contentctl 4.4.5

Splunk Content Control Tool

contentctl

contentctl Quick Start Guide

If you are already familiar with contentctl, the following common commands may be very useful for basic operations

Operation	Command
Create a repository	contentctl init
Validate Your Content	contentctl validate
Validate Your Content, performing MITRE Enrichments	contentctl validate --enrichments
Build Your App	contentctl build
Test All the content in your app, pausing so that you can debug a search if it fails	contentctl test --post-test-behavior pause_on_failure mode:all
Test All the content in your app, pausing after every detection to allow debugging	contentctl test --post-test-behavior always_pause mode:all
Test 1 or more specified detections. If you are testing more than one detection, the paths are space-separated. You may also use shell-expanded regexes	contentctl test --post-test-behavior always_pause mode:selected --mode.files detections/endpoint/7zip_commandline_to_smb_share_path.yml detections/cloud/aws_multi_factor_authentication_disabled.yml detections/application/okta*
Diff your current branch with a target_branch and test detections that have been updated. Your current branch must be DIFFERENT than the target_branch	contentctl test --post-test-behavior always_pause mode:changes --mode.target_branch develop
Perform Integration Testing of all content. Note that Enterprise Security MUST be listed as an app in your contentctl.yml folder, otherwise all tests will subsequently fail	contentctl test --enable-integration-testing --post-test-behavior never_pause mode:all

Introduction

Security Is Hard

Anyone who has managed a SOC will tell you it's hard work. SOC Managers, Detection Engineers, and Cybersecurity Professionals must understand and manage countless tools and data sources while ensuring the reliability and security of their network and applications. At the same time, they must be able to detect and react to data breeches, vulnerabilities, and performance degradation in minutes - not seconds or hours. These responsibilities leave little time for writing new content - let alone documentation, maintenance, and testing of legacy content. Existing solutions like Wikis, JIRA tickets, Excel Spreadsheets, and "asking that one team member who knows everything" don't scale and spread information across various systems.

contentctl Makes It Easy Less Hard

contentctl is a single application that support the full cycle of security content development (each of the links below will redirect to the appropriate section of the README/Wiki):

• Create Content Packs - Version-Controlled collections of searches, documentation, and test data
• Add New Content - searches, macros, lookups, and other content
• Statically Validate Content Against a Well-Defined Baseline
• Building a Content Pack for your target - Use a supported output format or design your own
• Test your Content Pack on a running Splunk Instance
• Deploy your Content Pack to Splunk Cloud Instance, via REST API, or create a Splunkbase Application for manual deployment

Ecosystem

Project	Description
Splunk Attack Range	Easily deploy a preconfigured Splunk Environment locally or on AWS containing a Splunk Instance, Windows and Linux Machines, and Attacker Tools like Kali Linux. Automatically simulate attacks or run your own
PurpleSharp Attack Simulation	Open source adversary simulation tool for Windows Active Directory environments (integrated into Attack Range)
Red Canary Atomic Red Team	Library of attack simulations mapped to the MITRE ATT&CK® framework (integrated into Attack Range)
Splunk Attack Data	Repository of Attack Simulation Data for writing and Testing Detections
Splunk Security Content	Splunk Threat Research Team's Content included in the Enterprise Security Content Update App (ESCU)
Splunk contentctl	Generate, validate, build, test, and deploy custom Security Content
SigmaHQ Sigma Rules	Official Repository for Sigma Rules. These rules are an excellent starting point for new content.

Workflow

graph TD
starting_state --contentctl init--> contentPack 
newContent{new_content} --contentctl new sigma content--> contentPack
newContent{new_content} --contentctl new spl content--> contentPack
contentPack --contentctl validate--> ValidatedContent
ValidatedContent --contentctl build--> SplunkContent
ValidatedContent --contentctl docs--> WebsiteDocumentation
ValidatedContent --contentctl docs--> MITRE_mapDocumentation
SplunkContent --contentctl test via container-->TestResults
TestResults --contentctl deploy-->SplunkRESTAPI
TestResults --contentctl deploy-->SplunkbaseApp
TestResults --contentctl deploy-->SplunkCloudInstance

Installation

Requirements

Testing is run using GitHub Hosted Runners. Ubuntu22.04 is the recommended configuration.

Operating System	Supported	Passing Intregration Tests
Windows 10	Yes	Not tested yet
Windows 11	Yes	Not tested yet
Ununtu 20.04 LTS	Yes	YES (locally + GitHub Actions)
*Ubuntu 22.04 LTS	Yes	YES (locally + GitHub Actions)
macOS Montery 12	Yes	Not tested yet
macOS Ventura 13	Yes (Intel and Apple Silicon)	Yes (locally)

Requirement	Supported	Description	Passing Integration Tests
Python 3.11+	Yes	contentctl tool is written in Python	Yes (locally + GitHub Actions)
Docker (local)	Yes	A running Splunk Server is required for Dynamic Testing. contentctl can automatically create, configure, and destroy this server as a Splunk container during the lifetime of a test.	(locally + GitHub Actions)
Docker (remote)	Planned	A running Splunk Server is required for Dynamic Testing. contentctl can automatically create, configure, and destroy this server as a Splunk container during the lifetime of a test.	No

Because contentctl uses a large number of dependencies, it's recommended to install contentctl in a virtual environment. The instructions below using "poetry" ALSO follow this recommendation. Poetry will automatically create a new virtual environment for you.
It is typically recommended to install poetry to the Global Python Environment.

Install via pip (recommended):

python3.11 -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate
pip install contentctl

From Source (advanced)

git clone https://github.com/splunk/contentctl
cd contentctl
python3.11 -m pip install poetry
poetry install
poetry shell
contentctl --help

Usage

contentctl init

Creates a new Content Pack in the current directory as well as a configuration file called contentctl.yml which contains a number of important configuration options. The content pack contains a wide variety of content types:

• detections - A piece of content that wraps and enriches a Splunk Search. Example Detection
• baselines - This content is not currently supported.
• lookups - Static files, such as CSVs, that can be loaded into Splunk for use in lookup commands. Example Lookup
• macros - Common code that is re-used across a wide set of detections. Example Macro
• stories - Analytic Stories Allow a developer to tie together a group of detections, for example detections that all relate to Ransomware. Example Analytic Story

contentctl validate

Performs static validation on all of the content in this Content Pack. Writing validation is extremely complex. Each piece of content can one or dozens of fields ranging from free text to numbers to references to other content. contentctl's build in validation ensures that a number of conditions are met:

• Required fields in content are defined
• Values in fields are appropriate. For example, if content references a Datamodel, then that Datamodel must be valid. Similarly, numeric values that must fall within a certain range must be validated.
• If a piece of content references other content, then it exists. For example, if a detection makes use of a macro then the existence and correctness of the macro must be validated.
• There are no conflicts between content. For example, two detections cannot have the same name. If any of these conditions are not met, then a descriptive error will be printed and contentctl will return a nonzero exit code. This makes it suitable for running in an automated workflow or other CICD context. Instead of exiting on the first error, contentctl validate will continue validating all content so that it can present all relevant error before exiting.

contentctl build

Generates Content Packs in the output format defined in the contentctl.yml configuration file. These outputs may include {splunk_app, api, ba}. When contentctl build runs, it first performs a contentctl validate in order to ensure that a valid app is generated. Note that it is NOT required or recommended to run contentctl validate separately if the intention is to build a Content Pack.

contentctl report

This section is under active development. It will allow you to a MITRE Map showing your coverage of MITRE Techniques. The link here shows the generation of that MITRE Map using the content in Splunk's security_content repo.

contentctl new [--type TYPE]

Choose TYPE {detection, story} to create new content for the Content Pack. The tool will interactively ask a series of questions required for generating a basic piece of content and automatically add it to the Content Pack.

contentctl inspect

This section is under development. The inspect action performs a number of post-build validations. Primarily, it will enable the user to perform an appinspect of the content pack in preparation for deployment onto a Splunk Instance or via Splunk Cloud. It also compares detections in the new build against a prior build, confirming that any changed detections have had their versions incremented (this comparison happens at the savedsearch.conf level, which is why it must happen after the build). Please also note that new versions of contentctl may result in the generation of different savedsearches.conf files without any content changes in YML (new keys at the .conf level which will necessitate bumping of the version in the YML file).

contentctl deploy

The reason to build content is so that it can be deployed to your environment. However, deploying content to multiple servers and different types of infrastructure can be tricky and time-consuming. contentctl makes this easy by supporting a number of different deployment mechanisms. Deployment targets can be defined in contentctl.yml.

• Deploy via API - Using the REST API, individual pieces of content are deployed to a running server. This is a great way to deploy all of the content in a content pack, but can also be used to deploy individual peices of content.
• Deploy to Splunk Cloud via ACS - Using the Automated Private App Vetting (APAV) Feature of the Admin Config Service (ACS), Splunk Cloud customers can easily deploy custom apps to their environments.

contentctl docs

This section is under active development. It will allow you to easily generate verbose web-based documentation from all of your content. The link here shows the generation of that documentation using the content in Splunk's security_content repo.

contentctl test

The static validation performed by contentctl validate can only take you so far. While it's powerful, and fast, it can only tell determine if the content is syntactically correct. contentctl test can test your content on real Splunk Infrastructure to ensure there are no errors in your SPL, raw data can be properly ingested/processed/accelerated on your server, your search finds the event(s) you're looking for in raw data, and even provides high-level runtime performance metrics about your searches. As part of this workflow, a large number of apps will be installed by default. You can see, and edit, the list of apps in the app_default.yml file. We plan on making this even easier to update in the future, so stay tuned for updates. The following diagram shows this workflow at a high level.

graph TD
SplunkContainer--start-->SplunkInstance
SplunkServer-->SplunkInstance
SplunkInstance--Install Apps-->ConfiguredInstance
SplunkInstance--Configure Settings-->ConfiguredInstance
ContentPack--Deploy-->ConfiguredInstance
ConfiguredInstance--Start Test-->Testing
Testing--Test Detection-->Detection

Detection--Replay Raw Data-->Result
subgraph Test Indidivual Detection
	Detection--Execute Search-->Result	
end
Result--Cleanup-->Testing
Testing--Cleanup-->TestResults

Testing Modes

There are a number of different testing modes that control which content will be tested. This can be controlled with the --mode {} option at the command line

• all - This will test all of the content in the content pack. Please note that by default only detections marked production will be tested (detections marked as deprecated or experimental, for example, will be ignored).
• selected - Detections whose relative paths are provided on the command line will be tested. This is particularly useful if you would like to troubleshoot or update just a handful of detections and can save a significant amount of time. For example, to test two detections use the following command contentctl test --mode selected --detections_list detections/detection_one.yml detections/detection_two.yml
• changes - (not currently supported) If you have a large number of detections and use a branching workflow to create new content or update content, then this is an easy way to automatically find and test only that content automatically. This prevents you from needing to explicitly list the subset of content to test using "selected"

Testing Behavior

contentctl test's default mode allows it to quickly test all content with requiring user interaction. This makes it suitable for local tests as well as CI/CD workflows. However, users often want to troubleshoot a test if it fails. contentctl allows you to change the tool's behavior if and/or when a test fails:

• --behavior never_pause - The default behavior. If a test does not pass, the tool begins the next test immediately
• --behavior pause_on_failure - If a test fails, then additional information about that test, and the raw SPL of the test, is printed to the terminal. A user may then click (or CMD+Click) the "LINK" to begin interactively debugging the failed test on the Splunk Server. Note that the credentials for the server are printed out at the very beginning of the test. After you have finished debugging the failure, hit "Return" in the terminal to move on to the next test. The attack_data for this test remains loaded on the server for debugging until the user moves on to the next test.
• --behavior always_pause - Similar to pause_on_failure, but this pauses after every test regardless of whether it passes or fails.

1. init - Initilialize a new repo from scratch so you can easily add your own content to a custom application.
2. new - Creates new content (detection, story)
3. validate - Validates written content
4. build - Builds an application suitable for deployment on a search head using Slim, the Splunk Packaging Toolkit
5. deploy - Deploy the security content pack to a Splunk Server
6. docs - Create documentation as Markdown
7. reporting - Create different reporting files such as a Mitre ATT&CK overlay

Shell tab-complete

Leveraging the tab completion featureset of the CLI library we're using, you can generate tab completions for contentctl automatically, for zsh, bash, and tcsh. For additional details, you can view the docs for the library here.

Zsh

If you already have a location for your ZSH tab completions, you only need to run the generation line and can skip the folder creation, configuring the rest to fit with your shell config.

mkdir -p ~/.zfunc
contentctl --tyro-write-completion zsh ~/.zfunc/_contentctl
echo "fpath+=~/.zfunc" >> ~/.zshrc
echo "autoload -Uz compinit && compinit" >> ~/.zshrc
source ~/.zshrc

Bash

completion_dir=${BASH_COMPLETION_USER_DIR:-${XDG_DATA_HOME:-$HOME/.local/share}/bash-completion}/completions/
mkdir -p $completion_dir
contentctl --tyro-write-completion bash ${completion_dir}/_contentctl

Acronyms

Acronym	Meaning	Description
SOC	Security Operation Center	Description of a SoC
DaC	Detection as Code	A systematic approach applying DevOps priciples to Detection Engineering. DaC enables Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery of Detectionsa via automated validation, testing, and deployment
CICD	Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery	A modern DevOps practice that encourages users to make small, frequent changes which are automatically tested and deployed. This contrasts with legacy approaches that emphasize large changes which may be manually tested an infrequently deployed.
ACS	Admin Config Service	The Splunk Admin Config Service is a cloud-native API that provides programmatic self-service administration capabilities for Splunk Cloud Platform. One of its features, Automated Private App Vetting (APAV) enables the installation of custom app on Splunk Cloud instances.
APAV	Automated Private App Vetting	Automated Private App Vetting enables admins to use the ACS API to install, upgrade, and uninstall apps directly on your Splunk Cloud Platform deployment without assistance from Splunk Support.

License

Copyright 2023 Splunk Inc.

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at

http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.