
deepxde-1.15.0.tar.gz	25.8 MB	Dec 5, 2025	Details

Built distribution (wheel)

Table of built distributions (wheels) for DeepXDE 1.15.0
File	Interpreter	ABI	Platform	Reset
deepxde-1.15.0-py3-none-any.whl 195.4 kB Dec 5, 2025	Python 3	none	any	Details

Total release size: 26.0 MB

Release files / deepxde-1.15.0.tar.gz

Download URL	deepxde-1.15.0.tar.gz
Size	25.8 MB
Tags	Source
SHA-256 checksum How to use checksums	`2c0e8ad01b612b9c03d53786ed49010cec39453699a5e0f802d7a021d98441d4`
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Upload date	Dec 5, 2025
Uploaded using Trusted Publishing? What is trusted publishing?	No
Uploaded via	`twine/6.1.0 CPython/3.13.7`

Release files / deepxde-1.15.0-py3-none-any.whl

Download URL	deepxde-1.15.0-py3-none-any.whl
Size	195.4 kB
Tags	Python 3
SHA-256 checksum How to use checksums	`e18243271ff0e8872e495b63c322babd982e79793b72839444fa15d49ccd28f2`
BLAKE2b-256 checksum How to use checksums	`dc2242f3b344a0c4f4cde826a639a568e4e3d3c61538823f039d5c8b67276d40`
Upload date	Dec 5, 2025
Uploaded using Trusted Publishing? What is trusted publishing?	No
Uploaded via	`twine/6.1.0 CPython/3.13.7`