High-performance library for inlining CSS into HTML 'style' attributes

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Project links

Project description

css_inline

css_inline is a high-performance library for inlining CSS into HTML 'style' attributes.

This library is designed for scenarios such as preparing HTML emails or embedding HTML into third-party web pages.

For instance, the library transforms HTML like this:

<html>
    <head>
        <style>h1 { color:blue; }</style>
    </head>
    <body>
        <h1>Big Text</h1>
    </body>
</html>

into:

<html>
    <head></head>
    <body>
        <h1 style="color:blue;">Big Text</h1>
    </body>
</html>

Uses reliable components from Mozilla's Servo project
10-400x faster than alternatives
Inlines CSS from style and link tags
Removes style and link tags
Resolves external stylesheets (including local files)
Can process multiple documents in parallel
Works on Linux, Windows, and macOS
Supports HTML5 & CSS3

Installation

Install with pip:

pip install css_inline

Pre-compiled wheels are available for most popular platforms. If not available for your platform, a Rust compiler will be needed to build this package from source. Rust version 1.62.1 or higher is required.

Usage

import css_inline

HTML = """<html>
<head>
    <style>h1 { color:blue; }</style>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Big Text</h1>
</body>
</html>"""

inlined = css_inline.inline(HTML)
# HTML becomes this:
#
# <html>
# <head>
#    <style>h1 { color:blue; }</style>
# </head>
# <body>
#     <h1 style="color:blue;">Big Text</h1>
# </body>
# </html>

When there is a need to inline multiple HTML documents simultaneously, css_inline offers the inline_many function. This feature allows for concurrent processing of several inputs, significantly improving performance when dealing with a large number of documents.

import css_inline

css_inline.inline_many(["<...>", "<...>"])

Under the hood, inline_many, spawns threads at the Rust layer to handle the parallel processing of inputs. This results in faster execution times compared to employing parallel processing techniques at the Python level.

Note: To fully benefit from inline_many, you should run your application on a multicore machine.

Configuration

For configuration options use the CSSInliner class:

import css_inline

inliner = css_inline.CSSInliner(keep_style_tags=True)
inliner.inline("...")

keep_style_tags. Specifies whether to keep "style" tags after inlining. Default: False
keep_link_tags. Specifies whether to keep "link" tags after inlining. Default: False
base_url. The base URL used to resolve relative URLs. If you'd like to load stylesheets from your filesystem, use the file:// scheme. Default: None
load_remote_stylesheets. Specifies whether remote stylesheets should be loaded. Default: True
extra_css. Extra CSS to be inlined. Default: None
preallocate_node_capacity. Advanced. Preallocates capacity for HTML nodes during parsing. This can improve performance when you have an estimate of the number of nodes in your HTML document. Default: 32

You can also skip CSS inlining for an HTML tag by adding the data-css-inline="ignore" attribute to it:

<head>
    <style>h1 { color:blue; }</style>
</head>
<body>
    <!-- The tag below won't receive additional styles -->
    <h1 data-css-inline="ignore">Big Text</h1>
</body>

The data-css-inline="ignore" attribute also allows you to skip link and style tags:

<head>
    <!-- Styles below are ignored -->
    <style data-css-inline="ignore">h1 { color:blue; }</style>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Big Text</h1>
</body>

If you'd like to load stylesheets from your filesystem, use the file:// scheme:

import css_inline

# styles/email is relative to the current directory
inliner = css_inline.CSSInliner(base_url="file://styles/email/")
inliner.inline("...")

XHTML compatibility

If you'd like to work around some XHTML compatibility issues like closing empty tags (<hr> vs. <hr/>), you can use the following snippet that involves lxml:

import css_inline
from lxml import html, etree

document = "..."  # Your HTML document
inlined = css_inline.inline(document)
tree = html.fromstring(inlined)
inlined = etree.tostring(tree).decode(encoding="utf-8")

Performance

css-inline is powered by efficient tooling from Mozilla's Servo project and significantly outperforms other Python alternatives in terms of speed. Most of the time it achieves over a 10x speed advantage compared to the next fastest alternative.

Here is the performance comparison:

	Size	`css_inline 0.10.4`	`premailer 3.10.0`	`toronado 0.1.0`	`inlinestyler 0.2.5`	`pynliner 0.8.0`
Basic	230 B	6.58 µs	130.45 µs (19.82x)	671.87 µs (102.06)	1.05 ms (161.00)	1.23 ms (187.51x)
Realistic-1	8.58 KB	146.20 µs	1.42 ms (9.71x)	16.56 ms (113.29x)	27.45 ms (187.78x)	51.85 ms (354.66x)
Realistic-2	4.3 KB	87.91 µs	2.71 ms (30.90x)	ERROR	18.07 ms (205.64x)	ERROR
GitHub page	1.81 MB	262.74 ms	25.38 s (96.63x)	ERROR	ERROR	ERROR

The above data was obtained from benchmarking the inlining of CSS in HTML, as described in the Usage section. Note that the toronado, inlinestyler and pynliner libraries both encountered errors when used to inline CSS in the last scenario.

The benchmarking code is available in the benches/bench.py file. The benchmarks were conducted using the stable rustc 1.71.1 on Python 3.11.4.

Comparison with other libraries

Besides performance, css-inline differs from other Python libraries for CSS inlining.

Generally supports more CSS features than other libraries (for example, toronado and pynliner do not support pseudo-elements);
It has fewer configuration options and not as flexible as premailer;
Works on fewer platforms than LXML-based libraries (premailer, inlinestyler, toronado, and optionally pynliner);
Does not have debug logs yet;
Supports only HTML 5.

Python support

css_inline supports CPython 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11 and PyPy 3.7, 3.8, 3.9.

License

This project is licensed under the terms of the MIT license.

Project details

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Project links

Release history Release notifications | RSS feed

0.14.1

Apr 27, 2024

0.14.0

Apr 1, 2024

0.13.0

Jan 19, 2024

0.12.0

Dec 28, 2023

0.11.2

Dec 9, 2023

0.11.1

Dec 9, 2023

0.11.0

Sep 26, 2023

This version

0.10.5

Aug 30, 2023

0.10.4

Aug 11, 2023

0.10.3

Jul 1, 2023

0.10.2

Jun 25, 2023

0.10.1

Jun 18, 2023

0.10.0

Jun 16, 2023

0.9.0 yanked

Jun 10, 2023

Reason this release was yanked:

security vulnerability in HTML serialization

0.8.7

Jan 30, 2023

0.8.6

Nov 10, 2022

0.8.5

Nov 2, 2022

0.8.4

Oct 21, 2022

0.8.3

Jul 21, 2022

0.8.2

Apr 1, 2022

0.8.1

Jan 11, 2022

0.8.0

Jan 10, 2022

0.7.8

Jan 8, 2022

0.7.7

Jan 7, 2022

0.7.6

Aug 6, 2021

0.7.5

Jul 24, 2021

0.7.4

Jul 6, 2021

0.7.3

Jun 24, 2021

0.7.2

Jun 22, 2021

0.7.1

Jun 10, 2021

0.7.0

Jun 9, 2021

0.6.2

Jan 28, 2021

0.6.1

Dec 7, 2020

0.6.0

Nov 2, 2020

0.5.0

Aug 7, 2020

0.4.0

Jul 13, 2020

0.3.2

Jul 9, 2020

0.3.1

Jul 7, 2020

0.3.0

Jun 27, 2020

0.2.0

Jun 25, 2020

0.1.0

Jun 24, 2020

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Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`3b83aab29e524947760f9696ebc57b1dc1cdfc1138d98dfb2ffeea437dc0d060`
MD5	`c2095c06e67ee069e1fff230eb097632`
BLAKE2b-256	`6c05b620e95dfa45f34e77373de18bf4f4762c442abf184d4db477765f8f95ad`

Hashes for css_inline-0.10.5-cp37-abi3-macosx_10_7_x86_64.whl

Hashes for css_inline-0.10.5-cp37-abi3-macosx_10_7_x86_64.whl
Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`e1e95ec41dff79f7bc1db0589bd1c43bcf8dddbcf05b41231311c718b34fcf8f`
MD5	`62f3e1a34391933490426edeb678753e`
BLAKE2b-256	`ee8dceaca4cd3f51390ba863c1da4f43abebabf780c79904d50c7509f1e82833`