drw4e 0.0.32

A Python package to fit a damped random walk model on astronomical brightness time series data with four different types of measurement error.

This package, drw4e, is a tool to fit a damped random walk model on a single-band AGN light curve with four different types of measurement error. A typical damped random walk process (Kelly et al., 2009) is built on a Gaussian measurement error. Tak et al. (2019) adopts a mixture of Gaussian and Student's t measurement errors to account for the effect of outlying observations. In addition to these two types of measurement error, drw4e provides two more types of measurement error; a mixture of two Gaussian measurement errors (Vallisneri and van Haasteren, 2017) and Student's t measurement error.

The common outputs of drw4e are the posterior samples of the three damped random walk model parameters; (i) average magnitude, (ii) short-term variability, and (iii) time scale. The last two model parameters are known to have physical interpretations (Kelly et al., 2009) empirically supported by numerous studies (MacLeod et al., 2010; Kozlowski et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2012; and Andrae et al., 2013). Thus, obtaining their accurate estimates has become an important data analytic problem in astronomy. The Gaussian measurement error model outputs posterior samples of these three parameters. When a measurement error involves Student's t distribution, such as Student's t or a mixture of Gaussian and Student's t distributions, this package would optionally provide a posterior sample of degrees of freedom of Student's t distribution if the degrees of freedom were treated as an unknown parameter to be estimated from the data. In addition, the two mixture types of measurement error (Gaussian + Gaussian and Gaussian + Student's t) will provide each measurement's probability of being an outlier, which will be helpful for identifying observations that a Gaussian measurement error cannot fit well.

This package can also be used for a sensitivity check of the Gaussian measurement error model, providing variations of the outputs according to different measurement error assumptions. In the absence of outliers, the resulting posterior distributions under the four types of measurement error are supposed to be similar in terms of the shape, center, and variability. In the presence of outliers, however, the Gaussian measurement error model may result in quite different posterior distributions from those of the other measurement error models. In this case, the result from the Gaussian measurement error model would be severely biased, and thus the results obtained by the other three robust measurement error types would become more reliable.

Installation

 pip install drw4e

Tutorial

Each of the following four links leads to a detailed tutorial with a realistic MACHO light curve. It also contains descriptions of the data and instructions on how to use the package and its output.

Using a mixture of Gaussian and Student's t measurement error model

Using a mixture of two Gaussian measurement error model

Using a Gaussian measurement error model

Using a Student's t measurement error model