ciclope 1.3.3

Computed Tomography to Finite Elements

ciclope

Computed Tomography to Finite Elements.

Micro Finite Element (microFE) models can be derived from micro Computed Tomography (microCT) 3D images to non-destructively assess mechanical properties of biological or artificial specimens.
ciclope provides fully open-source pipelines from microCT data preprocessing to microFE model generation, solution and postprocessing.

Installation

For mesh generation, ciclope requires pygalmesh-0.10.6, a Python frontend to CGAL. Follow the installation procedure for CGAL and Eigen. After that, install pygalmesh with pip or conda

conda install -c conda-forge pygalmesh==0.10.6

After installing pygalmesh, you can install ciclope using pip. The flag [all] will install optional dependencies needed to run full pipelines and examples.

pip install ciclope[all]

Some examples will require DXchange. You can install it with

conda install -c conda-forge dxchange

Testing

To verify your installation checkout this repository and run the tests with the command

cd test
python -m unittest -v test_ciclope.run_tests

How to contribute

If you want to contribute to this project, please install ciclope following the development guide.

Usage

ciclope pipelines can be run from the command line as a script. Scroll down and take a look at the Examples folder for this type of use. To view the command line script help run

ciclope -h

To use ciclope within python, import the package with

import ciclope

Image pre-processing

ciclope.utils contains functions that help you read and pre-process 3D datasets for FE model generation.

Read 3D CT dataset stored as stack of TIFFs

from ciclope.utils.recon_utils import read_tiff_stack

input_file = './test_data/LHDL/3155_D_4_bc/cropped/3155_D_4_bc_0000.tif'

data_3D = read_tiff_stack(input_file)
vs = np.ones(3) * 0.06  # voxelsize [mm]

read_tiff_stack reads all TIFF files (slices) contained in the input_file folder. The volume is stored in a 3D numpy.ndarray with size [slices, rows, columns].

---

Segment and remove unconnected voxels

from skimage import morphology
from ciclope.utils.preprocess import remove_unconnected

BW = data_3D > 142 # fixed global threshold
BW = morphology.closing(BW, morphology.ball(2)) # optional step
L = remove_unconnected(BW)

Mesh and FE model generation

If you already have a mesh file, you can skip the mesh generation steps and use ciclope with 3D meshio objects.

voxel-FE

Generate unstructured grid mesh of hexahedra (voxels)

import ciclope
mesh = ciclope.core.voxelFE.vol2ugrid(data_3D, vs)

Generate CalculiX input file .INP for voxel-FE model of linear elastic compression test

input_template = "./input_templates/tmp_example01_comp_static_bone.inp"
ciclope.core.voxelFE.mesh2voxelfe(mesh, input_template, 'foo.inp', keywords=['NSET', 'ELSET'])

tetrahedra-FE

Generate mesh of tetrahedra. ciclope uses pygalmesh for tetrahedra mesh generation

mesh = ciclope.core.tetraFE.cgal_mesh(L, vs, 'tetra', max_facet_distance=0.2, max_cell_circumradius=0.1)

Generate CalculiX input file .INP for tetrahedra-FE model of non-linear tensile test

input_template = "./input_templates/tmp_example02_tens_static_steel.inp"
ciclope.core.tetraFE.mesh2tetrafe(mesh, input_template, 'foo.inp', keywords=['NSET', 'ELSET'])

Postprocessing

ciclope.utils.postprocess.paraviewplot calls ParaView to generate and save plots of a chosen model scalar field.

• Add path to your ParaView installation with

import sys
sys.path.append('~/Applications/ParaView-5.9.0-RC1-MPI-Linux-Python3.8-64bit/lib/python3.8/site-packages')

• Plot midplanes of the vertical displacement field UD3

ciclope.utils.postprocess.paraview_plot('test_data/tooth/results/Tooth_3_scaled_2.vtk', slicenormal="xyz",
                                        RepresentationType="Surface", Crinkle=True, ColorBy=['U', 'D2'], Roll=90,
                                        ImageResolution=[1024, 1024], TransparentBackground=True,
                                        colormap='Cool to Warm')

• Plot midplanes of the Von Mises stress S_Mises

ciclope.utils.postprocess.paraview_plot("test_data/tooth/results/Tooth_3_scaled_2.vtk", slicenormal="xyz",
                                        RepresentationType="Surface", Crinkle=False, ColorBy="S_Mises", Roll=90,
                                        ImageResolution=[1024, 1024])

See the Jupyter Notebooks in the examples section for more examples of 3D data and results visualization.

ciclope pipeline

The following table shows a general pipeline for FE model generation from CT data that can be executed from the command line with the ciclope script:

#	Step	Description	command line script flag
1.	Load CT data
2.	Pre-processing	Gaussian smooth	--smooth
		Resize image	-r
		Add embedding	(not implemented yet)
		Add caps	--caps
3.	Segmentation	Uses Otsu method if left empty	-t
		Remove unconnected voxels
4.	Meshing	Outer shell mesh of triangles	--shell_mesh
		Volume mesh of tetrahedra	--vol_mesh
5.	FE model generation	Apply Boundary Conditions
		Material mapping	-m, --mapping
		Voxel FE	--voxelfe
		Tetrahedra FE	--tetrafe

Notes on ciclope

• Tetrahedra meshes are generated with pygalmesh (a Python frontend to CGAL)
• High-resolution surface meshes for visualization are generated with the PyMCubes module.
• All mesh exports are performed with the meshio module.
• ciclope handles the definition of material properties and FE analysis parameters (e.g. boundary conditions, simulation steps..) through separate template files. The folders material_properties and input_templates contain a library of template files that can be used to generate FE simulations.
  • Additional libraries of CalculiX examples and template files can be found here and here

Examples

Example 1: voxel-uFE model of trabecular bone; linear compression test

The pipeline can be executed from the command line with:

ciclope test_data/LHDL/3155_D_4_bc/cropped/3155_D_4_bc_0000.tif test_data/LHDL/3155_D_4_bc/results/3155_D_4_bc_voxelFE.inp -vs 0.0195 0.0195 0.0195 -r 2 -t 63 --smooth 1 --voxelfe --template input_templates/tmp_example01_comp_static_bone.inp --verbose

The example shows how to:

• Load and inspect microCT volume data
• Apply Gaussian smooth
• Resample the dataset
• Segment the bone tissue
• Remove unconnected clusters of voxels
• Convert the 3D binary to a voxel-FE model for simulation in CalculX or Abaqus
  • Linear, static analysis; displacement-driven
  • Local material mapping (dataset Grey Values to bone Tissue Elastic Modulus)
• Launch simulation in Calculix
• Convert Calculix output to .VTK for visualization in Paraview
• Visualize simulation results in Paraview

---

Example 2: tetrahedra-uFE model of trabecular bone; linear compression test

The pipeline can be executed from the command line with:

ciclope test_data/LHDL/3155_D_4_bc/cropped/3155_D_4_bc_0000.tif test_data/LHDL/3155_D_4_bc/results/3155_D_4_bc.inp -vs 0.0195 0.0195 0.0195 -r 2 -t 63 --smooth 1 --tetrafe --max_facet_distance 0.025 --max_cell_circumradius 0.05 --vol_mesh --template input_templates/tmp_example01_comp_static_bone.inp

---

Example #3 - tetrahedra-FE model of embedded tooth; compression test; heterogeneous materials

Example #4 - non-linear tetrahedra-FE model of stainless steel foam

The pipeline can be executed from the command line with:

ciclope input.tif output.inp -vs 0.0065 0.0065 0.0065 --smooth -r 1.2 -t 90 --vol_mesh --tetrafe --template ./../input_templates/tmp_example02_tens_Nlgeom_steel.inp -v

The example shows how to:

• Load and inspect synchrotron microCT volume data
• Apply Gaussian smooth
• Resample the dataset
• Segment the steel
• Remove unconnected clusters of voxels
• Generate volume mesh of tetrahedra
• Generate high-resolution mesh of triangles of the model outer shell (for visualization)
• Convert the 3D binary to a tetrahedra-FE model for simulation in CalculX or Abaqus
  • Non-linear, quasi-static analysis definition: tensile test with material plasticity. For more info visit: github.com/mkraska/CalculiX-Examples
  • Local material mapping
• Launch simulation in Calculix
• Convert Calculix output to .VTK for visualization in Paraview
• Visualize simulation results in Paraview

Acknowledgements

This project was partially developed during the Jupyter Community Workshop “Building the Jupyter Community in Musculoskeletal Imaging Research” sponsored by NUMFocus.