declearn 2.0.2.2

Declearn - a python package for private decentralized learning.

Declearn: a modular and extensible framework for Federated Learning

• Introduction
• Setup
• Quickstart
• Usage of the Python API
  • Overview of the Federated Learning process
  • Overview of the declearn API
  • Hands-on usage
  • Overview of local differential-privacy capabilities
• Developers
• Copyright

---

Introduction

declearn is a python package providing with a framework to perform federated learning, i.e. to train machine learning models by distributing computations across a set of data owners that, consequently, only have to share aggregated information (rather than individual data samples) with an orchestrating server (and, by extension, with each other).

The aim of declearn is to provide both real-world end-users and algorithm researchers with a modular and extensible framework that:

• builds on abstractions general enough to write backbone algorithmic code agnostic to the actual computation framework, statistical model details or network communications setup
• designs modular and combinable objects, so that algorithmic features, and more generally any specific implementation of a component (the model, network protocol, client or server optimizer...) may easily be plugged into the main federated learning process - enabling users to experiment with configurations that intersect unitary features
• provides with functioning tools that may be used out-of-the-box to set up federated learning tasks using some popular computation frameworks (scikit- learn, tensorflow, pytorch...) and federated learning algorithms (FedAvg, Scaffold, FedYogi...)
• provides with tools that enable extending the support of existing tools and APIs to custom functions and classes without having to hack into the source code, merely adding new features (tensor libraries, model classes, optimization plug-ins, orchestration algorithms, communication protocols...) to the party

At the moment, declearn has been focused on so-called "centralized" federated learning that implies a central server orchestrating computations, but it might become more oriented towards decentralized processes in the future, that remove the use of a central agent.

Setup

Requirements

• python >= 3.8
• pip

Third-party requirements are specified (and automatically installed) as part of the installation process, and may be consulted from the pyproject.toml file.

Optional requirements

Some third-party requirements are optional, and may not be installed. These are also specified as part of the pyproject.toml file, and may be divided into two categories:
(a) dependencies of optional, applied declearn components (such as the PyTorch and Tensorflow tensor libraries, or the gRPC and websockets network communication backends) that are not imported with declearn by default
(b) dependencies for running tests on the package (mainly pytest and some of its plug-ins)

The second category is more developer-oriented, while the first may or may not be relevant depending on the use case to which you wish to apply declearn.

In the pyproject.toml file, the [project.optional-dependencies] tables all and test respectively list the first and (first + second) categories, while additional tables redundantly list dependencies unit by unit.

Using a virtual environment (optional)

It is generally advised to use a virtual environment, to avoid any dependency conflict between declearn and packages you might use in separate projects. To do so, you may for example use python's built-in venv, or the third-party tool conda.

Venv instructions (example):

python -m venv ~/.venvs/declearn
source ~/.venvs/declearn/bin/activate

Conda instructions (example):

conda create -n declearn python=3.8 pip
conda activate declearn

Note: at the moment, conda installation is not recommended, because the package's installation is made slightly harder due to some dependencies being installable via conda while other are only available via pip/pypi, which caninstall lead to dependency-tracking trouble.

Installation

Install from PyPI

Stable releases of the package are uploaded to PyPI, enabling one to install with:

pip install declearn  # optionally with version constraints and/or extras

Install from source

Alternatively, to install from source, one may clone the git repository (or download the source code from a release) and run pip install . from its root folder.

git clone [e-mail]:magnet/declearn/declearn.git
cd declearn
pip install .  # or pip install -e .

Install extra dependencies

To also install optional requirements, add the name of the extras between brackets to the pip install command, e.g. running one of the following:

# Examples of cherry-picked installation instructions.
pip install declearn[grpc]   # install dependencies to use gRPC communications
pip install declearn[torch]  # install `declearn.model.torch` dependencies
pip install declearn[tensorflow,torch]  # install both tensorflow and torch

# Instructions to install bundles of optional components.
pip install declearn[all]    # install all extra dependencies, save for testing
pip install declearn[tests]  # install all extra dependencies plus testing ones

Notes

• If you are not using a virtual environment, select carefully the pip binary being called (e.g. use python -m pip), and/or add a --user flag to the pip command.
• Developers may have better installing the package in editable mode, using pip install -e . from the repository's root folder.
• If you are installing the package within a conda environment, it may be better to run pip install --no-deps declearn so as to only install the package, and then to manually install the dependencies listed in the pyproject.toml file, using conda install rather than pip install whenever it is possible.

Quickstart

Setting

Here is a quickstart example on how to set up a federated learning process to learn a LASSO logistic regression model (using a scikit-learn backend) using pre-processed data, formatted as csv files with a "label" column, where each client has two files: one for training, the other for validation.

Here, the code uses:

• standard FedAvg strategy (SGD for local steps, averaging of updates weighted by clients' training dataset size, no modifications of server-side updates)
• 10 rounds of training, with 5 local epochs performed at each round and 128-samples batch size
• at least 1 and at most 3 clients, awaited for 180 seconds by the server
• network communications using gRPC, on host "example.com" and port 8888

Note that this example code may easily be adjusted to suit use cases, using other types of models, alternative federated learning algorithms and/or modifying the communication, training and validation hyper-parameters. Please refer to the Hands-on usage section for a more detailed and general description of how to set up a federated learning task and process with declearn.

Server-side script

import declearn

model = declearn.model.sklearn.SklearnSGDModel.from_parameters(
    kind="classifier", loss="log_loss", penalty="l1"
)
netwk = declearn.communication.NetworkServerConfig(
    protocol="grpc", host="example.com", port=8888,
    certificate="path/to/certificate.pem",
    private_key="path/to/private_key.pem"
)
optim = declearn.main.config.FLOptimConfig.from_params(
    aggregator="averaging",
    client_opt=0.001,
)
server = declearn.main.FederatedServer(
    model, netwk, optim, checkpoint="outputs"
)
config = declearn.main.config.FLRunConfig.from_params(
    rounds=10,
    register={"min_clients": 1, "max_clients": 3, "timeout": 180},
    training={"n_epoch": 5, "batch_size": 128, "drop_remainder": False},
)
server.run(config)

Client-side script

import declearn

netwk = declearn.communication.NetworkClientConfig(
    protocol="grpc",
    server_uri="example.com:8888",
    name="client_name",
    certificate="path/to/client_cert.pem"
)
train = declearn.dataset.InMemoryDataset(
    "path/to/train.csv", target="label",
    expose_classes=True  # enable sharing of unique target values
)
valid = declearn.dataset.InMemoryDataset("path/to/valid.csv", target="label")
client = declearn.main.FederatedClient(netwk, train, valid, checkpoint="outputs")
client.run()

Note on dependency sharing

One important issue however that is not handled by declearn itself is that of ensuring that clients have loaded all dependencies that may be required to unpack the Model and Optimizer instances transmitted at initialization. At the moment, it is therefore left to users to agree on the dependencies that need to be imported as part of the client-side launching script.

For example, if the trained model is an artificial neural network that uses PyTorch as implementation backend, clients will need to add the import declearn.model.torch statement in their code (and, obviously, to have torch installed). Similarly, if a custom declearn OptiModule was written to modify the way updates are computed locally by clients, it will need to be shared with clients - either as a package to be imported (like torch previously), or as a bit of source code to add on top of the script.

Usage of the Python API

Overview of the Federated Learning process

This overview describes the way the declearn.main.FederatedServer and declearn.main.FederatedClient pair of classes implement the federated learning process. It is however possible to subclass these and/or implement alternative orchestrating classes to define alternative overall algorithmic processes - notably by overriding or extending methods that define the sub-components of the process exposed here.

Overall process orchestrated by the server

• Initially:
  • have the clients connect and register for training
  • prepare model and optimizer objects on both sides
• Iteratively:
  • perform a training round
  • perform an evaluation round
  • decide whether to continue, based on the number of rounds taken or on the evolution of the global loss
• Finally:
  • restore the model weights that yielded the lowest global loss
  • notify clients that training is over, so they can disconnect and run their final routine (e.g. save the "best" model)
  • optionally checkpoint the "best" model
  • close the network server and end the process

Detail of the process phases

• Registration process:

  • Server:
    • open up registration (stop rejecting all received messages)
    • handle and respond to client-emitted registration requests
    • await criteria to have been met (exact or min/max number of clients registered, optionally under a given timeout delay)
    • close registration (reject future requests)
  • Client:
    • gather metadata about the local training dataset (e.g. dimensions and unique labels)
    • connect to the server and send a request to join training, including the former information
    • await the server's response (retry after a timeout if the request came in too soon, i.e. registration is not opened yet)
  • messaging : (JoinRequest <-> JoinReply)

• Post-registration initialization

  • Server:
    • validate and aggregate clients-transmitted metadata
    • finalize the model's initialization using those metadata
    • send the model, local optimizer and evaluation metrics specs to clients
  • Client:
    • instantiate the model, optimizer and metrics based on server instructions
  • messaging: (InitRequest <-> GenericMessage)

• (Opt.) Local differential privacy initialization

  • This step is optional; a flag in the InitRequest at the previous step indicates to clients that it is to happen, as a secondary substep.
  • Server:
    • send hyper-parameters to set up local differential privacy, including dp-specific hyper-parameters and information on the planned training
  • Client:
    • adjust the training process to use sample-wise gradient clipping and add gaussian noise to gradients, implementing the DP-SGD algorithm
    • set up a privacy accountant to monitor the use of the privacy budget
  • messaging: (PrivacyRequest <-> GenericMessage)

• Training round:

  • Server:
    • select clients that are to participate
    • send data-batching and effort constraints parameters
    • send shared model weights and (opt. client-specific) auxiliary variables
  • Client:
    • update model weights and optimizer auxiliary variables
    • perform training steps based on effort constraints
    • step: compute gradients over a batch; compute updates; apply them
    • finally, send back local model weights and auxiliary variables
  • messaging: (TrainRequest <-> TrainReply)
  • Server:
    • unpack and aggregate clients' model weights into global updates
    • unpack and process clients' auxiliary variables
    • run global updates through the server's optimizer to modify and finally apply them

• Evaluation round:

  • Server:
    • select clients that are to participate
    • send data-batching parameters and shared model weights
    • (send effort constraints, unused for now)
  • Client:
    • update model weights
    • perform evaluation steps based on effort constraints
    • step: update evaluation metrics, including the model's loss, over a batch
    • optionally checkpoint the model, local optimizer and evaluation metrics
    • send results to the server: optionally prevent sharing detailed metrics; always include the scalar validation loss value
  • messaging: (EvaluateRequest <-> EvaluateReply)
  • Server:
    • aggregate local loss values into a global loss metric
    • aggregate all other evaluation metrics and log their values
    • optionally checkpoint the model, optimizer, aggregated evaluation metrics and client-wise ones

Overview of the declearn API

Package structure

The package is organized into the following submodules:

• aggregator:
    Model updates aggregating API and implementations.
• communication:
    Client-Server network communications API and implementations.
• data_info:
    Tools to write and extend shareable metadata fields specifications.
• dataset:
    Data interfacing API and implementations.
• main:
    Main classes implementing a Federated Learning process.
• metrics:
    Iterative and federative evaluation metrics computation tools.
• model:
    Model interfacing API and implementations.
• optimizer:
    Framework-agnostic optimizer and algorithmic plug-ins API and tools.
• typing:
    Type hinting utils, defined and exposed for code readability purposes.
• utils:
    Shared utils used (extensively) across all of declearn.

Main abstractions

This section lists the main abstractions implemented as part of declearn, exposing their main object and usage, some examples of ready-to-use implementations that are part of declearn, as well as references on how to extend the support of declearn backend (notably, (de)serialization and configuration utils) to new custom concrete implementations inheriting the abstraction.

• declearn.model.api.Model:

  • Object: Interface framework-specific machine learning models.
  • Usage: Compute gradients, apply updates, compute loss...
  • Examples:
    • declearn.model.sklearn.SklearnSGDModel
    • declearn.model.tensorflow.TensorflowModel
    • declearn.model.torch.TorchModel
  • Extend: use declearn.utils.register_type(group="Model")

• declearn.model.api.Vector:

  • Object: Interface framework-specific data structures.
  • Usage: Wrap and operate on model weights, gradients, updates...
  • Examples:
    • declearn.model.sklearn.NumpyVector
    • declearn.model.tensorflow.TensorflowVector
    • declearn.model.torch.TorchVector
  • Extend: use declearn.model.api.register_vector_type

• declearn.optimizer.modules.OptiModule:

  • Object: Define optimization algorithm bricks.
  • Usage: Plug into a declearn.optimizer.Optimizer.
  • Examples:
    • declearn.optimizer.modules.AdagradModule
    • declearn.optimizer.modules.MomentumModule
    • declearn.optimizer.modules.ScaffoldClientModule
    • declearn.optimizer.modules.ScaffoldServerModule
  • Extend:
    • Simply inherit from OptiModule (registration is automated).
    • To avoid it, use class MyModule(OptiModule, register=False).

• declearn.optimizer.modules.Regularizer:

  • Object: Define loss-regularization terms as gradients modifiers.
  • Usage: Plug into a declearn.optimizer.Optimizer.
  • Examples:
    • declearn.optimizer.regularizer.FedProxRegularizer
    • declearn.optimizer.regularizer.LassoRegularizer
    • declearn.optimizer.regularizer.RidgeRegularizer
  • Extend:
    • Simply inherit from Regularizer (registration is automated).
    • To avoid it, use class MyRegularizer(Regularizer, register=False).

• declearn.metrics.Metric:

  • Object: Define evaluation metrics to compute iteratively and federatively.
  • Usage: Compute local and federated metrics based on local data streams.
  • Examples:
    • declearn.metric.BinaryRocAuc
    • declearn.metric.MeanSquaredError
    • declearn.metric.MuticlassAccuracyPrecisionRecall
  • Extend:
    • Simply inherit from Metric (registration is automated).
    • To avoid it, use class MyMetric(Metric, register=False)

• declearn.communication.api.NetworkClient:

  • Object: Instantiate a network communication client endpoint.
  • Usage: Register for training, send and receive messages.
  • Examples:
    • declearn.communication.grpc.GrpcClient
    • declearn.communication.websockets.WebsocketsClient
  • Extend:
    • Simply inherit from NetworkClient (registration is automated).
    • To avoid it, use class MyClient(NetworkClient, register=False).

• declearn.communication.api.NetworkServer:

  • Object: Instantiate a network communication server endpoint.
  • Usage: Receive clients' requests, send and receive messages.
  • Examples:
    • declearn.communication.grpc.GrpcServer
    • declearn.communication.websockets.WebsocketsServer
  • Extend:
    • Simply inherit from NetworkServer (registration is automated).
    • To avoid it, use class MyServer(NetworkServer, register=False).

• declearn.dataset.Dataset:

  • Object: Interface data sources agnostic to their format.
  • Usage: Yield (inputs, labels, weights) data batches, expose metadata.
  • Examples:
    • declearn.dataset.InMemoryDataset
  • Extend: use declearn.utils.register_type(group="Dataset")

Hands-on usage

Here are details on how to set up server-side and client-side programs that will run together to perform a federated learning process. Generic remarks from the Quickstart section hold here as well, the former section being an overly simple exemplification of the present one.

You can follow along on a concrete example that uses the UCI heart disease dataset, that is stored in the examples/uci-heart folder. You may refer to the server.py and client.py example scripts, that comprise comments indicating how the code relates to the steps described below. For further details on this example and on how to run it, please refer to its own readme.md file.

Server setup instructions

1. Define a Model:

   • Set up a machine learning model in a given framework (e.g. a torch.nn.Module).
   • Select the appropriate declearn.model.api.Model subclass to wrap it up.
   • Either instantiate the Model or provide a JSON-serialized configuration.

2. Define a FLOptimConfig:

   • Select a declearn.aggregator.Aggregator (subclass) instance to define how clients' updates are to be aggregated into global-model updates on the server side.
   • Parameterize a declearn.optimizer.Optimizer (possibly using a selected pipeline of declearn.optimizer.modules.OptiModule plug-ins and/or a pipeline of declearn.optimizer.regularizers.Regularizer ones) to be used by clients to derive local step-wise updates from model gradients.
   • Similarly, parameterize an Optimizer to be used by the server to (optionally) refine the aggregated model updates before applying them.
   • Wrap these three objects into a declearn.main.config.FLOptimConfig, possibly using its from_config method to specify the former three components via configuration dicts rather than actual instances.
   • Alternatively, write up a TOML configuration file that specifies these components (note that 'aggregator' and 'server_opt' have default values and may therefore be left unspecified).

3. Define a communication server endpoint:

   • Select a communication protocol (e.g. "grpc" or "websockets").
   • Select the host address and port to use.
   • Preferably provide paths to PEM files storing SSL-required information.
   • Wrap this into a config dict or use declearn.communication.build_server to instantiate a declearn.communication.api.NetworkServer to be used.

4. Instantiate and run a FederatedServer:

   • Instantiate a declearn.main.FederatedServer:
     • Provide the Model, FLOptimConfig and Server objects or configurations.
     • Optionally provide a MetricSet object or its specs (i.e. a list of Metric instances, identifier names of (name, config) tuples), that defines metrics to be computed by clients on their validation data.
     • Optionally provide the path to a folder where to write output files (model checkpoints and global loss history).
   • Instantiate a declearn.main.config.FLRunConfig to specify the process:
     • Maximum number of training and evaluation rounds to run.
     • Registration parameters: exact or min/max number of clients to have and optional timeout delay spent waiting for said clients to join.
     • Training parameters: data-batching parameters and effort constraints (number of local epochs and/or steps to take, and optional timeout).
     • Evaluation parameters: data-batching parameters and effort constraints (optional maximum number of steps (<=1 epoch) and optional timeout).
     • Early-stopping parameters (optionally): patience, tolerance, etc. as to the global model loss's evolution throughout rounds.
     • Local Differential-Privacy parameters (optionally): (epsilon, delta) budget, type of accountant, clipping norm threshold, RNG parameters.
   • Alternatively, write up a TOML configuration file that specifies all of the former hyper-parameters.
   • Call the server's run method, passing it the former config object, the path to the TOML configuration file, or dictionaries of keyword arguments to be parsed into a FLRunConfig instance.

Clients setup instructions

1. Interface training data:

   • Select and parameterize a declearn.dataset.Dataset subclass that will interface the local training dataset.
   • Ensure its get_data_specs method exposes the metadata that is to be shared with the server (and nothing else, to prevent data leak).

2. Interface validation data (optional):

   • Optionally set up a second Dataset interfacing a validation dataset, used in evaluation rounds. Otherwise, those rounds will be run using the training dataset - which can be slow and/or lead to overfitting.

3. Define a communication client endpoint:

   • Select the communication protocol used (e.g. "grpc" or "websockets").
   • Provide the server URI to connect to.
   • Preferable provide the path to a PEM file storing SSL-required information (matching those used on the Server side).
   • Wrap this into a config dict or use declearn.communication.build_client to instantiate a declearn.communication.api.NetworkClient to be used.

4. Run any necessary import statement:

   • If optional or third-party dependencies are known to be required, import them (e.g. import declearn.model.torch).

5. Instantiate a FederatedClient and run it:

   • Instantiate a declearn.main.FederatedClient:
     • Provide the NetworkClient and Dataset objects or configurations.
     • Optionally specify share_metrics=False to prevent sharing evaluation metrics (apart from the aggregated loss) with the server out of privacy concerns.
     • Optionally provide the path to a folder where to write output files (model checkpoints and local loss history).
   • Call the client's run method and let the magic happen.

Logging

Note that this section and the quickstart example both left apart the option to configure logging associated with the federated client and server, and/or the network communication handlers they make use of. One may simply set up custom logging.Logger instances and pass them as arguments to the class constructors to replace the default, console-only, loggers.

The declearn.utils.get_logger function may be used to facilitate the setup of such logger instances, defining their name, verbosity level, and whether messages should be logged to the console and/or to an output file.

Local Differential Privacy

Basics

declearn comes with the possibility to train models using local differential privacy, as described in the centralized case by Abadi et al, 2016, Deep Learning with Differential Privacy. This means that training can provide per-client privacy guarantees with regard to the central server.

In practice, this can be done by simply adding a privacy field to the config file, object or input dict to the run method of FederatedServer. Taking the Heart UCI example, one simply has one line to add to the server-side script (examples/heart-uci/server.py) in order to implement local DP, here using Renyi-DP with epsilon=5, delta=0.00001 and a sample-wise gradient clipping parameter that binds their euclidean norm below 3:

# These are the last statements in the `run_server` function.
run_cfg = FLRunConfig.from_params(
    # The following lines come from the base example:
    rounds=20,
    register={"min_clients": nb_clients},
    training={"batch_size": 30, "drop_remainder": False},
    evaluate={"batch_size": 50, "drop_remainder": False},
    early_stop={"tolerance": 0.0, "patience": 5, "relative": False},
    # DP-specific instructions (in their absence, do not use local DP):
    privacy={"accountant": "rdp", "budget": (5, 10e-5), "sclip_norm": 3},
)
server.run(run_cfg)  # this is unaltered

This implementation can breach privacy garantees for some standard model architecture and training processes, see the Warnings and limits section.

More details on the backend

Implementing local DP requires to change four key elements, which are automatically handled in declearn based on the provided privacy configuration:

• Add a privacy accountant. We use the Opacus library, to set up a privacy accountant. The accountant is used in two key ways :

  • To calculate how much noise to add to the gradient at each trainig step to provide an $(\epsilon-\delta)$-DP guarantee over the total number of steps planned. This is where the heavily lifting is done, as estimating the tighest bounds on the privacy loss is a non-trivial problem. We default to the Renyi-DP accountant used in the original paper, but Opacus provides an evolving list of options, since this is an active area of research. For more details see the documentation of declearn.main.utils.PrivacyConfig.
  • To keep track of the privacy budget spent as training progresses, in particular in case of early stopping.

• Implement per-sample gradient clipping. Clipping bounds the sensitivity of samples' contributions to model updates. It is performed using the max_norm parameter of Model.compute_batch_gradients.

• Implement noise-addition to applied gradients. A gaussian noise with a tailored variance is drawn and added to the batch-averaged gradients based on which the local model is updated at each and every training step.

• Use Poisson sampling to draw batches. This is done at the Dataset level using the poisson argument of Dataset.generate_batches.

  • As stated in the Opacus documentation, "Minibatches should be formed by uniform sampling, i.e. on each training step, each sample from the dataset is included with a certain probability p. Note that this is different from standard approach of dataset being shuffled and split into batches: each sample has a non-zero probability of appearing multiple times in a given epoch, or not appearing at all."
  • For more details, see Zhu and Wang, 2019, Poisson Subsampled Renyi Differential Privacy

Warnings and limits

Under certain model and training specifications, two silent breaches of formal privacy guarantees can occur. Some can be handled automatically if working with torch, but need to be manually checked for in other frameworks.

• Neural net layers that breach DP. Standard architectures can lead to information leaking between batch samples. Know examples include batch normalization layers, LSTM, and multi-headed attention modules. In torch, checking a module for DP-compliance can be done using Opacus, by running:

  #given an NN.module to be tested
  from opacus import PrivacyEngine
  dp_compatible_module = PrivacyEngine.get_compatible_module(module)
  

• Gradient accumulation. This feature is not used in standard declearn models and training tools, but users that might try to write custom hacks to simulate large batches by setting a smaller batch size and executing the optimization step every N steps over the accumulated sum of output gradients should be aware that this is not compatible with Poisson sampling.

Finally, note that at this stage the DP implementation in declearn is taken directly from the centralized training case, and as such does not account for nor make use of some specifities of the Federated Learning process, such as privacy amplification by iteration.

Developers

Contributions

Contributions to declearn are welcome, whether to provide fixes, suggest new features (e.g. new subclasses of the core abstractions) or even push forward framework evolutions and API revisions.

To contribute directly to the code (beyond posting issues on gitlab), please create a dedicated branch, and submit a Merge Request once you want your work reviewed and further processed to end up integrated into the main branch.

The git branching strategy is the following:

• The 'develop' branch is the main one and should receive all finalized changes to the source code. Release branches are then created and updated by cherry- picking from that branch. It therefore acts as a nightly stable version.
• The 'rX.Y' branches are release branches for each and every X.Y versions. For past versions, these branches enable pushing patches towards a subminor version release (hence being version X.Y.(Z+1)-dev). For future versions, these branches enable cherry-picking commits from main to build up an alpha, beta, release-candidate and eventually stable X.Y.0 version to release.
• Feature branches should be created at will to develop features, enhancements, or even hotfixes that will later be merged into 'main' and eventually into one or multiple release branches.
• It is legit to write up poc branches, as well as to split the development of a feature into multiple branches that will incrementally be merged into an intermediate feature branch that will eventually be merged into 'main'.

The coding rules are fairly simple:

• Abide by PEP 8, in a way that is coherent with the practices already at work in declearn.
• Abide by PEP 257, i.e. write docstrings everywhere (unless inheriting from a method, the behaviour and signature of which are unmodified), again using formatting that is coherent with the declearn practices.
• Type-hint the code, abiding by PEP 484; note that the use of Any and of "type: ignore" comments is authorized, but should be remain sparse.
• Lint your code with mypy (for static type checking) and pylint (for more general linting); do use "type: ..." and "pylint: disable=..." comments where you think it relevant, preferably with some side explanations. (see dedicated sub-sections below: pylint and mypy)
• Reformat your code using black; do use (sparingly) "fmt: off/on" comments when you think it relevant (see dedicated sub-section below).
• Abide by semver when implementing new features or changing the existing APIs; try making changes non-breaking, document and warn about deprecations or behavior changes, or make a point for API-breaking changes, which we are happy to consider but might take time to be released.

Unit tests and code analysis

Unit tests, as well as more-involved functional ones, are implemented under the test/ folder of the present repository. They are implemented using the PyTest framework, as well as some third-party plug-ins (refer to [Setup][#setup] for details).

Additionally, code analysis tools are configured through the pyproject.toml file, and used to control code quality upon merging to the main branch. These tools are black for code formatting, pylint for overall static code analysis and mypy for static type-cheking.

Running the test suite using tox

The third-party tox tools may be used to run the entire test suite within a dedicated virtual environment. Simply run tox from the commandline with the root repo folder as working directory. You may optionally specify the python version(s) with which you want to run tests.

tox           # run with default python 3.8
tox -e py310  # override to use python 3.10

Note that additional parameters for pytest may be passed as well, by adding -- followed by any set of options you want at the end of the tox command. For example, to use the declearn-specific --fulltest option (see the section below), run:

tox [tox options] -- --fulltest

Running unit tests using pytest

To run all the tests, simply use:

pytest test

To run the tests under a given module (here, "model"):

pytest test/model

To run the tests under a given file (here, "test_main.py"):

pytest test/test_main.py

Note that by default, some test scenarios that are considered somewhat superfluous~redundant will be skipped in order to save time. To avoid skipping these, and therefore run a more complete test suite, add the --fulltest option to pytest:

pytest --fulltest test  # or any more-specific target you want

Running black to format the code

The black code formatter is used to enforce uniformity of the source code's formatting style. It is configured to have a maximum line length of 79 (as per PEP 8) and ignore auto-generated protobuf files, but will otherwise modify files in-place when executing the following commands from the repository's root folder:

black declearn  # reformat the package
black test      # reformat the tests

Note that it may also be called on individual files or folders. One may "blindly" run black, however it is actually advised to have a look at the reformatting operated, and act on any readability loss due to it. A couple of advice:

1. Use #fmt: off / #fmt: on comments sparingly, but use them.
   It is totally okay to protect some (limited) code blocks from reformatting if you already spent some time and effort in achieving a readable code that black would disrupt. Please consider refactoring as an alternative (e.g. limiting the nest-depth of a statement).

2. Pre-format functions and methods' signature to ensure style homogeneity.
   When a signature is short enough, black may attempt to flatten it as a one-liner, whereas the norm in declearn is to have one line per argument, all of which end with a trailing comma (for diff minimization purposes). It may sometimes be necessary to manually write the code in the latter style for black not to reformat it.

Finally, note that the test suite run with tox comprises code-checking by black, and will fail if some code is deemed to require alteration by that tool. You may run this check manually:

black --check declearn  # or any specific file or folder

Running pylint to check the code

The pylint linter is expected to be used for static code analysis. As a consequence, # pylint: disable=[some-warning] comments can be found (and added) to the source code, preferably with some indication as to the rationale for silencing the warning (or error).

A minimal amount of non-standard hyper-parameters are configured via the pyproject.toml file and will automatically be used by pylint when run from within the repository's folder.

Most code editors enable integrating the linter to analyze the code as it is being edited. To lint the entire package (or some specific files or folders) one may simply run pylint:

pylint declearn  # analyze the package
pylint test      # analyze the tests

Note that the test suite run with tox comprises the previous two commands, which both result in a score associated with the analyzed code. If the score does not equal 10/10, the test suite will fail - notably preventing acceptance of merge requests.

Running mypy to type-check the code

The mypy linter is expected to be used for static type-checking code analysis. As a consequence, # type: ignore comments can be found (and added) to the source code, as sparingly as possible (mostly, to silence warnings about untyped third-party dependencies, false-positives, or locally on closure functions that are obvious enough to read from context).

Code should be type-hinted as much and as precisely as possible - so that mypy actually provides help in identifying (potential) errors and mistakes, with code clarity as final purpose, rather than being another linter to silence off.

A minimal amount of parameters are configured via the pyproject.toml file, and some of the strictest rules are disabled as per their default value (e.g. Any expressions are authorized - but should be used sparingly).

Most code editors enable integrating the linter to analyze the code as it is being edited. To lint the entire package (or some specific files or folders) one may simply run mypy:

mypy declearn

Note that the test suite run with tox comprises the previous command. If mypy identifies errors, the test suite will fail - notably preventing acceptance of merge requests.

Copyright

Declearn is an open-source software developed by people from the Magnet team at Inria.

Authors

Current core developers are listed under the pyproject.toml file. A more detailed acknowledgement and history of authors and contributors to declearn can be found in the AUTHORS file.

License

Declearn distributed under the Apache-2.0 license. All code files should therefore contain the following mention, which also applies to the present README file:

Copyright 2023 Inria (Institut National de la Recherche en Informatique
et Automatique)

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.