Easy and safe cooperative methods
Project description
cooper
Making super safe, a cooperative methods library
Python’s super is a very useful tool to write cooperative methods. A cooperative method is one such that cooperates with the other overrides in the same hierarchy. A good example is __init__, as all the overrides must be called in class-hierarchy ascending order to properly build an object.
Installation
pip install cooper
The problem
Making cooperative methods in linear hierarchies is simple, but that is not the case in the presence of multiple inheritance. The problem lies on the fact that the next override to be called is not known at class definition time. James Knight rant against super makes a very clear exposition of the problem and proposes a methodology to use super consistently, if used at all.
We believe that super is very useful and many interesting and expressive programming patterns arise when using horizontal hierarchies extensively. This library is attempt to make these safer and usable in large projects.
Examples
from cooper import *
Cooperative constructors
class Base(Cooperative):
@cooperate
def __init__(self):
print "Base.__init__"
class Deriv(Base):
@cooperate
def __init__(self):
print "Deriv.__init__"
Deriv()
Output:
Base.__init__ Deriv.__init__
Automatic argument forwarding
class Base(Cooperative):
@cooperate
def __init__(base_param=None)
print "base_param = ", base_param
class Deriv(Base):
@cooperate
def __init__(deriv_param=None)
print "deriv_param = ", base_param
Base(deriv_param = "Hello",
base_param = "world!")
Output::
base_param = Hello deriv_param = World!
Other methods
class Entity(Cooperative):
@cooperative
def update(self, timer):
print "Entity.update"
class Player(Entity):
@cooperate
def update(self, timer):
print "Player.update"
Player().update(0)
Output::
Entity.update Player.update
Abstract methods
class Abstract(Cooperative):
@abstract
def method(self):
pass
class Concrete(Abstract):
@cooperate
def method(self):
print "Concrete.method"
try:
obj = Abstract()
except TypeError:
print "Abstract could not be instantiated".
obj = Concrete()
obj.method()
Output::
Abstract could not be instantiated Concrete.method
Compatibility with standard abstract methods
import abc
class Abstract(Cooperative):
@abc.abstractmethod
def method(self):
pass
Abstract() # Error
Post-cooperation
class Entity(Cooperative):
@cooperative
def dispose(self):
print "Entity.dispose"
class ConcreteEntity(Entity):
@post_cooperate
def dispose(self):
print "ConcreteEntity.dispose"
ConcreteEntity().dispose()
Output::
ConcreteEntity.dispose Entity.dispose
Fix arguments to superclass
class TextWidget(Cooperative):
@cooperate
def __init__(self, color="black", background="white"):
print "color = ", color
print "background = ", background
class ShadedTextWidget(TextWidget):
@cooperate_with_params(color="gray")
def __init__(self):
pass
ShadedTextWidget()
Output::
color = gray background = white
Inner cooperation
import random
class FunnyTextWidget(TextWidget):
@inner_cooperate
def __init__(self, next_method):
random_color = random.choice(["green", "yellow", "red"])
next_method (color = random_color)
Manual cooperation
class MockEntity(Entity):
@manual_cooperate
def update(self, timer, **k):
super(MockEntity, self).update(**k)
self.updated_called = True
References
License
Copyright (c) 2012, 2015 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente <raskolnikov@gnu.org>
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
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